关于 现在分词和过去分词 的语法概念
作者&投稿：匡尝 （若有异议请与网页底部的电邮联系）
现在分词一般用于现在进行时
过去分词一般用于过去完成时，还有被动语态
其他的看具体情况
（一）分词的作用
·现在分词可用于：
·①构成进行时。e.g. We are studying English.
·②当副词作状语。e.g. The children came, singing and dancing.
·③当形容词作定语、宾补和表语。
·e.g. Falling leaves danced in the air.
·I saw many birds flying along the river.
·The story is very moving.
·过去分词可用于：
·①构成完成时。 e.g. The play had begun when we arrived there.
·②构成被动语态。e.g. English is widely spoken in the world.
·③当副词作状语。e.g. Seen here, the city looks more beautiful.
·④当形容词作定语、宾补和表语。
·e.g. a boy named Tom
·I saw the girl killed with my own eyes.
·I’m interested in English.
现在分词和过去分词
一、 注意点
1、 否定形式（前面加not）
Not given a chance, he felt disappointed.
Not knowing what to do, he turned to me for help.
2、 不及物动词、连系动词常用现在分词做定语、状语等；及物动词常用过去分词。
There are many events happening in the world everyday.
provide help for the people going hungry.
the remaining books
3、 现在分词表动作的主动或正在发生；过去分词表动作的被动或已经完成。
the falling/ fallen leaves the boiling/ boiled water the rising/ risen sun
the developed/ developing countries a polluted river a sleeping boy
4、 分词不具有名词特征，不可做主语或宾语。（定语、表语、状语、宾补/主补）
Participating in various social activities is beneficial to our future. (动名词)
Praised in public made him shy. (错)
Being praised in public made him shy.
二、 做定语/表语
1、 和定语从句的转换
The student who is sleeping has suffered a high fever.
The sleeping student has suffered a high fever.
Those who have drunk the water which is polluted may get poisoned.
Those who have drunk the polluted water may get poisoned.
2、单个分词做定语常置于名词之前；分词短语常置于名词之后。
Do you know the man seated/ sitting next to the professor?
The man looking at the map has got lost.
The building completed ahead of time has caught many people’s attention.
比较：The building being built has caught many people’s attention.
The building to be built next year is well designed.
3、现在分词和动名词做定语时的区别
a reading room (动名词) a swimming pool（动名词） a crying baby（现在分词） a washing machine（动名词）
4、使役动词的分词形式做定语或表语时，常遵循人V-ed,物V-ing的原则，但修饰反映人心理活动或某种情绪的词时，用V-ed形式.
encouraging words an embarrassing atmosphere feel embarrassed be shocked
excited tears a surprised/ determined/ frightened look
After hearing my encouraging words, a determined look appeared on his face.
5、 修饰令他人有某种情绪的词时，无论人还是物均用V-ing.
The disappointing student has disappointed his parents a second time.
6、 有些分词已经形容词化了
a demanding job a promising teacher an interesting book
三、做状语（时间、原因、条件、让步、方式、伴随或结果状语）
1、强调前后主语的一致。
Seen from the hill, I find our school small.(错)
Seen from the hill, our school looks small.
Seeing from the hill, I find our school small.
2、 原因、时间、条件、让步、方式状语常置于句首，不强调动作先后时遵循主动V-ing被动V-ed。
Given more time, I could do better.
Being too fat, you should take regular exercise to lose weight.
Determined to catch up with others, he works day and night.
Walking in the street, I came across an old friend.
3、 若有时间先后，可借助having
Having failed many times, he made up his mind to go abroad for further education.
Having been shown around Tian’anmen Square, the tourists were taken to visit the Palace Museum.
Not having met him before, I’m very curious.
4、 伴随状语常置于句末
They’re still sitting on the sofa, absorbed in conversation.
The students are riding on the street, talking and laughing.
5、 结果状语常置于句末，典型例子making, leaving, causing
They all left, leaving me standing there alone.
English is spoken by many people in various countries, making it the most popular language in the world.
比较：不定式做结果状语
He went abroad, never to return.
They lifted a rock, only to drop it on their own feet.
四、 做宾补常用于以下结构
1、 see/ hear/ watch/ notice/ find/ feel + sb + 分词
I saw a book lying there
A book was seen lying there.
He found his hometown greatly changed after many years.
2、 leave/ keep + 宾语 + 分词
A flood hit the area the other day, leaving few houses standing.
I am sorry to have kept you waiting for so long.
3、have/ get +宾语 + 分词
It is time that you had your washing machine repaired.
I can’t get my car going.
I will try my best to get my English improved.
4、catch/ send sb doing →be caught/ sent doing
The girl who was caught cheating has admitted her mistake.
A sudden rain sent the players and the audience running in all directions for cover.
5、with+ 宾语+ 分词
With the population growing rapidly, we need more living materials.
With green trees surrounded, it is really a good place to live in.
With the fellow leading the way, we had no trouble finding the temple.
五、 前后主语不一致时，可用独立主格结构
Weather permitting, we will hold the sports meeting.
Money collected, we set about carrying out the plan.
The sun risen, everything looks beautiful.
There being 阿 heavy rain, we had to have a break.
六、 一些常用固定结构
judging from/ by…
considering…
compared with…
to tell you the truth…
generally speaking…
speaking of…
including…/included
Judging from his look, we thought he was badly hurt.
Considering the present economic situation, you should cut back on your expenses.
Speaking of factories, people often think of air and water pollution.
Compared with the students in the remote mountainous areas, you are so lucky.
Many a student has made great progress, including some naughty ones.
七、 拓展：there be结构和非谓语动词的连用。
1、There be… + doing/ done/ to do
There are large areas polluted by industrial waste.
There used to be many birds flying in the blue sky.
What troubles him these days is that there are too many things to do.
2、动词+ there to be/ there being…如expect/ want/ like/ hate/ mind/ imagine等
As senior middle school students, we expect there to be more free time to relax ourselves.
Do you mind there being two more students in your class?
3、句型It is + adj.+ for + there to be…
It is common for there to be a misunderstanding between teachers and students.
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其他的看具体情况
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