The Study of Image Restoration Techniques for Aerial Radiometric Data
八字算命术，也可以称呼为“八字命理”，亦称为四柱算命。是基于生辰八字推算的一门占卜术。假如要学习八字算命，就必需控制四柱八字入门学问。生辰八字是人出生时的干支历日期。年干和年支组成年柱，月干和月支组成月柱，日干和日支组成日柱，时干和时支组成时柱；一共四柱，四个干和四个支共八个字，故称四柱八字。古代星命家据此推算其命运的好坏，出路的吉凶。它相当于人的DNA，经过五行运转构成人的命运轨迹。八字命理学是一种依据干支历、阴阳五行、神煞等理论揣测人的事业、婚姻、财运、学业、安康等事的学问，其有一个致命之处：若同年同月同日同时生的人则无法推算。八字算命的完好形式就是人体生物节律学传授的四柱太阳律月亮律预测方式与办法。严厉的地说，对人的生辰八字命运预测学研讨的理论，称之为八字命理；详细的八字预测批算流程，称为八字算命。但普通来讲八字算命，即是八字命理。以下就八字算命学中的一些四柱八字学问整理如下：
八字命理学根底学问
1、五行相生相克
五行相生：金生水，水生木，木生火，火生土，土生金。
五行相克：金克木，木克土，土克水，水克火，火克金。
2、天干地支
十天干：甲，乙，丙，丁，戊，己，庚，辛，壬，癸。
十二地支：子，丑，寅，卯，辰，巳，午，未，申，酉，戌，亥。
3、干支阴阳
甲乙同属木，甲为阳，乙为阴丙丁同属火，丙为阳，丁为阴
戊己同属土，戊为阳，己为阴庚辛同属金，庚为阳，辛为阴
壬癸同属水，壬为阳，癸为阴
亥子同属水，子为阳，亥为阴寅卯同属木，寅为阳，卯为阴
巳午同属火，午为阳，巳为阴申酉同属金，申为阳，酉为阴
戌未同属土，子为阳，未为阴辰丑同属土，辰为阳，丑为阴
干支方位：
甲乙东方木丙丁南方火戊己中央土
庚辛西方金壬癸北方水
亥子北方水寅卯东方木巳午南方火
申酉西方金辰戌丑未四季土
4、天干地支作用关系
4.1天干化合：
己合化土，乙庚合化金，丙辛合化水，丁壬合化木，戊癸合化火。
4.2地支会合冲刑：
地支三会
寅卯辰三会东方木，巳午未三会南方火，
申酉戌三会西方金，亥子丑三会北方水。
地支三合
申子辰合化水，亥卯未合化木，寅午戌合化火，巳酉丑合化金。
生地半合：申子半合水，亥卯半合木，寅午半合火，巳酉半合金。
墓地半合：子辰半合水，卯未半合木，午戌半合火，酉丑半合金。
地支六合
子丑合土，午未合土，寅亥合木，卯戌合火，辰酉合金，巳申合水。
地支相冲
子午相冲，丑未相冲，寅申相冲，卯酉相冲，辰戌相冲，巳亥相冲。
地支相刑
寅刑巳，巳刑申，申刑寅，为无恩之刑。
未刑丑，丑刑戌，戌刑未，为恃势之刑。
子刑卯，卯刑子，为无礼之刑。
地支相害
子未相害，丑午相害，寅巳相害，卯辰相害，申亥相害，酉戌相害。
4.3人元
人元指地支中所藏天干。（新派不管藏干的）
地支遁藏
子（癸）丑（癸辛己）寅（甲丙戊）卯（乙）辰（乙戊癸）巳（庚丙戊）
午（己丁）未（乙己丁）申（戊庚壬）酉（辛）戌（辛丁戊）亥（壬甲）
5．如何排八字
上面说过，八字即四柱，排四柱是推命的第一步，即由命主出生之年月日时排出其四柱。由于四柱是由八个干支组成，因而也叫排四柱八字。下面分别阐明年月日时其四柱排法。
5.1排年柱
年柱，即人出生的年份用农历的干支表示。留意上一年和下一年的分界限是以立春这一天的交节时辰划分的，而不是以正月初一划分。如某人1998年正月初三生，由于98年交立春是正月初八8时53分，因而此人的年柱为97年之丁丑，而非98年之戊寅。
5.2排月柱
月柱，即用农历的干支表示人出生之年月所处的季节。留意月干支不是以农历每月初一为分界限，而是以季节为准，交节前为上个月的季节，交节后为下个月的季节。
我们如今用的农历也叫夏历，是建寅月的，即每年正月为寅月，二月为卯月，直到十二月为丑月。月柱中的地支每年固定不变，从寅月开端，到丑月完毕。
一月寅月二月卯月三月辰月四月巳月
从立春到惊蛰从惊蛰到清明从清明到立夏从立夏到芒种
五月午月六月未月七月申月八月酉月
从芒种到小暑从小暑到立秋从立秋到白露从白露到寒露
九月戌月十月亥月十一月子月十二月丑月
从寒露到立冬从立冬到大雪从大雪到小寒从小寒到立春
季节的含义：
正月立春："立"是开端的意义，表示万物复苏的春天又开端了，天气将回暖，万物将更新，是农事活动开端的标志。立春是公历的2月4日或5日。
二月惊蛰：春雷开端轰鸣，惊醒了蛰伏在泥土里冬眠的昆虫和小动物，过冬的虫卵快要孵化了，这个节气表示春意渐浓，气温升高。惊蛰是公历的3月6日或7日。
三月清明：这个节气表示气温已变暖，草木萌动，自然界呈现一片娟秀明朗的现象。清明是公历的4月5日或6日。
四月立夏：这个节气表示夏季开端，酷热的天气将要降临，农事活动已进入夏季忙碌时节了。立夏是公历的5月6日或7日。
五月芒种："芒"是指壳实尖端的细毛，在北方是割麦种稻的时分，也是耕种最忙的时节，芒种是公历的6月6日或7日。
六月小暑：这个节气表示已进入暑天，酷热逼人，小暑是公历的7月7日或8日。
七月立秋：这个节气表示酷热的夏季将过，天高气爽的秋天开端。立秋是公历的8月8日或9日。
八月白露：这个节气表示天气更凉，空气中的水气夜晚常在草木等物体上凝结成白色的露珠，白露是公历的9月8日或9日。
九月寒露：这个节气表示冬季的开端，预示气候的寒凉水平将逐步加剧，寒露是公历的10月8日或9日。
十月立冬：这个节气表示清新的秋天将过，冰冷的冬天开端，立冬是公历的11月7日或8日。
十一月大雪：这个节气表示降雪来得较大，大雪是公历的12月7日或8日。
十二月小寒：这个节气表示开端进入冬季最冰冷的时节，会有霜冻，小寒是公历的1月5日或6日。
月柱中每月的天干有所不同，虽不像地支那样固定，但也是有规律可寻的。参看以下年上起月表。
年上起月表
月/年甲己乙庚丙辛丁壬戊癸
正月丙寅戊寅庚寅壬寅甲寅
二月丁卯己卯辛卯癸卯乙卯
三月戊辰庚辰壬辰甲辰丙辰
四月己巳辛巳癸巳乙巳丁巳
五月庚午壬午甲午丙午戊午
六月辛未癸未乙未丁未己未
七月壬申甲申丙申戊申庚申
八月癸酉乙酉丁酉己酉辛酉
九月甲戌丙戌戊戌庚戌壬戌
十月乙亥丁亥己亥辛亥癸亥
冬月丙子戊子庚子壬子甲子
腊月丁丑己丑辛丑癸丑乙丑
此表查法是，凡甲年己年（年柱天干为甲或己），正月为丙寅，二月为丁卯，余类推。如1998年为戊寅年，三月是丙辰月。2000年为庚辰年，八月为丁酉月。
另有以下口诀可协助记忆，也称为“五虎遁”：
甲己之年丙作首，乙庚之年戊为头。
丙辛之岁寻庚土，丁壬壬寅顺水流。
若问戊癸何处起，甲寅之上好追求。
口诀用法：凡甲年己年，一月天干为丙，二月天干为丁，其他类推。
5.3排日柱
日柱，即用农历的干支代表人出生的那一天。干支记日每六十天一循环，由于大小月及平闰年不同的缘故，日干支需查找万年历。
日柱，在命学上是以晚上子时开端顺时针到亥时，十二个时辰为一天，每一个时辰占两个钟点。日与日的分界限是以子时来划分的，即晚上的十一点。十一点前是上一日的亥时，过了十一点就是次日的子时。这一点请特别留意，而不要以为午夜十二点是一天的分界点。
5.4排时柱
时柱，用农历干支表示人出生的时辰。一个时辰在农历记时中跨两个小时，故一天共十二个时辰。
时辰对照表
子时：23点--清晨1点前丑时：1点--清晨3点前
寅时：3点--清晨5点前卯时：5点--清晨7点前
辰时：7点--上午9点前巳时：9点--上午11点前
午时：11点--上午13点前未时：13点--上午15点前
申时：15点--上午17点前酉时：17点--上午19点前
戌时：19点--晚上21点前亥时：21点--晚上23点前
古人将一日等分为十二时辰，即：
夜半者子也，鸡鸣者丑也，平旦者寅也，日出者卯也，
食时者辰也，隅中者巳也，日中者午也，日佚者未也，
哺时者申也，日入者酉也，傍晚者戌也，人定者亥也。
时柱的地支是固定不变的，而天干却不同，可查下面日上起时表:
日上起时表
时/日甲己乙庚丙辛丁壬戊癸
子甲子丙子戊子庚子壬子
丑乙丑丁丑己丑辛丑癸丑
寅丙寅戊寅庚寅壬寅甲寅
卯丁卯己卯辛卯癸卯乙卯
辰戊辰庚辰壬辰甲辰丙辰
巳己巳辛巳癸巳乙巳丁巳
午庚午壬午甲午丙午戊午
未辛未癸未乙未丁未己未
申壬申甲申丙申戊申庚申
酉癸酉乙酉丁酉己酉辛酉
戌甲戌丙戌戊戌庚戌壬戌
亥乙亥丁亥己亥辛亥癸亥
另有以下口诀可协助记忆，也称"五鼠遁"：
甲己还加甲，乙庚丙作初。
丙辛从戊起，丁壬庚子居。
戊癸何方发，壬子是真途。
上表和口诀的用法与年上起月法相似。如丙申日卯时的天干是辛，即辛卯时。
6、大运小运
命运二字，命为静词，是天生的，犹如一粒金子与生俱来，是受人喜欢的贵重物品；运为动词，是后天的运转轨迹。同样一粒金子，命是一样，而运则不同，有的金子永远被埋在沙土里，哪怕重量再大，质量再高，终不能为人所发现，更何谈受重用，受人喜欢。这就是所谓命好运不好。而有的金子虽然质量不高，重量不大，但却被捧上重要用处。如一粒小金子，用在钢笔尖上，就价值巨升。所以，虽然其质量差，重量小，但他运程极好，这就是所谓的命好运也好（或命不好而运好）。
人的大运是十年一变，所以才有了"十年河东，十年河西"之说法。所以一个人必需晓得何时走好运，何时走败运，以到达趋吉避凶。当一个人财运官运亨通之时，即此人经过不懈努力终于登上了山峰，那种一览众山小，大自然尽收眼底的喜悦之情难以言尽。可人总不能停留在山顶，此时无论往山的那边走，都是下坡路，即走退运。当一个人在人生最低谷时，往那边走都是上坡路，越走越高，即行好运，此为逢凶化吉之理。
6.1排大运：
四柱为命，大运为运，命和运合为人终身的命运，命运分离方知吉凶祸福。大运是以四柱中的月柱来排定的，有男女顺逆之分，起运数计算也有顺逆之别。
大运排法：阳男阴女顺排，阴男阳女逆排，普通排八步运。如，庚戌年己卯月生男，为阳年生男，其大运为：庚辰，辛巳，壬午，癸未，甲申，乙酉，丙戌，丁亥。庚戌年己卯月生女，为阳年生女，其大运为：戊寅，丁丑，丙子，乙亥，甲戌，癸酉，壬申，辛未。丁酉年甲辰月生男，为阴年生男，其大运为：癸卯，壬寅，辛丑，庚子，己亥，戊戌，丁酉，丙申。丁酉年甲辰月生女，为阴年生女，其大运为：乙巳，丙午，丁未，戊申，己酉，庚戌，辛亥，壬子。
起运数：大运数的起法，以三天折合一岁计，即一天折合四个月，一小时折合五天。计算时，如起运总数为18天，被3除，等于6，即为6岁起大运。
如为19天，则为6岁4个月起大运。每十年行一步大运。起运天数的计算，是以出生之日所在月令，分男女顺逆算出。阳年生男，男命以出生之日数至本月令完毕，如辰月生人，其月令为清明之月，清明完毕之时，即立夏巳月交节前夕。如九五年四月二十一日生男，阳年生男从二十一日数至五月初九清明季节完毕，芒种开端，共十七天，除3等于从5岁零八个月开端行大运。假如这一天生女，从二十一逆数至四月初九，即立夏开端之日，共14天，除3等于从4岁零八个月行大运。阴年生女同阳年生男，阴年生男同阳年生女。
6.2排小运：
大运转十年之吉凶，小运司一岁之祸福。小运能补大运、流年、四柱之缺乏，也可为大运、流年、四柱所忌。
小运的排法，按阳男阴女顺行，阴男阳女逆行，由时柱排起。如1998戊寅年五月初六壬子时生男，一岁小运是癸丑，二岁是甲寅。。。顺排下去；如这一天生女，则一岁起辛亥，二岁起庚戌。。。逆而行之。起小运是以虚岁为准，有一年算一年。
排八字与大运举例如下：
乾造：公历：2002年，8月，8日，0时
八字：壬午丁未戊申壬子
（年柱）（月柱）（日柱）（时柱）
大运时间:命主从0岁0月开端行大运
大运干支:戊申己酉庚戌辛亥壬子癸丑甲寅乙卯
7、八字十神
7.1十神生克
天干所标示的六亲及其生克关系，都以日干为主。日干与四柱其他天干及地支所藏天干的六亲发作作用，从而产生生克关系。其天干是阳干见阴干，阴干见阳干为正，阳干见阳干，阴干见阴干为偏。与日干五行相同者为比肩劫财，劫财为正，比肩为偏。
十神偏重人事剖析，五行偏重个人禀气重量轻重，两者相辅相成。
日/干甲乙丙丁戊己庚辛壬癸
甲比肩劫财食神伤官偏财正财七杀正官偏印正印
乙劫财比肩伤官食神正财偏财正官七杀正印偏印
丙偏印正印比肩劫财食神伤官偏财正财七杀正官
丁正印偏印劫财比肩伤官食神正财偏财正官七杀
戊七杀正官偏印正印比肩劫财食神伤官偏财正财
己正官七杀正印偏印劫财比肩伤官食神正财偏财
庚偏财正财七杀正官偏印正印比肩劫财食神伤官
辛正财偏财正官七杀正印偏印劫财比肩伤官食神
壬食神伤官偏财正财七杀正官偏印正印比肩劫财
癸伤官食神正财偏财正官七杀正印偏印劫财比肩
十神相生：正偏财生官杀，官杀生印枭，印枭华诞主比劫，比劫生食伤，食伤生正偏财。
十神相克：正偏财克印枭，印枭克食伤，食伤克官杀，官杀克日主比劫，比劫克正偏财。同性生克力大，异性生克力小。
7.2十神剖析
1）正官六亲方面，代表长官，上司，师长；女命的丈夫，男命的女儿。
2）偏官偏官也叫杀，七杀，七煞等。六亲方面，代表女命之偏夫，男命之儿子。
3）正印六亲方面，代表晚辈，贵人，师长，男命代表母亲，女命代表祖父，女婿。
4）偏印六亲方面，代表女命之母亲，男命之祖父，或侵族晚辈，或不测的协助力气。
5）比肩六亲方面，代表朋友，兄弟，同辈，女命之姐妹。
6）劫财六亲方面，代表男命之姐妹，女命之兄弟，并代表朋友，同辈。
7）食神六亲方面，代表晚辈，学生，部属；女命之女儿。
8）伤官六亲方面，代表晚辈，学生，部属；男命之祖母，孙女，女命之儿子。
9）正财六亲方面，代表男命之妻子，女命之父亲。
10）偏财六亲方面，代表男命之父亲，女命之婆婆。
7.3十神心性
天干显露出的十神，也被解释为天性的自然流露，此天性有"破则立"的关系，如印克伤，伤克不了官，正官心性现，还有不破也立的关系，如日元一片比肩，无官杀抑制，则比肩心性显露。以下列出各显露出十神之心性，命主来判别本人哪个心性显露。也有多个心性同时显露的状况，并且不在少数。
正官心性，耿直担任，端庄严肃，循规蹈矩，但易流于呆板，故步自封，反为意志不坚。
偏官心性，豪爽侠义，积极进取，威严机警，但易流于偏激，叛逆霸道，反为蜕化极端。
正印心性，聪颖仁慈，淡薄名利，逆来顺受，但易流于庸碌，缺乏进取，反为愚钝消极。
偏印心性，精明干练，反响机警，多才多艺，但易流于孤单，缺乏人情，反为自私冷漠。
比肩心性，稳健坚毅，英勇冒险，积极进取，但易流于孤僻，缺乏合群，反为孤立寡合。
劫财心性，热忱坦直，坚韧志旺，斗争不屈，但易流于自觉，缺乏明智，反为蛮横激动。
食神心性，温文随和，带人宽厚，仁慈体恤，但易流于虚伪，缺乏是非，反为陈腐懦弱。
伤官心性，聪明活泼，才气横溢，逞强好胜，但易流于任性，缺乏约束，反为桀傲不驯。
正财心性，勤劳节省，踏实激进，任劳任怨，但易流于苟且，缺乏进取，反为懦弱无能。
偏财心性，大方重情，聪明机灵，悲观开朗，但易流于虚浮，缺乏节制，反为浮华风流。
8．八字算命的六个步骤
1）、排出八字大运，能够在本版的首页先排出八字
2）、停止日元（就是日干，代表八字中的我）旺衰剖析；
3）、定格局，分出用忌神；
4）、剖析用忌受制逢生状况；
5）、依据十神表象推断富贵、六亲状况；
6）、推断流年详细应事状况。
八字命理预测术
平常，我们常常谈论“八字”、“算命”这样的话题。如结婚前“八字合婚”，要用男女双方的生辰八字，也就是封建时期男女分离的最主要的根据——命书。在以前，假设命书上写着两人生辰八字不合是很难结成婚的，那么这样两人或许没有见过面就被分开了。时期不同了，可八字对人的影响是不变的。假设两人八字不合，即便可以结婚，也会呈现很多问题，有的人离婚了，有的人发作婚外恋。这时，受害的一方可能会觉得着冥冥之中受着命运的支配，才会去找周易专家寻求协助，但要是找到鱼目混珠的“半仙”，不但处理不了问题，而且，对周易也不会再置信了。
那么，什么是八字算命呢？简单地说，“八字”也叫四柱（年柱、月柱、日柱、时柱），每柱两个字，上为天干，下为地支，正好八个字，所以称为“八字”。相传在黄帝时期，即由天皇氏制干支，伏羲氏作甲历，创立了中国的历法（太阴历）。从黄帝纪元起，经过七十八个花甲。一个花甲六十年，由天干、地支依序排列循环组合而成。
所谓天干，是指甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸十个字，地支为子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戌、亥十二个字。干支排列组合，天干由“甲”起，取配地支之首字“子”，依序循环拾配，共得六十组不同干支的组合，称之一甲子（六十年），又叫一花甲。太阴历也称农历，农历能够左右农业消费，一些农谚如“瑞雪兆丰年”，“五九六九，抬头看柳”等，具有很大的精确性，农历是用干支纪年的，干支是农历的中心，往常年是甲申年，甲属木，申属金，金克木，金木相战，当会有灾，也就是说干支能够左右农业的消费，农业属于植物，人和植物同属于生物，故干支也能够左右人的终身运程。
天干地支分属金、木、水、火、土五行，五行金生水，水生木，木生火，火生土，土生金，循环相生，金克木，木克土，土克水，水克火，火克金，循环相克，这样，依据生辰八字所属五行的旺相休囚，阴阳五行的生抑制化、刑冲合害。
人出生后呼吸第一口空气，这口空气所在时间的天体运转也就是所属阴阳五行就决议了这个人的命，他走过的每一刻所属的阴阳五行，就是他的“运”，“命”、“运”分离起来就是他的终身。懂得八字预测的人，能够依据这个人每一时间的五行相生相克变化，来揣测他的命运，这就是“八字预测”。
Zhang Yu jun
（Research Institute of Areo-Geophysics,Center of Acro-Geophysics and Remote Sensing, Minjstry of Geology and Mineral Resouces,Beijing 100083,China）
This paperpresents a very specific method for restoration of images of airborne radiometric data.High-lights of this paper indude the advancement of the principles and theory, the establishment of the processing flow-diagram, the formulation of the means for reestablishment of the gridded data file, the evaluation of the restoration results and the errors involved.
Key words: Aeroradiometric data, Atmospheric background, Image processing, lmage restoration techniques.
1 INTRODUCTION
Since the adoption of prismatic NaI（T1）crystals in the early 70's, the sensitivity and effectiveness of airbome radiometric surveying have increased significantly.The demands on aerial radiometrics by geologists and geophysicists have also changed.
During the past 20 years, the atmospheric radon background（or atmospheric background for short）could never he accurately corrected.This has been the main problem affecting the successful application of the airborne-radiomctric method.This problem manifests itself through the presence of stripes on maps and this seriously affects the usefulness of these maps.The reason can be summarized[1]as follows: the radioac-tivity measured in the air comes from the earth and also from the airframe itself,from cosmtc radiation and from atmospheric radon and its products.The latter is referred to as the atmospheric background and is influ-enced by changes in the seasonal climate, in the wind-force and wind direction, in the temperature, in the time of the day, etc.The interference of atmospheric background has different levels from flight to flight.The uranium channel suffers the most, the potassium channel is next.Although the thorium channel and the total count channel are least effected, their errors should not be neglected（see Fig.3 and Fig.4 in color plate 7）.As a result of this type of interference, the geologic informationfrom the earth is often masked.Fig.3 a（in color.plate 7）shows the restored image composed of the three elements: K（red）, Th（green）, U（blue）in the Hamitudun survey region.Fig.3 b（colored plate 7）is the composite image of the raw data.Fig.4a（colored plate 7）shows the data taken in the morning and evening for use in the correction of the flight data.Fig.4b（colored plate 7）is the raw data image of thetotal count channel.The existence of the banding noise can be compared to a striped colored veil hanging against the image of useful in-formation.With the presence of this severe noisy disturbance, it is almost impossible to generate any accept able contour maps using the raw radiomctric data from this survey region.
Noise on radiometric maps is a“world-wide”problem[2].The removal of the atmospheric background has been discussed by a number of authors.For regions having many bodies of water, Darnley and Grasty[1]recommended background corrections based on counts collected during frequentflights over large lakes.Foote[3]used an upward-looking detector shielded from ground radiation and multiple flights to estimate the atmospheric radiation in the uranium channel.Later in 1986, Grasty[4]suggested using the average of the normal section of flight line, instead of the background, when no lakes are present in the survey region.
The method introduced here is entirely different from the methods used by others.This method is an image restoration technique for aerial radiometric data.According to digital image processing terminology, image restoration is commonly defined as the reconstruction or estimation of an image field to correct image degradation and to approximate as closely as possible an ideal degradation.freeimagefield by using priori knowledge of degradation.The procedure of restoration is to model the image degradation effects and then perform operations to“undo”the model, producing an image which has been restored to a certain degree.
Dr.Cannon[5]developed a pattern removal technique or image restoration technique with the capability of removing a fingerprint from a regular pattern（fabric）, improved defocusing, capable of overcoming severe detector-to-detector noise on Landsat MSS image, clarification of motion blurred image, and so on.A similar study has been reported by Srinivasan[6].Zhang Yu-jun etal.[7]studied the image restoration problem in photos of deep-sea manganese nodules from the angle of light degradation due to a nonhomogeneous light-source.
The image restoration technique for aerial radiometrie data is a new application of the digital image restoration technique in geology.The degradation of the image of aerial radiometric data is specific and different from the above mentioned instances.This method has been tested and verified in preliminary research for 6 survey regions.
2 PRINCIPLE AND THEORY OF IMAGE RESTORATION TECHNIQUE FOR AERIAL RADIOMETRIC DATA
A degraded image G（x,y）is obtained by aerial radiometric survey.It can be regarded as the sum of the degradation-free ideal image F（x,y）and an interfering imageη（x,y），The degradation process can be simplified and is shown in Fig.1.
Fig.1 Diagram for degradation of imago of aerial radiometric data.
The priori knowledge of degradation for aerial radiometric data image can be obtained by the analysis of an aerial radiometric survey and the raw data image.During the survey,the information originating from the geologic bodies is independent of time,but the interfering signal is essentially time dependent.On the image the interfering signal can be represented as a function of（x, y）asfollows:
but
so
张玉君地质勘查新方法研究论文集
张玉君地质勘查新方法研究论文集
张玉君地质勘查新方法研究论文集
The change ofηcan be divided into two parts: the stepped change between flights and the gradual change within a flight, see Fig.4（in color plate 7）.The interfering signal can be considered as a constant on each flight line T, If x（the column on an image）expoesses the direction perpendicular to the flight line, the functionη（x,y）may be simplified into（x），thus
张玉君地质勘查新方法研究论文集
The purpose of restoration of the aerial radiometric image is simply to find an approximateη（x）and to approxjmately obtain the F（x, y）.In this connection, convolution can be conducted several times along the flight line direction for the raw data image using a long narrow window with several lines and a single column,leading to:
张玉君地质勘查新方法研究论文集
W is the plate of convolution, and it is a weighting matrix.Convolution is a type of linear operation, the operatorHis space-invariant.Since the operator is linear, the operation is additive.Thus, the response of the sum of two inputs equals the sam of the two respones
张玉君地质勘查新方法研究论文集
Since it is assumed that thefunctionηonly correlates with x, and the convolution window is a singlecolumn one,
张玉君地质勘查新方法研究论文集
The characteristics of function HF（x, y）will now be examined.Since a smooth average has been performed severaltimes along the y direction, the local anomalies are almost“drowned out”by the appar ent regional features which manifest themselves as a slow change along the flight line.If the local anomaly is expressed byf（x,y）and the apparent regional field byL（x,y），we have
张玉君地质勘查新方法研究论文集
after thefollowing process
张玉君地质勘查新方法研究论文集
It can be seen from equation（9）that the restored imagef（x,y）which is a result of the raw data image by the substraction of the noise image, closely approximates the ideal image from the point of view of the local anomalies.The error depends on the amplitude of change of the substracted“apparent regional background”along the flight line direction.
3 PROCEDURE FOR RESTORATION HANDLING OF AERIAL RADIOMETRIC DATA IMAGE
The study of the image restoration techniquefor aerial radiometric data is based on the theory of multivariate statistical analysis.It is accomplished by means of image processing.It demonstrates image processing as a directly visual and fast procedure.Its flow-chart is illustrated in Fig.2.
The method assumes that the noise background of aerial radiometric data is non-variable or only linear-ly variable, By a smooth averaging conducted several times along the flight line direction, the local anoma-lies will gradually disappear as they are“drowned out”by the noise background.The resultant noise image is linearly correlated with the noise background and subject to some edge compensation.After the substraction of noise, we conducted a median filtering and a Wallis transformation（space variant contrast stretch）.This finally led to the restoration effect.This restoration process is shown in the left-hand half of Fig.2.
The right-hand half of Fig.2 shows the reconstruction process of the gridded data file, which is indispensable in routine application.After classification and region separation we can get the mean-vectors for all classes before and after restoration.By a least-squares fitting we can obtain the element concentration values or the count-rates for the restored image.A gridded data file for contouring on the main-frame computer can finally be produced by the inverse transformation.
Fig.2 Procedure for restoration of handljng of aerial radiometric data image.
In this investigation we have also tried to get the noise levels by averaging all datafor each flight line, but the results are not as ideal as those gained by the above described method.
4 RESULTS AND ERROR EVALUATION
4.1 ResuIts of the I mage Restoration for AeriaI Radiometric Data
（1）Improved direct visual effect on maps
The image restoration process bears a striking analogy to the drawing aside of a striped colored veil to disclose the original clean features of the gamma-spectrum data that are hidden behind and obscured by the veil（see Fig.3 in color plate 7）.The sawtooth-shaped events occurring on the boundaries of some geologic bodies as aresult of inaccurate positioning of flight lines,bothforward and backward, are also much ameliorated（see Fig.5 in color plate 7）.Fig.5（colored plate 7）displays the comparison imagefor the total count channel:Fig.5a shows the raw data, Fig.5b the noise image,Fig.5c the noise-removed image and Fig.5d illustrates the restored image.
（2）The upgraded contour maps after data restoration
The contour maps of K,Th and U channels from the Hamitudun survey could not be drawn at first on the main-flame computer because of the severe banding interferences in the raw data.Only stacked profiles were supplied for these elements.Although the contour map for the total count channel was drawn,the banding effect was still distinctly visible.
By applying the technique of image restoration and by reconstructing the gridded data files and feeding them back to the main-frame computer,good quality contour maps were produced for TC, K,Th and U.Fig.6（color plate 7）.shows the contour map for K channel after restoration.Its anomalies have a good correlation with the geologic bodies on the geological map.There is also a good agreement between the radioactivities of the anomalies and the lithology.All this proves the effectiveness of this technique.The quality of the contour maps has been significantly upgraded by the process.The accuracy of these maps is further confirmed by the classification map using restored data（see Fig.7 in color plate 7）.In the classification image of Fig.7 there are 9 classes:1.ultrabasic,2.basic,3.granite,4.diorite,5.metamorphic,6.migmatite,7.Quaternary sediments,8.Tertiary and Quaternary sediments and 9.Tertiary sediments.
（3）The enrichment of useful information
Multivariate statistica1analysis has been used in this studyfor the quantitative eva luation of the effectof image restorationfor aerial radiometric data.It is possible to evaluate this effect by the variation of useful information in some images.For this purpose it is necessary to calculate the mean variation,which is the average of the total variation for a single pixel.The symbols C,C´and G" express the mean variations for useful information in the primary image,for the interference information in the primary image andfor the useful information in the restored jmage,respectively.
In the statistics,G´（x,y）is approximately taken asη（x），while[G（x,y）－G´（x,y）]showsF（x,y）approximately,and P（x,y）represents thefinal restored image.It is assumed that there are no errors.
张玉君地质勘查新方法研究论文集
The letters with a bar above them indicate the mean values.M,Nstandfor the numbers of lines and columns in an image.
Table 1 illustrates the statistical results for quantitative evaluation by using the above listedformula for the aerial radiometric data images of the Hamitudun survey region.
Table 1 demonstrates the remarkable increase of useful informationfor all the K,Th,U and TC restored images.Speaking about this survey region,the quality of primary images for TC and K channels is better than those for Th and U channels.
Table1 Statistical results for quantitative evaluation of the aerial radiometric data images of the Hamitudun survey region
4.2 The Evaluation of Accuracy and Error for the Restored I mages
The main error in a restored image comes from the“apparent regional background”L（x, y）formed by smooth averaging done several times.The following evaluationfor accuracy was found by the statistics of the profide data on the interfering images.
K±0.16%（absolute concentration）Th±2.1 ppm
U±0.15ppm TC±869.6counts
5 CONCLUSIONS
1.The method described here was suggested in China and overseas as a new specific technique of image restoration for aerial radiometric data.Its reliability and practicability were tested by data in several survey regions.
2.This technique can basically remove the banding noise on,radiometric data maps caused by the changing of atmospheric background and by unstable thresholds.It can basically restore the ideal image of the aerial radiometric data.It also provides preparation for further image processing（such as:enhancement, gradientation,classification,logic operation,etc.）.Therefore,it can be used as a quick method for data pretreatment.
3.This method can improve the sawtooth-shaped noise on the image at the boundaries of some geologic bodies as a result of inaccurate positioning.
4.The mean variation of useful information is suggested in this study as a measure for quantitative evaluation of restoration effects for the aerial radiometric data image.Also discussed in this study is the absolute error or accuracy of the method with which image restoration is used as a pre-treatment process.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many people contributed to the success of this work.In particular,I would like to mention Lin Zhen-min for his valuable discussions,Shi Jian-wen for his taking part in the repeated tests,Zhang Zhi-min and Xie Xin who developed the programs for data transformation and least-squaresfitting, Shui En-hai who collected the correction data in the testing region,Lu Lin-sheng,who helped with English,and Li Wei-hua, who typed the text on a word processor.I am very grateful to all of them.
REFERENCES
[1]Grasty,R.L,Gamma ray spectrometric methods in uranium exploration-Theory and operational procedures,Geophysics and Geochemistry in the Search for Metallic Ores,GSC Ottawa,147-162,1977.
[2]Green,A.A.,Leveling airborne gamma-radiation data using between-channel correlation information,Geophysics,52,1557-1562,1987.
[3]Foote,R.S.,Improvement in airborne gamma-radiation data analysis by removal of environ-mental and pedologic radiation changes,in Sympos.on the Use of Nudear Techniques in Prospecting and Development of Mineral Resources: Internat.Atomic Energy Agency Mtg., Buenos Aires, 187-196,1968.
[4]Grasty,R.L.,Automated system for computing on-line atmospheric backgrounds,GSC paper, 1-52,1987.
[5]Cannon,M.,Lehar,A.and Preston,F.,Background pattern removal by power spectral filtering,Applied Optics,22,777-779,1983.
[6]Srinivasan,R.,Software image restoration techniques,Digital Design,16,4,29-34,1986.[7]Zhang Yu-jun and Shi Jian-wen,A study of image reconstruction and image processing techniques for photos of deep-sea polymetallic nodules,Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration（inChinese）13,435-441,1989.
原载《Chinese Journal of Geophysics》，1990,Vol.33,No.3.
雍胡清咽： English study is a long process, which you cannot expect success for merely one night. In order to study English well, the best and the most effective way is to pratice every day. For instance, you have to speak loud and let yourself be heard and then ...
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青海省19891698804： 皮格马利翁(卖花女)的英文简介？
雍胡清咽： Pygmalion - the flower girlPygmalion is a play written by George Bernard Shaw. It was first performed in 1914. It tells the story of Henry Higgins, a professor of phonetics. Phonetics is the study of speech sounds. Higgins makes a bet that he can ...
