急需一篇关于网络全球化的英文文章，有悬赏哦 。很急的谢谢了！！！

求一篇关于《全球化与国际商务》的文章~

北京师范大学经济与工商管理学院MBA中心于2011年4月9日在教九502成功举行“全球化与国际商务”系列讲座第三讲，本期主题是中国外汇储备前景展望，嘉宾为国内著名学者、北京师范大学经济与工商管理学院教授、博士生导师贺力平教授。北京师范大学经济与工商管理学院国际贸易系主任、博士生导师曲如晓教授主持了此次讲座。讲座内容丰富，会场气氛热烈。

贺教授先后受聘为中国经济体制改革基金会国民经济研究所特约研究员、国家信息中心高级经济顾问、中国社会科学院世界经济与政治研究所学术委员会委员、中国经济50人论坛专家、英国皇家经济学会会员等，是中国世界经济学会常务理事、中国金融学会理事、中国国际金融学会理事、中国经济史学会外国经济史分会理事，长期从事中国宏观经济、国际金融、中国外汇管理等方面的研究，主持和参与了多项国际和国内科研或政策咨询课题，在《经济研究》、《管理世界》、《金融研究》等中国经济核心类刊物上发表中英文学术论文200余篇。他的学术著作主要有《个人支票与信用》、《经济增长：席卷全球的20世纪进程》、《比较优势与产业结构对策》、《开放、竞争、增长： 发展的国际经济学》和《货币政策操作工具程序》等。

一、象征意义

象征的基本含义是用某种知觉或想象的图象标示来暗示某种不可见的意蕴,它可以通过意象来诱发欣赏者的经验和情感的表现,使文学作品产生强盛的生命力和永久的艺术魅力。作为现实主义作家,海明威深知此道,运用象征手法将抽象的思想变成具体的物象,

再让读者从具体的物象激发经验想象和Ξ收稿日期:2003-02-24

),男,贵州毕节人,贵阳师范高等专科学校英语系讲师。作者简介:蔡凤鸣(1958—

—42—

? 1994-2009 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. http://www.cnki.net

情感的表现,去挖掘其中的意蕴。

海明威在《老人与海》中通过局部修辞手段的象征手法来赋予这部小说的象征性。

(一)故事的主人公圣地亚哥是“生命英雄”的象征。他敢于向人生的种种磨难宣战,向人的生命的极限挑战并超越它,以生命换荣誉、换尊严,从前所未有的角度震撼人心地展示了人的生命价值。在与大海、大马林鱼和鲨鱼的较量中,他以自信、勇敢、强悍的英雄形象奏响了一曲深沉低回的大提琴协奏曲。

渔民以捕鱼为生,在茫茫大海上,孤独的老人划着小船连续八十四天没有钓到一条鱼,这真是“倒了血霉”,然而,老人并没有失去信心:

Everythingabouthimwasoldexcepthiseyesandtheywerethesamecolorastheseaandwerecheer2furandundefeated.[2](P12)

眼睛是心灵的窗户,这“海水一样蓝的眼睛”跟那象征着厄运的破帆相对照,揭示出了老人圣地亚哥绝不向命运屈服的性格特征,透着老人乐观开朗,一如继往,不达目的决不罢休的精神。他决心在第八十五天“驶向远方”去钓大鱼,这是老人对理想的挚着追求,是人类要征服自身懦弱的表现。

在同大马林鱼的较量中,明知对方力量比自己强,却表现出:

Minedoesnotmatter,Icancontrol.Buthispaincoulddrivehimmad.[2](P184)

Youdidnotkillthefishonlytokeepaliveandtosellforfood,hethought.Youkilledhimforprideandbecauseyouareafisherman.[2](P1101)

语言铿锵有力,落地有声,气吞山河。同马林鱼的较量不仅是体力对抗,更重要的是对自我精神力量的确信,这种精神力量是“生命英雄”为捍卫人的尊严,而随着故事情节的发展,海明威又将老人一次次地推向绝境。

面对“为所欲为”的鲨鱼,人是无法抗拒的,之苦战,Hehititagoodharpoonwithallhisstrength.Hehititwithouthopebutwithmalignancy.[2](P198)

Hejerkedthetillerfromtherudderandbeatandchoppedwithit,holdingitinbothhandsanddrivingitdownagainandagain.[2](P1115)

Heleanedoverthesideandpulledlooseapieceofthemeatofthefishwherethesharkhadcuthim.Hecheweditandnoteditsqualityanditsgoodtaste.[2](P1102)

圣地亚哥不断承受着不幸命运的挑战,而正是他的勇敢和强悍战胜了一次次的厄运。面对着不断被鲨鱼撕咬的大马林鱼残骸,老人说“,一个人并不是生来给打败的,你尽可能把他消灭掉,可就是打不败他”。透过老人与鲨鱼的搏斗,我们再次领悟到“生命英雄”在精神上是不可摧毁的,是人类取得美好未来的保证。

(二)大海象征人生的搏斗场,是人类社会的剪影。海明威并没有只是对大海作客观的描写,许多地方是通过老人圣地亚哥带有倾向性的默想、回忆、自言自语等形式叙述出来的。那有毒的水母是海里最欺诈成性的生物,但却是海龟的美食:

Theturtlessawthem,approachedthemfromthefront,thenshuttheireyessotheywerecompletelycarapacedandatethemfilamentsandall.[2](P129)

可是,那可恶的鲨鱼对海龟却残酷无情:

Itwasthesesharksthatwouldcuttheturtles′legandflippersoffwhentheturtleswereasleeponthe

[2](P1104)surface,…

这海龟吃水母,鲨鱼吃海龟,还有那“在阳光下闪出银白色光的金枪鱼跳得很远地捕食小鱼”,小鸟被老鹰追捕时发出“微弱而凄惨的叫声”,于是我们便看到一幅从海底到天空的巨型画卷。在这幅画卷上到处是强者的追逐,弱者的逃奔,无处不隐伏着杀机,它所展现的是自然界中真真切切、自亘古又永恒的弱肉强食生存斗争的景象。这象征当时的美国社会,人们靠实力确定自己的地位,等级分明,没有平

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等、公正可言;有势力者高高在上,为所欲为,而芸芸众生则在社会底层受愚弄,遭鱼肉。大海暗示出只要出现本性同鲨鱼的统治者,哪里有他们,哪里就蒙受灾难。

(三)鲨鱼主要代表一切破坏性的力量,是掠夺成性,制造灾难,阻止人们达到理想境界的各种破坏性恶势力的象征。对鲨鱼的强壮、凶悍、残忍,作者这样描写道:

(9)Hecamelikeapigtothetroughifapighadamouthsowidethatyoucouldputyourheadinit.

[2](P1108)

(10)Inthenightsharkshitthecarcassesassomeonemightpickupcrumbsfromthetable.[2](P1116)然而,面对鲨鱼不断残暴地摧残死去的大马林鱼,老人圣地亚哥“感到就像自己挨到袭击一样”,他想“:跟它们斗,我要跟它们斗到死。”这生动地展示了人与自然界的殊死搏斗,更加反衬出人的伟大,同时也凸现了作者以斗争为乐的独特的“硬汉”性格。

(四)作者通过多处象征性描写,有意识地把老人比作基督的化身。在故事的全过程中,老人经历了

[2](P1103)了一声。作者描两次被钉十字架的过程。如,当老人圣地亚哥看到星鲨(galanos)时,不禁“Ay”

述道“:这个词儿是没法翻译的,也许不过是一声叫喊,就像一个人感到钉子穿过他的双手,钉进木头时不由自主地发出的那种喊叫声”。作者在这里暗示的“这一个人”就是“被钉十字架的耶稣”。最生动的一点是老人拖着那巨大的鱼骨架回来后“,肩扛着桅杆开始往堤岸上爬去”时,曾回头望那绑在船边的马林鱼的残骸。这一静止的镜头显示出老人作为一个基督正在开始另一次苦难的历程,而鱼作为另一个基督正被绑在十字架上。这些象征性的描写是在暗示在美国耶稣重又被钉上了十字架,基督精神死亡了。通过这种隐晦的描写表达了作者对美国现实的极度悲观。

(五)小说中一个极其重要的象征物,那群狮子”,春,象征着老人对力量的追求和对强者的向往,每次梦见量。群狮象征着同情弱者,仇视邪恶,,。,是海明威笔下硬汉形象的高度概括和升华,,寄托着他的理想及对人类的希望。小说的结尾“Theoldmanwasthelions”,[2](P1124)这是一个富有寓意的回声,体现了海明威的人生哲学与道德理想,即不向命运低头,永不服输的斗士精神和积极向上的乐观人生态度。虽然他拖回的只是一副鱼骨架,但他在精神上却始终是个胜利者。

(六)在故事的结尾处,当孩子看到那苍白的鱼骨架和老人那伤痕累累的双手时“,hestartedtocry…andallthewaydowntheroadhewascrying”.[2](P1119)孩子心痛的不仅是老人那双流过血的手,更心痛的是老人历尽艰险才得到的战利品竟然被鲨鱼咬噬得一干二净,更心痛的是老人在历经长达八十四天的凄惶失意和极度紧张艰苦的考验后所换来的却只是更大的失望。孩子的“放声大哭”使读者产生强烈的听觉感,深深地撞击着读者的心弦,甚至掩卷之后仍依稀可闻。这哭声包含着孩子对老人的无限崇敬和深深的同情。这哭声显然是孩子在老人的英雄气概感召下性格走向成熟的起点,象征孩子的回归。这一象征手法的处理昭示出“他是在通过一条相当新的路子返回到他的起点”,表达了作品的乐观主义倾向。[3]

二、语言特色

(一)简洁的语言风格

无论是叙述事实,铺陈景物,对话,还是揭示人物的心理活动,海明威在《老人与海》中的语言是简洁的,而所表达的思想又十分深刻,引人深思;不仅揭示了文体的结构关系,也表现了现代艺术的走向和审

(Lessismore);语言的表述方式简练客观而节奏迅速。如:美情趣———“越少,也就越多”

Henolongerdreamedofstorms,norofwomen,norofgreatoccurrences,norofgreatfish,norfights,norcontestsofstrength,norofhiswife.

theboy.(4)(1)Heonlydreamedofplacesnowandofthelionsonthebeach.(3)(2)Theyplayedlikeyoungcatsintheduskandhelovedthemashelovedtheboy.HeneverdreamedaboutHesimplewoke,lookedouttheopendooratthemoonandunrolledhistrousersandputthem—4

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? 1994-2009 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. http://www.cnki.net

on.(5)Heurinatedoutsidetheshackandthenwentuptheroadtowaketheboy.

(7)(6)Hewasshivevingwith(8)themorningcold.

(P118)Butheknewhewouldshiverhimselfwarmandthatsoonhewouldberowing.[2]

这是海明威描写老人出海前的一段文字,共119个词。现从语音、词法和句法来分析以上这段文字的简洁之处。

从语音来看,其中单音节和双音节词竟有115个,而三个音节以上的词仅有四个。(事实上整部小

)大量使用单音节和双音节词使得这段文字读起来清新活泼、说也多是单音节和双音节词。简洁有力。

从词法来看,1、一词多义,如,wake(vi.醒来,vt.叫醒),shiver(vi.哆嗦,vt.使哆嗦)。这种情况在书中俯拾皆是,如,ship(n.船,vt,把……放进船内),sail(n.帆vi.浮游)。2、词的构成,常用前缀un来表示做相反的动作,使读者能很容易理解其含义。除本段文字中unroll一词外,本书中其它地方,如:Theold

[2](P167)Πmanunhookedthefish…Surelyitwilluncramptohelpmyrighthand.[2](P158)ΠHehadunleashed

hiseffortandforcedthehandofthenegrodown…[2](P164)

书中除了用前缀un外,还常用后缀less来表示相反的意义,如:afishlessdesertΠneedlesstemptationΠhiswing′smotionless.

从句子结构来看,多用简单句(句(1)(2)(4)(5)(6)(7)),句(3)和句(8)分别是并列复合句和复合句。

可见这段文字结构并不复杂,文笔是简练的,直截了当的。句(1)和句(2)文字铿锵有力,干脆利落,作者七次重复“不再梦见”有力地烘托出老人对“那群狮子”的热烈追求,寄托着他的理想。由于梦狮所产生的精神力量,老人从梦中醒来,接着作者用了三个简单句(句(5)(6)(7)),这些动作动词使读者产生了强烈的视觉感,。

此外《老人与海》,1、常用小词。如:good和,,以引起读者的联想。例如:

(1)He′sgoodandsoamI.[2](P168)

(2)Itwasverygoodagainstallcoldsandgrippesanditwasgoodfortheeyes.[2](P130-31)2、常用省略结构。从语法上分析,这种省略句结构不算完整,但从上下文看意义是清楚的,它使语言更生动活泼,更接近现实生活,表意更突出,能收到言简意赅的强烈效果。例如:

(3)Iremembereverythingfromwhenwefirstwenttogelher.[2](P15)(在when前省略thetime)(4)Ibetterputasmalllineoutwithaspoononit…[2](P193)(在better前省略had,小说中有3次省略,见P179,93,113)

读完下面的句子,细细咀嚼,更使我们对海明威简洁的写作技巧称口叫绝:

(5)Icandonothingwithhimandhecandonothingwithme,hethought.Notaslongashekeepsthisup.[2](P141)

(6)“Ishouldn′thavegoneoutsofar,fish,”hesaid.“Neitherforyounorforme.I′msorry,fish”.[2](P1106)

句(5)中的“Not”不仅指前面的并列句,而且以“Not”一词开头,明白地告诉读者老人同大马林鱼的较量是谁也奈何不得,充分表达了老人此刻的内心活动,加强了语言表达效果。就句(6)而言,从语法上分析,在“Neither”和“nor”后省略了good一词,这前后的省略表明了老人对这次“远海”钓到大马林鱼后的复杂心理活动。

3、含蓄也是这部小说简洁文体的一个特点。它对所提出的事实不加评论、解释,让读者从简洁平谈的叙述中去慢慢品味,猜想。且看老人是如何在清晨喊醒小男孩的:

[2](P118)Hetookholdofonefootgentlyandheldituntiltheboywoke…

这无声的语言意蕴着无限的温情,然而它丝毫无损于老人的“硬汉”形象,相反,它更充分地表现了老人“重压下的优雅风度”———刚柔共济,相得益彰。

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? 1994-2009 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. http://www.cnki.net—

(二)比喻手法

比喻手法的运用是这部小说的一大语言特色。海明威在描写人物、景物和鱼类时都大量运用这一手法,充分展示了他细腻、精湛、巧妙的语言修辞艺术和独特的写作技巧。通过比喻,折射出许多丰富生动的形象和深层的意蕴,增强了语言在小说中的表意功能,突出了主题。如海明威对老人圣地亚哥左手的比喻模写:

(1)Hislefthandwasstillastightasthegrippedclawsofaneagle.[2](P158)

(2)Buthislefthandhadalwaysbeenatraitorandwouldnotdowhathecalledonittodoandhedidnottrustit.[2](P165)

句(1)的比喻结构是as+adj.+as+名词(喻体),明喻。鹰是人们熟悉的凶猛的飞禽“像紧抓着的,

鹰爪”比喻具体、形象,使人们产生种种可怕的联想。句(2)是用一个名词“traitor”作隐喻,比喻他的左手总是不听他的吩咐,总是背叛他。这两句对左手背叛比喻的描写有更深层的含意。海明威创作《老人与海》的年月正值麦卡锡主义在美国猖獗横行,民主与进步力量遭到疯狂的迫害,某些一度左倾的作家“在拼命地向麦卡锡道歉”,告密者成为名利双收的“爱国者”和“民族英雄”。海明威用含蓄象征的比喻手法表示了对这“叛徒似的左手”极大的鄙视。

海明威在小说中常用比喻手法的描写以景抒情,以景喻情,充满丰富的象征寓意。例如:(3)Hecouldnotseethegreenoftheshorenowbutonlythetopsofthebluehillsthatshowedwhiteasthoughtheyweresnow-cappedandthecloudsthatlookedlikehighsnowmountainsabovethem.[2](P133)

(4)HelookedattheskyandsawthewhitecumulusbuiltlikefriendlypilesoficecreamandhighabovewerethethinfeathersofthecirrusagainstthehighSemptember[2](P155)

句(3)的比喻结构分别由asthough+从句和like+(,顶峰上空的云块又像是高耸的雪山,,显示出大海无比的壮美。,,有了雪,山才显得更加深沉与伟岸。句(4)+(喻体)+of+名词(主体)构成。像一堆堆冰淇淋似的积云,,让人赏心悦目,意蕴着老人对大海的热爱。

老人圣地亚哥同大马林鱼的搏斗是这部小说的主要情节。海明威作意对大马林鱼身体形象细腻的比喻描写则意味着更多的东西。例如:

(5)Hisswordwasaslongasabaseballbatandtaperedlikearapiered…[2](P157)

(6)Thewiremusthaveslippedonthegreathillofhisback.[2](P146)

(7)Hecouldpicturethefishswimminginthewaterwithhispurplepectoralfinssetwideaswings…Hiseyeishugeandahorse,withlesseye,canseeinthedark.[2](P161-62)

(8)Theoldmanwasafraidhewouldcutthelinewithhistailwhichwassharpasascytheandalmostofthatsizeandshape.[2](P143)

(8)的比喻结构都是由as+名词(喻体)构成,同时在句(7)中,作者把大马林鱼的眼睛同马的句(7)、

眼睛形象地联系起来作了大小的比较。通过以上四句的比喻描写,一条凶猛的大马林鱼形象地展现在读者面前:它的嘴像棒球棒一样长,然后逐渐细如轻剑,脊背像小山一样高高隆起,紫色的胸鳍宽如翅膀,眼像似马眼却比马眼还大,尾巴像大镰刀般锋利而大小和形状都和大镰刀差不多。这些形象精湛的比喻喻体都是具体名词,能使读者唤起对客观具体事物的联想,增强了语言的表现力,而轻剑、大镰刀更容易使人产生可怕的联想。由此可见,这鱼不仅强大凶猛,而且美丽、高贵,这暗示着老人要战胜它是非常艰难的,是一次意志与力量的较量,是一场生死的搏斗。这些精湛的比喻也表明,凭着这鱼庞大的身躯、姿态、威力及美丽的色泽,谁也不配吃它,同时也使人联想到它象征人们渴望创造奇迹,要达到的宏伟目标,甚至是要实现的远大理想。

(三)重复手法

海明威在《老人与海》中重复和略有变化的重复使用同一个词、短语或句子,一方面使得语句连贯,—4

6—

? 1994-2009 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. http://www.cnki.net

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There has been a great deal of discussion in recent years about globalization, which can be defined as “the intensification of economic, political, social and cultural relations across borders.” Evidence of globalization is seen in our daily lives. We are being influenced by the on rush of economic and ecological forces that demand integration and uniformity and that mesmerize the world with fast music, fast computers and fast food with MTV, Macintosh and McDonald’s, pressing nations into one commercially homogeneous global network: one Mc world tied together by technology, ecology, communication, and commerce.

Technology is perhaps the most visible aspect of globalization and in many ways its driving force. Communication technology has revolutionized our information systems. Globalization tends to be most perceptible and observable in almost every facet of life mainly due to the emergence of internet technology. The internet technology is globally integrating and amalgamating the people of the world. The advent of the Internet in its unquantifiable shape and form has over the past decade provided a common platform upon which countries from all corners of the Earth are able to communicate and share information. Despite of the widespread usage and availability of new technology, the issue been brought to the forefront of the debate between advocates on both sides of the globalization aisle.

The impact of internet on globalization has both positive and negative aspects. The positive impact of the internet technology on globalization include the modernization and improvement in the business sector on a world wide basis. Businesses improve their global competitiveness and productivity with more efficient electronic transaction processing and instant access to information. New information and communication technologies (ICT) as well as radically changing international political and regulatory environments reshaped the nature of management consulting. It was during this period that ICT took center stage for global management consulting firms. The market is now more competitive with consumers having greater choices.

With the advent of the internet technology work in the foreign countries is more available and accessible because the domestic laws are not as rigorous as they once were, thus assisting in the global nature of the business and allowing new consulting firms to establish a presence in countries that was once restricted.

The services of the IT Professionals have been dramatically impacted by the explosive growth in Internet use and related technologies. In the 21st century, venerable trends in ITPS such as centralization and globalization are accelerating, and this is overturning and reversing the leverage ratios and thus introducing completely new capabilities. The Internet is impacting the way that services are bought, sold, and delivered, altering relationships among clients, firms, and employees and speeding the globalization of the consulting industry. There can be seen a better relationship between the clients and the firms through internet which is globally seen all over the world. Instead of face to face meetings the clients can easily deal with the big firms and industries via internet and thus developing a firm client relationship.

分数不算什么，如果愿意付费，可以帮你写

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