找一些介绍中国文化最好是和孔子有关的英语作文，与之相关的句子也可以

用英语描写有关中国文化元素的十个句子。（所述元素方面不限，可以同一个元素为题材，也描写多个元素。）~

Handwriting is an esencial element for people who wants to have a great place in his officaldom. Handwriting is also a special sort of Chinese art, it expresses the author's expressions in a nonfigurative way. it is popular in all artists in China. Handwriting has many expresive way to show its form. China is famous for its china production, so its name follows it. Chinese chinas cost too much and looks nice, and many collectors love to collect that. when you talk about Chinese culture, first of all, you will image the Great Inventions. They are both familiar with all the people in the world for its great effeciency. The Great Inventions help people around the world live a culture life from they have been invented. The paper records the information generation by generation. The printing technology access the speed of knowlege spreading. The compass advanced the sailing career. The gunpowder supposed a new kind of fuel in technology fields.

很多自己摘录些吧

His ancestry is unknown and was largely self-educated according to the history. Later became a teacher, philosopher and political theorist, but was unable to gain a worthwhile position where he could put his theories into practice and, after years of traveling, returned home to continue teaching until his death at the age of 72. Although during his lifetime he had little influence outside his own band of disciples, Confucianism has been the dominant philosophical system in China for over 2000 years





1.Confucius' Social Philosophy

Confucius' teachings and his conversations and exchanges with his disciples are recorded in the Lunyu or Analects, a collection that probably achieved something like its present form around the second century BCE. While Confucius believes that people live their lives within parameters firmly established by Heaven—which, often, for him means both a purposeful Supreme Being as well as ‘nature’ and its fixed cycles and patterns—he argues that men are responsible for their actions and especially for their treatment of others. We can do little or nothing to alter our fated span of existence but we determine what we accomplish and what we are remembered for.

Confucius represented his teachings as lessons transmitted from antiquity. He claimed that he was “a transmitter and not a maker” and that all he did reflected his “reliance on and love for the ancients.” (Lunyu 7.1) Confucius pointed especially to the precedents established during the height of the royal Zhou (roughly the first half of the first millennium, BCE). Such justifications for one's ideas may have already been conventional in Confucius' day. Certainly his claim that there were antique precedents for his ideology had a tremendous influence on subsequent thinkers many of whom imitated these gestures. But we should not regard the contents of the Analects as consisting of old ideas. Much of what Confucius taught appears to have been original to him and to have represented a radical departure from the ideas and practices of his day.

Confucius also claimed that he enjoyed a special and privileged relationship with Heaven and that, by the age of fifty, he had come to understand what Heaven had mandated for him and for mankind. (Lunyu 2.4). Confucius was also careful to instruct his followers that they should never neglect the offerings due Heaven. (Lunyu 3.13) Some scholars have seen a contradiction between Confucius' reverence for Heaven and what they believe to be his skepticism with regard to the existence of ‘the spirits.’ But the Analects passages that reveal Confucius's attitudes toward spiritual forces (Lunyu 3.12, 6.20, and 11.11) do not suggest that he was skeptical. Rather they show that Confucius revered and respected the spirits, thought that they should be worshipped with utmost sincerity, and taught that serving the spirits was a far more difficult and complicated matter than serving mere mortals.

Confucius' social philosophy largely revolves around the concept of ren, “compassion” or “loving others.” Cultivating or practicing such concern for others involved deprecating oneself. This meant being sure to avoid artful speech or an ingratiating manner that would create a false impression and lead to self-aggrandizement. (Lunyu 1.3) Those who have cultivated ren are, on the contrary, “simple in manner and slow of speech.” (Lunyu 13.27). For Confucius, such concern for others is demonstrated through the practice of forms of the Golden Rule: “What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others;” “Since you yourself desire standing then help others achieve it, since you yourself desire success then help others attain it.” (Lunyu 12.2, 6.30). He regards devotion to parents and older siblings as the most basic form of promoting the interests of others before one's own and teaches that such altruism can be accomplished only by those who have learned self-discipline.

Learning self-restraint involves studying and mastering li, the ritual forms and rules of propriety through which one expresses respect for superiors and enacts his role in society in such a way that he himself is worthy of respect and admiration. A concern for propriety should inform everything that one says and does:

Look at nothing in defiance of ritual, listen to nothing in defiance of ritual, speak of nothing in defiance or ritual, never stir hand or foot in defiance of ritual. (Lunyu 12.1)
Subjecting oneself to ritual does not, however, mean suppressing one's desires but instead learning how to reconcile one's own desires with the needs of one's family and community. Confucius and many of his followers teach that it is by experiencing desires that we learn the value of social strictures that make an ordered society possible (See Lunyu 2.4.). Nor does Confucius' emphasis on ritual mean that he was a punctilious ceremonialist who thought that the rites of worship and of social exchange had to be practiced correctly at all costs. Confucius taught, on the contrary, that if one did not possess a keen sense of the well-being and interests of others his ceremonial manners signified nothing. (Lunyu 3.3). Equally important was Confucius' insistence that the rites not be regarded as mere forms, but that they be practiced with complete devotion and sincerity. “He [i.e., Confucius] sacrificed to the dead as if they were present. He sacrificed to the spirits as if the spirits were present. The Master said, ‘I consider my not being present at the sacrifice as though there were no sacrifice.’” (Lunyu 3.12)

While ritual forms often have to do with the more narrow relations of family and clan, ren, however, is to be practiced broadly and informs one's interactions with all people. Confucius warns those in power that they should not oppress or take for granted even the lowliest of their subjects. “You may rob the Three Armies of their commander, but you cannot deprive the humblest peasant of his opinion.” (Lunyu 9.26) Confucius regards loving others as a calling and a mission for which one should be ready to die (Lunyu 15.9).

2. Confucius' Political Philosophy

Confucius' political philosophy is also rooted in his belief that a ruler should learn self-discipline, should govern his subjects by his own example, and should treat them with love and concern. “If the people be led by laws, and uniformity among them be sought by punishments, they will try to escape punishment and have no sense of shame. If they are led by virtue, and uniformity sought among them through the practice of ritual propriety, they will possess a sense of shame and come to you of their own accord.” (Lunyu 2.3; see also 13.6.) It seems apparent that in his own day, however, advocates of more legalistic methods were winning a large following among the ruling elite. Thus Confucius' warning about the ill consequences of promulgating law codes should not be interpreted as an attempt to prevent their adoption but instead as his lament that his ideas about the moral suasion of the ruler were not proving popular.

Most troubling to Confucius was his perception that the political institutions of his day had completely broken down. He attributed this collapse to the fact that those who wielded power as well as those who occupied subordinate positions did so by making claim to titles for which they were not worthy. When asked by a ruler of the large state of Qi, Lu's neighbor on the Shandong peninsula, about the principles of good government, Confucius is reported to have replied: “Good government consists in the ruler being a ruler, the minister being a minister, the father being a father, and the son being a son.” (Lunyu 12.11) If I claim for myself a title and attempt to participate in the various hierarchical relationships to which I would be entitled by virtue of that title, then I should live up to the meaning of the title that I claim for myself. Confucius' analysis of the lack of connection between actualities and their names and the need to correct such circumstances is usually referred to as Confucius' theory of zhengming. Elsewhere in the Analects, Confucius says to his disciple Zilu that the first thing he would do in undertaking the administration of a state is zhengming. (Lunyu 13.3). Xunzi composed an entire essay entitled Zhengming. But for Xunzi the term referred to the proper use of language and how one should go about inventing new terms that were suitable to the age. For Confucius, zhengming does not seem to refer to the ‘rectification of names’ (this is the way the term is most often translated by scholars of the Analects), but instead to rectifying behavior of people so that it exactly corresponds to the language with which they identify and describe themselves. Confucius believed that this sort of rectification had to begin at the very top of the government, because it was at the top that the discrepancy between names and actualities had originated. If the ruler's behavior is rectified then the people beneath him will follow suit. In a conversation with Ji Kangzi (who had usurped power in Lu), Confucius advised: “If your desire is for good, the people will be good. The moral character of the ruler is the wind; the moral character of those beneath him is the grass. When the wind blows, the grass bends.” (Lunyu 12.19)

For Confucius, what characterized superior rulership was the possession of de or ‘virtue.’ Conceived of as a kind of moral power that allows one to win a following without recourse to physical force, such ‘virtue’ also enabled the ruler to maintain good order in his state without troubling himself and by relying on loyal and effective deputies. Confucius claimed that, “He who governs by means of his virtue is, to use an analogy, like the pole-star: it remains in its place while all the lesser stars do homage to it.” (Lunyu 2.1) The way to maintain and cultivate such royal ‘virtue’ was through the practice and enactment of li or ‘rituals’—the ceremonies that defined and punctuated the lives of the ancient Chinese aristocracy. These ceremonies encompassed: the sacrificial rites performed at ancestral temples to express humility and thankfulness; the ceremonies of enfeoffment, toasting, and gift exchange that bound together the aristocracy into a complex web of obligation and indebtedness; and the acts of politeness and decorum—such things as bowing and yielding—that identified their performers as gentlemen. In an influential study, Herbert Fingarette argues that the performance of these various ceremonies, when done correctly and sincerely, involves a ‘magical’ quality that underlies the efficacy of royal ‘virtue’ in accomplishing the aims of the ruler.

3. Confucius and Education

A hallmark of Confucius' thought is his emphasis on education and study. He disparages those who have faith in natural understanding or intuition and argues that the only real understanding of a subject comes from long and careful study. Study, for Confucius, means finding a good teacher and imitating his words and deeds. A good teacher is someone older who is familiar with the ways of the past and the practices of the ancients. (See Lunyu 7.22) While he sometimes warns against excessive reflection and meditation, Confucius' position appears to be a middle course between studying and reflecting on what one has learned. “He who learns but does not think is lost. He who thinks but does not learn is in great danger.” (Lunyu 2.15) Confucius, himself, is credited by the tradition with having taught altogether three thousand students, though only seventy are said to have truly mastered the arts he cherished. Confucius is willing to teach anyone, whatever their social standing, as long as they are eager and tireless. He taught his students morality, proper speech, government, and the refined arts. While he also emphasizes the “Six Arts” -- ritual, music, archery, chariot-riding, calligraphy, and computation -- it is clear that he regards morality the most important subject. Confucius' pedagogical methods are striking. He never discourses at length on a subject. Instead he poses questions, cites passages from the classics, or uses apt analogies, and waits for his students to arrive at the right answers. “I only instruct the eager and enlighten the fervent. If I hold up one corner and a student cannot come back to me with the other three, I do not go on with the lesson.” (Lunyu 7.8).

Confucius' goal is to create gentlemen who carry themselves with grace, speak correctly, and demonstrate integrity in all things. His strong dislike of the sycophantic “petty men,” whose clever talk and pretentious manner win them an audience, is reflected in numerous Lunyu passages. Confucius finds himself in an age in which values are out of joint. Actions and behavior no longer correspond to the labels originally attached to them. “Rulers do not rule and subjects do not serve,” he observes. (Lunyu 12.11; cf. also 13.3) This means that words and titles no longer mean what they once did. Moral education is important to Confucius because it is the means by which one can rectify this situation and restore meaning to language and values to society. He believes that the most important lessons for obtaining such a moral education are to be found in the canonical Book of Songs, because many of its poems are both beautiful and good. Thus Confucius places the text first in his curriculum and frequently quotes and explains its lines of verse. For this reason, the Lunyu is also an important source for Confucius' understanding of the role poetry and art more generally play in the moral education of gentlemen as well as in the reformation of society.

Confucianism is the backbone of Chinese culture. Confucius developed his philosophy around the concept of benevolence. The Analects of Confucius is a record of his political views. Confucianism represents a set of moral principles because it stresses fairness and harmony in guman relationships, as well as the individual`s social responsibility for their country. For Confucius, political honesty is based on individual ethical integrity.
B:儒家思想是中国传统文化的主干。孔子的哲学体系以“仁”为核心，《论语》记载着他的政治学说。儒学是一套伦理道德，强调的是为人处事的正派、人际关系的和谐以及个人对国家的责任感。在孔子看来，政治的说法是以人品的正直为基础的。

Confuius's given name is Qiu, also styled Zhongni. He was born in QuFu, China, 551 B.C., and died in 479 B.C..
Confucius founded confuciansism--the famous philosophical school in the history of China. The kernel of his thought is Ren(benevolence), its form of expression is Li(the Rites).
Confucius travlled from one state to another preaching his doctrines until he was old. He spent his last years in compiling and editing. His works include Book of Spring and Autumn, Book of Odes, Book of History, Book of Rites, Book of Music and Book of change. These six books regarded as the classical works of Confucianism have been handed down to the present time. He founded the first private school in Chinese history. He was the teacher of 3,000 disciples among whom 72 were Sages. His major sayings were written down in Lun Yu (The Analects), one of the Four Books.

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内蒙古自治区13353567464： 找一些介绍中国文化最好是和孔子有关的英语作文,与之相关的句子也可以 - ？
充甘人破：[答案] Confucianism is the backbone of Chinese culture.Confucius developed his philosophy around the concept of benevolence.The Analects of Confucius is a record of his political views.Confucianism represent...

内蒙古自治区13353567464： 请介绍一些有关孔子的事情. - ？
充甘人破： 孔子是儒家的创始人,他有一套虽不周密而相当完整的思想体系和政治见解.孔子思想中最光辉的一点,是提倡“仁”,仁就是“爱人”.这反映了当时社会的现实,反映了由于奴隶制的渐趋瓦解而产生的当时庶人(广大人民)的抬头.孔子首...

内蒙古自治区13353567464： 孔子的资料, 简短一些.？
充甘人破： 孔子(公元前551年9月28日―公元前479年4月11日),子姓,孔氏,名丘,字仲尼,春秋末期鲁国陬邑(今山东曲阜)人,祖籍宋国栗邑(今河南夏邑),中国古代思想家、教育家,儒家学派创始人.他开创了私人讲学的风气,倡导仁、义、礼、智、信. [1-5] 孔子曾带领部分弟子周游列国前后达十三年,晚年修订六经即《诗》《书》《礼》《乐》《易》《春秋》.相传孔子曾问礼于老子,有弟子三千,其中贤人七十二.孔子去世后,其弟子及其再传弟子把孔子及其弟子的言行语录和思想记录下来,整理编成儒家经典《论语》.

内蒙古自治区13353567464： 关于孔子的介绍 - ？
充甘人破： 孔子(前551年9月28日-前479年4月11日),子姓, 孔氏,名丘,字仲尼,鲁国陬邑(今中国山东省曲阜市南辛镇)人,中国春秋末期的思想家和教育家,儒家的创始人.孔子集华夏上古文化之大成,在世时已被誉为“天纵之圣”、“天之木...

内蒙古自治区13353567464： 关于孔子的资料,急急急!!! - ？
充甘人破： 孔子[1]:子姓,以孔为氏,名丘,字仲尼.家中排行第二.是文学家,思想家,教育家.“子”:古代对成年男子的尊称,在春秋战国时期,拥有一定社会地位的成年男子都可以称为“子”,而且都希望别人称自己为“子”,因为“子”还是一...

内蒙古自治区13353567464： 关于孔子急需一些孔子的一些资料以及事迹,名言. ？
充甘人破： 孔子(前551-前479)名丘,字仲尼,英文名字:Confucius.在家排行第二,故也有人称为孔二,春秋后期鲁国人,汉族.公元前551年9月28日(农历八月二十七日)生...

内蒙古自治区13353567464： 有关孔子的知识 - ？
充甘人破： 孔子(前551-前479)春秋时期思想家教育家,儒家学派创始人,名丘字仲尼,今曲阜人.他周游列国,游说诸侯.建立以仁为本的思想.其言论记载于论语中.

内蒙古自治区13353567464： 关于孔子的资料,简单. - ？
充甘人破： 孔子(公元前551年9月28日~ 公元前479年4月11日,即农历八月廿七~农历二月十一),名丘,字仲尼,汉族,春秋时期鲁国陬邑(今山东曲阜市南辛镇)人.中国古代的大思想家和大教育家、政治理论家,儒家学派的创始人.孔子集华夏上古文化之大成,在世时已被誉为“天纵之圣”、“天之木铎”,是当时社会上的最博学者之一,被后世统治者尊为孔圣人、至圣、 至圣先师、万世师表,是“世界十大文化名人”之首.

内蒙古自治区13353567464： 简介孔子的生平 - ？
充甘人破： 孔子(前551~前479),名丘,字仲尼,春秋末期鲁国陬邑(今山东曲阜市东南)人.我国古代著名的思想家、教育家、儒家学派创始人.相传有弟子三千,贤弟子七十二人,孔子曾带领弟子周游列国十四年.晚年潜心致力于古文献整理,修《...

内蒙古自治区13353567464： 有关孔府的大约100字的资料 - ？
充甘人破： 首先,向大家简要介绍一下曲阜的历史、文物概况.重中之重有“三孔两庙一陵”、“三山二林一寺”.孔庙、孔府、孔林,俗称“三孔”,有祭祀中国元圣周公的庙宇,有祭祀孔子第一大弟子复圣颜回的庙,俗称“两庙”;“一陵”是黄帝诞...