TED英语演讲稿：为什么节食减肥没效果

TED热门课程：为什么节食对减肥不起作用~

在美国和英国，80%的女孩在她们10岁的时候便开始节食。在这个真实而质朴的演讲中，神经学家桑德拉•阿莫特用她自己的故事讲述了大脑是如何控制我们的身体的。她还探索了为什么节食不仅不起作用，而且其带来的危害比好处更多的科学规律。她真诚地提出了一些建议，提出了如何过不用痴迷于节食生活的一些想法。
关于TED：TED是美国的一家私有非盈利机构，该机构以它组织的TED大会著称，这个会议的宗旨是“用思想的力量来改变世界”。TED诞生於1984年，其发起人是里查德·沃曼。2002年起，克里斯·安德森接管TED，创立了种子基金会（The Sapling Foundation），并营运TED大会。每年3月，TED大会在美国召集众多科学、设计、文学、音乐等领域的杰出人物，分享他们关于技术、社会、人的思考和探索。TED演讲的特点是毫无繁杂冗长的专业讲座，观点响亮，开门见山，种类繁多，看法新颖。

节食减肥没有效果，可能是没有达到控制热量的状态。

或者也不排除有其他的原因。例如体制的问题等等。

简介：在美国，80%的女孩在她们10岁的时候便开始节食。神经学家Sandra
Aamodt结合自己的亲身经历，讲述大脑是如何控制我们的身体的。节食减肥为何没效果?来听听她的说法吧!

　　Three and a half years ago, I made one of the best decisions of my life. As
my New Year's resolution, I gave up dieting, stopped worrying about my weight,
and learned to eat mindfully. Now I eat whenever I'm hungry, and I've lost 10
pounds.

　　This was me at age 13, when I started my first diet. I look at that picture
now, and I think, you did not need a diet, you needed a fashion consult.
(Laughter) But I thought I needed to lose weight, and when I gained it back, of
course I blamed myself. And for the next three decades, I was on and off various
diets. No matter what I tried, the weight I'd lost always came back. I'm sure
many of you know the feeling.

　　As a neuroscientist, I wondered, why is this so hard? Obviously, how much
you weigh depends on how much you eat and how much energy you burn. What most
people don't realize is that hunger and energy use are controlled by the brain,
mostly without your awareness. Your brain does a lot of its work behind the
scenes, and that is a good thing, because your conscious mind -- how do we put
this politely? -- it's easily distracted. It's good that you don't have to
remember to breathe when you get caught up in a movie. You don't forget how to
walk because you're thinking about what to have for dinner.

　　Your brain also has its own sense of what you should weigh, no matter what
you consciously believe. This is called your set point, but that's a misleading
term, because it's actually a range of about 10 or 15 pounds. You can use
lifestyle choices to move your weight up and down within that range, but it's
much, much harder to stay outside of it. The hypothalamus, the part of the brain
that regulates body weight, there are more than a dozen chemical signals in the
brain that tell your body to gain weight, more than another dozen that tell your
body to lose it, and the system works like a thermostat, responding to signals
from the body by adjusting hunger, activity and metabolism, to keep your weight
stable as conditions change. That's what a thermostat does, right? It keeps the
temperature in your house the same as the weather changes outside. Now you can
try to change the temperature in your house by opening a window in the winter,
but that's not going to change the setting on the thermostat, which will respond
by kicking on the furnace to warm the place back up.

　　Your brain works exactly the same way, responding to weight loss by using
powerful tools to push your body back to what it considers normal. If you lose a
lot of weight, your brain reacts as if you were starving, and whether you
started out fat or thin, your brain's response is exactly the same. We would
love to think that your brain could tell whether you need to lose weight or not,
but it can't. If you do lose a lot of weight, you become hungry, and your
muscles burn less energy. Dr. Rudy Leibel of Columbia University has found that
people who have lost 10 percent of their body weight burn 250 to 400 calories
less because their metabolism is suppressed. That's a lot of food. This means
that a successful dieter must eat this much less forever than someone of the
same weight who has always been thin.

　　From an evolutionary perspective, your body's resistance to weight loss
makes sense. When food was scarce, our ancestors' survival depended on
conserving energy, and regaining the weight when food was available would have
protected them against the next shortage. Over the course of human history,
starvation has been a much bigger problem than overeating. This may explain a
very sad fact: Set points can go up, but they rarely go down. Now, if your
mother ever mentioned that life is not fair, this is the kind of thing she was
talking about. (Laughter) Successful dieting doesn't lower your set point. Even
after you've kept the weight off for as long as seven years, your brain keeps
trying to make you gain it back. If that weight loss had been due to a long
famine, that would be a sensible response. In our modern world of drive-thru
burgers, it's not working out so well for many of us. That difference between
our ancestral past and our abundant present is the reason that Dr. Yoni
Freedhoff of the University of Ottawa would like to take some of his patients
back to a time when food was less available, and it's also the reason that
changing the food environment is really going to be the most effective solution
to obesity.

　　Sadly, a temporary weight gain can become permanent. If you stay at a high
weight for too long, probably a matter of years for most of us, your brain may
decide that that's the new normal.

　　Psychologists classify eaters into two groups, those who rely on their
hunger and those who try to control their eating through willpower, like most
dieters. Let's call them intuitive eaters and controlled eaters. The interesting
thing is that intuitive eaters are less likely to be overweight, and they spend
less time thinking about food. Controlled eaters are more vulnerable to
overeating in response to advertising, super-sizing, and the all-you-can-eat
buffet. And a small indulgence, like eating one scoop of ice cream, is more
likely to lead to a food binge in controlled eaters. Children are especially
vulnerable to this cycle of dieting and then binging.

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