If eigher my sister or my parents come,please let them in.什么是谓语动词?
大家可以推荐几个在网络上讲课比较好的英语老师吗,或他们课程相关的视屏也可以。我主要想跟视屏多学学 谢谢大家 请加我QQ 2248461201. 我可以帮助你,谢谢!小学阶段英语语法详解与练习题大全
可数名词与不可数名词“分家”
一、 可数名词与不可数名词的区别
普通名词所表示的人或事物是可以按个数计算的,这类名词叫可数名词。可数名词分为个体名词(表示某类人或事物中的个体,如worker, farmer, desk, factory等)和集体名词(表示作为一个整体来看的一群人或一些事物,如people, family等)。如果普通名词所表示的事物是不能按个数来计算的,这类名词就叫不可数名词。不可数名词分为物质名词(表示无法分为个体的物质,如meat, rice, water, milk, orange等)和抽象名词(表示动作、状态、情况、品质等抽象概念,如work, homework, time, health, friendship等)。
二、 可数名词的家务事
可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。指一个人或一件事物时,用单数形式;指两个或多个人或事物时用复数形式。名词由单数形式变成复数形式的规则如下:
1.一般的名词词尾直接加-s。如:
book → books room → rooms
house → houses day → days
2.以s, ss, ch, sh, x结尾的名词,在词尾加-es。如:
bus → buses glass → glasses
watch → watches
dish → dishes box → boxes
3.以"辅音字母+y"结尾的名词,要先将y改为i再加-es。如:
city → cities body → bodies
factory → factories等等。
4.以f或fe结尾的名词,要将f或fe改为v再加-es。如:
half → halves leaf → leaves
knife → knives wife → wives
5.特例[悄悄话:特例常常考,要记住。]
① child → children
② man → men woman → women
policeman → policemen
(规律:man → men)
③ tomato → tomatoes potato → potatoes
[悄悄话: 初中英语以o结尾的名词变复数时只有这两个词加-es,
其余的当然加-s喽!如:photo → photos ]
④ foot → feet tooth → teeth [悄悄话:oo变成ee。]
⑤ sheep, Chinese, Japanese单、复数同形 [悄悄话: 变复数时词形不变。]
⑥ people单数形式表示复数意义,要求谓语动词用复数; people的复数形式peoples通常指"多个民族"。
三、 不可数名词的家务事
1.不可数名词没有复数,当它作句子的主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。如:
The food is very fresh. 食品很新鲜。
2.有的不可数名词也可以作可数名词,有复数形式,但他们的意义发生变化。如:
water (水) → waters (水域)
orange (橘汁) → oranges (橘子)
3.很多的不可数名词表示泛指时为不可数,表示种类时就可数,但意义大多不发生变化。如:
fruit → fruits food → foods
fish → fishes hair → hairs
*** 用所给名词的适当形式填空。
1. How many________(sheep) are there on the hill?
2. There is some________(food) in the basket.
3. The baby has only two________(tooth) now.
4. There is a lot of________(water) in the bottle.
5. There are five________(people ) in his family.
6. Let's take________(photo), OK?
7. I have lots of________(tomato) here.
8. The________(leaf) on the tree turn-yellow.
9. The________(child) are playing games on the playground now.
10. Their________(dictionary) look new.
11. I see you have a few white________(hair).
12. They are________(woman) doctors.
13. Can you give me some bottles of ____ (orange), please?
14. There are many________(fox) in the picture.
15. I would like some apple________(juice). I am very thirsty.
参考答案:
1. sheep 2. food 3. teeth 4. water 5. people 6. photos 7. tomatoes 8. leaves
9.children 10.dictionaries 11.hair,hairs 12.women 13.orange 14.foxes 15.juice
名词可数不可数“六注意”
一、可数名词是可以用来计数的名词。可数名词有单数和复数形式。如:desk-desks, apple-apples等。不可数名词是不可以直接用来计数的名词。不可数名词没有复数形式,只有单数形式。如:some bread,a little milk等。
二、单数可数名词表示泛指时,前面要用不定冠词a(an),表示特指时,前面要用定冠词the;而不可数名词前不能用a(an)修饰,表示特指时,前面一定要用定冠词the。如:He is a factory worker.他是一名工人.No one can see air.没有人能看见空气。
三、可数名词和不可数名词前都可以用some, any, a lot of, lots of等来修饰,表示"一些,许多"。如:
There are some oranges on the desk.桌子上有一些桔子。
There is a lot of water in the bottle.瓶里有许多水。
四、可数名词前可用具体的数词来表示具体的数量。如:two apples, four books等。不可数名词前通常用"单位词+of"来表示数量。如:a piece of paper, three pieces of paper等。
五、可数名词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数与主语的单复数保持一致。如:
This picture is very beautiful.这幅画很美。
不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式,但是不可数名词前有复数"单位词"时,谓语动词要用复数形式。如:
There are two cups of tea on the table.桌上有两杯茶。
六、对可数名词前的修饰语提问用how many;对不可数名词前的修饰语提问用how much。 如:
How many apples are there in the box?盒子里有多少个苹果?
How much tea is there in the cup?杯里有多少茶水?
注意:对不可数名词前的"单位词"的修饰语提问时,疑问词用how many。 如:
How many pieces of bread are there on the plate?盘子里有多少片面包?
“行行色色”的名词所有格
在英语中,特别是表示有生命的名词,可以加's表示所属关系,名词的这种形式我们称之为名词的所有格。
一、名词词尾加's的所有格
1.一般情况在名词后加's。例如: That girl's coat is in the room.
那个女孩的衣服在房间里。
2.在以s结尾的名词(包括以s结尾的复数名词)后面,只加'。 如果复数名词不是以s结尾的,末尾也要加's。例如:
Today is September 10th, Teachers' Day.今天是九月十日,教师节。
Children's Day is coming, I should buy something new for my son.
儿童节马上就要到了,我应该为我的儿子买一些新东西。
3.表示词组内的并列名词各自的所有关系时,须在各个名词后加's;如果一个东西为两个人或者两个以上的人共同拥有,只在最后一个名词后面加's。例如:
They are John's and Kate's rooms. How beautiful they are!这是约翰和凯特的房间。它们(指房间)太漂亮了!
He is Lily and Lucy's father.他是莉莉和露西的爸爸。
4.表示某人的家、店铺等的所有格,一般可以省略它后面所修饰的名词。
例如: My father and I will have dinner at the Johnson's (home ).
我爸爸和我将要去约翰逊的家吃晚饭。
We will have our hair cut at the barber's(shop) tomorrow afternoon.
明天下午我们要去理发店理发。
5.有些指时间、距离、国家、城镇等的名词,也可以加's构成所有格。
例如: There is something important in today's newspaper.
今天的报纸上有一些重要的东西。
It's about ten minutes' walk from school to our home every day.
每天从学校到我们家步行大约需要十分钟。
6.英语名词所有格修饰的词,如果前面已经提到过,后面则可以省略,以防止重复。例如:This is not Dick's dictionary, but is Tom's.
这不是迪克的字典,但是是汤姆的。
二、由of短语构成的所有格
1.表示“无生命的名词”一般与of构成短语,表示所有关系。例如:
There is a river on the other side of the road.在公路的另一边有一条河。
2.有时我们用名词+ of +名词所有格构成双重所有格的形式。例如:
This is a photo of Mr Brown's.这是一张布朗先生的照片。
不用定冠词”the”的八项纪律
一、定冠词不与表示一类人或事物的复数名词连用。例如:
1. I like reading the books.(×) I like reading books.(√)
2. She likes the cats.(×) She likes cats.(√)
二、定冠词不能用在某些习惯用语中的名词前面。例如:
1. I have lunch at the noon.(×) I have lunch at noon.(√)
2. We go to school by the bus.(×) We go to school by bus.(√)
三、定冠词不能用在某些专用名词和不可数名词前面。例如:
1. I like the China.(×) I like China.(√)
2. Would you like a cup of the water? (×)
Would you like a cup of water?(√)
四、定冠词不能用在节日、日期、月份、季节前面。例如:
1. Today is the Teachers’ Day. (×) Today is Teachers’ Day.(√)
2. He was born in the May in 1987. (×) He was born in May in 1987. (√)
五、定冠词不能用在表示称呼语或某些头衔的名词前面(尤其作表语、宾补时)。
例如: 1. Good morning, the sir!(×) Good morning, sir! (√)
2. I need some help, the Mummy.(×) I need some help, Mummy.(√)
六、定冠词不能与名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, some, any等
代词连用。例如: 1. This the pen is mine. (×) This pen is mine.(√)
2. I have the some money. (×) I have some money. (√)
七、定冠词不能用在表示科目名词的前面。例如:
1. We will learn the Chinese, the history and the Maths this afternoon. (×)
We will learn Chinese, history and Maths this afternoon.(√)
2. The English is the most interesting of all the subjects.(×)
English is the most interesting of all the subjects.(√)
八、定冠词不能用在三餐和球类运动名词的前面。例如:
1. She goes to school after the breakfast every morning.(×)
She goes to school after breakfast every morning.(√)
2. We often play the football after school. (×)
We often play football after school. (√)
介词for的用法小结
1.表示“当作、作为”。如:
I like some bread and milk for breakfast.我喜欢把面包和牛奶作为早餐。
What will we have for supper?我们晚餐吃什么?
2.表示理由或原因,意为“因为、由于”。如:
Thank you for helping me with my English.谢谢你帮我学习英语。
Thank you for your last letter.谢谢你上次的来信。
Thank you for teaching us so well.感谢你如此尽心地教我们。
3.表示动作的对象或接受者,意为“给……”、“对…… (而言)”。如:
Let me pick it up for you.让我为你捡起来。
Watching TV too much is bad for your health.看电视太多有害于你的健康。
4.表示时间、距离,意为“计、达”。如:
I usually do the running for an hour in the morning.我早晨通常跑步一小时。
We will stay there for two days.我们将在那里逗留两天。
5.表示去向、目的,意为“向、往、取、买”等。如:
Let’s go for a walk.我们出去散步吧。
I came here for my schoolbag.我来这儿取书包。
I paid twenty yuan for the dictionary.我花了20元买这本词典。
6.表示所属关系或用途,意为“为、适于……的”。如:
It’s time for school.到上学的时间了。
Here is a letter for you.这儿有你的一封信。
7.表示“支持、赞成”。如:
Are you for this plan or against it?你是支持还是反对这个计划?
8.用于一些固定搭配中。如:
Who are you waiting for?你在等谁?
For example, Mr Green is a kind teacher.比如,格林先生是一位心地善良的老师。
并列连词“欢聚一堂”
Mr. And:大家好!我是And,把英语句子翻译成汉语时大家经常看不见我的影子,可是在英语中却必不可少。我的任务是把两个或两个以上的有并列关系、动作先后关系或者是有条件和结果关系的句子连接起来。
After lunch Aunt Huang came in and she looked worried.午饭后黄阿姨进来了,她看起来很着急。(表示并列关系)
Mary brushed her teech and she went to bed.
玛丽刷完牙,然后上床睡觉。(表示动作先后关系)
Use your head, and you'll find a good way.动动脑筋,你就会找到好的方法。(表示条件和结果)该句相当于If you use your head, you'll find a good way.
"祈使句,+and +一般将来时的句子"这是一个固定句型,表示"如果做到了祈使句表示的事情,就会有后面句子表示的结果。"如:
Work hard, and you will pass the exam.努力学习,你就会通过考试。
Miss But:Hello, everyone!我是Miss But。我的工作是把两个意思相反或相对的句子连接起来。我的同事还有:yet (可是),while (而)等。大家请看:
I heard a big noise and I looked out, but I didn't see anything.
我听到一声巨响,就往外看,但是我什么也没看见。
I'm poor, but I always enjoy myself.我很穷,但是我总是过得很开心。
My elder brother likes playing basketball while I like playing football.我哥哥喜欢打篮球,而我喜欢踢足球。
我是Mr. So. "因此"、"所以"就是我的口头禅。我能迅速地把含有因果关系的两个简单句连接起来。下面请看我的才艺表演。
This is our first lesson, so I don't know all your names.
这是我们的第一节课,因此并不是所有人的名字我都知道。
I am rich, so I can buy myself lots of nice things.
我很富裕,所以我能给自己买很多好东西。
我有一个好朋友Mr. For,他的性格与我很相似,他也喜欢寻根究底,只不过他注重原因,我注重结果。
He shook his head, for he thought differently.
他摇头(表示否决),因为他有不同的见解。
我是Miss Or,我是一个和蔼可亲的人,一般情况下我不会强迫某人去做某一件事情,我可以让他(她)自己做出选择。有时,我也会比较严厉,这时候我会用命令的语气说"做好某事,否则(要不然)就会……"。让我给大家献个"丑"吧!
You may do it yourself, or you can ask someone to help you.
你可以自己做,你也可以请人来帮你。
Work hard, or you can't pass the exam.(= If you don't work hard,
you can't pass the exam.)努力学习,否则你就会考试不及格。
"祈使句,+ or +一般将来时的句子"是一个固定句型,表示"如果不做到祈使句表示的事情,就会有后面句子表示的结果。"
并列句的特点是:并列句必须由两个或两个以上的主语、谓语结构组成,并且它们之间互不依从,通常它们之间由并列连词连接,去掉连词后它们都可以独立成句。
如果一个主语有两个或两个以上的谓语动词;或者有两个或两个以上的主语,却只有一个谓语动词不是并列句。例如:
He closed the window, put on his coat, opened the door and went out.
他关上窗户,穿上大衣,打开门出去了。
Jim , Tom and I are in the same class.我和吉姆、汤姆在同一个班。
巩固练习:
1. Be careful, _________ you will fall off the tree.
a. so b. or c. but d. and
2. Never give up, _____ you'll make it. a. and b. but c. or d. yet
3. Lucy and Lily are twins. Lucy likes playing basketball,
_________ Lily doesn't. a. and b. as c. but d. or
4. Mr Brown knows little Japanese, _________ he can't understand the instructions(用法说明)on the bottle of the pills.
a. so b. or c. but d. for
5. My uncle doesn't have much money, ______ he always enjoys himself.
a. but b. so c. and d. or
介词for的用法小结
1.表示“当作、作为”。如:
I like some bread and milk for breakfast.我喜欢把面包和牛奶作为早餐。
What will we have for supper?我们晚餐吃什么?
2.表示理由或原因,意为“因为、由于”。如:
Thank you for helping me with my English.谢谢你帮我学习英语。
Thank you for your last letter.谢谢你上次的来信。
Thank you for teaching us so well.感谢你如此尽心地教我们。
3.表示动作的对象或接受者,意为“给……”、“对…… (而言)”。如:
Let me pick it up for you.让我为你捡起来。
Watching TV too much is bad for your health.看电视太多有害于你的健康。
4.表示时间、距离,意为“计、达”。如:
I usually do the running for an hour in the morning.我早晨通常跑步一小时。
We will stay there for two days.我们将在那里逗留两天。
5.表示去向、目的,意为“向、往、取、买”等。如:
Let’s go for a walk.我们出去散步吧。
I came here for my schoolbag.我来这儿取书包。
I paid twenty yuan for the dictionary.我花了20元买这本词典。
6.表示所属关系或用途,意为“为、适于……的”。
如: It’s time for school.到上学的时间了。
Here is a letter for you.这儿有你的一封信。
7.表示“支持、赞成”。如:
Are you for this plan or against it?你是支持还是反对这个计划?
8.用于一些固定搭配中。如:
Who are you waiting for?你在等谁?
For example, Mr Green is a kind teacher.比如,格林先生是一位心地善良的老师。
with用法全屏显示
with是介词,但其意义颇多,一时难掌握。为帮助大家理清头绪,请允许我以教材中的句子为例,进行分类,并配以简单的解释,为同学作一个全屏显示。你们可要看好哟!
1.带着,牵着…… (表动作特征)。如:
Run with the kite like this.
2.附加、附带着……(表事物特征)。如:
A glass of apple juice, two glasses of coke, two hamburgers with potato chips, rice and fish.
3.和…… (某人)一起。
a.跟某人一起(居住、吃、喝、玩、交谈……)。如:
Now I am in China with my parents.
Sometimes we go out to eat with our friends.
He / She's talking with a friend.
b.跟go, come连用,有"加入"到某方的意思。如:
Do you want to come with me?
4.和play一起构成短语动词play
with意为"玩耍……,玩弄……"如:
Two boys are playing with their yo-yos.
5.与help一起构成help...with...句式,意为"帮助(某人)做(某事)"。如:
On Monday and Wednesday, he helps his friends with their English.
6.表示面部神情,有"含着……,带着……"如:
"I'm late for school," said Sun Yang, with tears in his eyes.
7.表示"用……"如:
You play it with your feet. What do the farmers do with your machines?
8.表示"对……, 关于……"。如:
What's wrong with it? There's something wrong with my computer.
一般现在时自述
一般现在时,1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。如:The sky is blue.天空是蓝色的。2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。如:I get up at six every day.我每天六点起床。
3.表示客观现实。如:The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。
第二,请看我的面目--构成:
1. be动词:主语+be(am,is,are)+其它。如:
I am a boy.我是一个男孩。
2.行为动词:主语+行为动词(+其它)。如:
We study English.我们学习英语。
当主语为第三人称单数(he, she,it)时,要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。如:Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。
第三,我的变化--否定句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句:
1. be动词的变化。
否定句:主语+ be + not +其它。
如:He is not a worker.他不是工人。
一般疑问句:Be +主语+其它。
如:-Are you a student?
-Yes. I am. / No, I'm not.
特殊疑问句:疑问词+一般疑问句。如:Where is my bike?
2.行为动词的变化。
否定句:主语+ don't( doesn't ) +动词原形(+其它)。如:
I don't like bread.
当主语为第三人称单数时,要用doesn't构成否定句。如:
He doesn't often play.
一般疑问句:Do( Does ) +主语+动词原形+其它。如:
- Do you often play football?
- Yes, I do. / No, I don't.
当主语为第三人称单数时,要用does构成一般疑问句。如:
- Does she go to work by bike?
- Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't.
特殊疑问句:疑问词+一般疑问句。如:How does your father go to work?
揭开“第三人称单数”的秘密
一、第三人称代词he, she, it作主语时。例如:
She is very good at English.她英语学得好。
He studies in a middle school.他在一所中学学习。
二、单独使用的人名、地名或称呼语作主语时。例如:
Jim often plays football with his friends.吉姆经常和他的朋友们踢足球。
Does Uncle Wang like making things?王叔叔喜欢做东西吗?
三、不可数名词作主语时。例如:
Is there any juice in the bottle?瓶里有果汁吗?
四、单数可数名词作主语时。例如:
The box is in your room.箱子在你的房间里。
What is that girl doing over there?那女孩在那边干什么?
五、单个数字、算式或单个字母作主语时。例如:
Three plus nine is twelve.三加九等于十二。
"I" is an English letter. "I"是个英语字母。
六、指示代词this, that等作主语时。例如:
This is her red pen.这是她的红钢笔。
七、代词one作主语时。例如:
One of them is watching TV.他们中的一个人正在看电视。
八、不定代词something, anything, nothing等作主语时。例如:
There's something wrong with the computer.这台电脑坏了。
“一般过去时”登台亮相
I.一般过去时的概念
一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常和表示过去的时间状语连用。如:last year, yesterday等; 也可表示过去经常反复发生的动作,常和often, always等频率副词连用。
例如:①I saw him in the street yesterday.昨天我在街上看见他了。
②Li Mei always went to school on foot last year.去年李梅总是步行上学。
II.一般过去时的构成
我们主要来学习谓语动词为实义动词的一般过去时的构成。
动词过去式的构成:
(1)规则动词过去式的构成有四条规则:
①一般在动词原形末尾直接加上-ed。如:look-looked。
②以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,去e再加-ed。如:live-lived。
③末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节,先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ed。如:stop-stopped。
④末尾是辅音字母+y结尾的动词,先变y为i,然后再加-ed。如:study-studied。
(2)不规则动词的过去式需特殊记忆。如:am(is)-was, are-were, go-went, come-came, take-took, have (has)-had等。
III.一般过去时的几种句型
肯定句结构为:主语+动词的过去式+其它。如:He went to the toy store yesterday.他昨天去玩具店了。
否定句结构为:主语+did not (didn't)+动词原形+其它。如:He didn't go to the toy store yesterday.他昨天没去玩具店。
一般过去时的一般疑问句的构成:Did+主语+动词原形+其它?如:
1) -Did you go to Beijing last week? -Yes, we did. (No, we didn't.)
2) -Did you meet the businessman before? -No, I didn't. (Yes, I did.)
一般过去时的特殊疑问句的构成:疑问词+did+主语+动词原形+其它?如:
1) -What did you do last night? -I did my homework.
2) -Where did you go last week? -I went to Shanghai with my parents.
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:
连词:that(无任何词意)
whether,if(均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性)
as if ,as though(均表示“好像”,“似乎”)
以上在从句中均不充当任何成分
连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,
whose, which.whichever,whomever
连接副词:when, where, how, why
不可省略的连词:
1. 介词后的连词
2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。
That she was chosen made us very happy.
We heard the news that our team had won.
比较:
whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下,whether 不能被if 取代:
1. whether引导主语从句并在句首
2. 引导表语从句
3. whether从句作介词宾语
4. 从句后有"or not"
Whether he will come is not clear.
大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用 it充当形式主语。
It is not important who will go.
It is still unknown which team will win the match.
[编辑本段]二. 主语从句
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。例如:
What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。
Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。
It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。
有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下:
(1) It + be + 名词 + that从句
(2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句
(3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句
(4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”,常用的句型有:
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that …
It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that…
It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…
[编辑本段]三、宾语从句
名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。
1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句
由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如:
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。
注意:在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如:
I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。
2. 用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如:
I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。
3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if:
a. 引导主语从句并在句首时;b. 引导表语从句时;c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。例如:
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?
Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。
I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。
Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留?
4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用
不同时态。例如:
he studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时)
he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时)
I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时)
he has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时)
当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。例如:
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.
5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如:
We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。
I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。
[编辑本段]四、表语从句
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如:
The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。
This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。
It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。
需要注意的,当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如:
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning .
【注意】whether 可引导表语从句,但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。
[编辑本段]四. 同位语从句
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如:
来。
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。
同位语从句和定语从句的区别:
that作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时可以省略; that引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。
试比较下面两个例句:
I had no idea that you were here.(that引导同位语从句,不能省略)
Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient Greece?(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略)
[编辑本段]五、名词性that-从句
1)由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。 That只起连接主句和从句的作用,在从句中不担任任何成分,本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语,例如:
主语:That he is still alive is sheer luck. 他还活着全靠运气。
宾语:John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。
表语:The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。
同位语:The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.
近来谁也没有见过他,这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。
形容词宾语:I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.
你对工作满意我感到很高兴。
2)That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词,而将that-从句置于句末,例如:
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清楚,整个计划注定要失败。
It's a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系:
a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It is necessary that… 有必要……
It is important that… 重要的是……
It is obvious that… 很明显……
b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
It is believed that… 人们相信……
It is known to all that… 从所周知……
It has been decided that… 已决定……
c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowledge that… ……是常识
It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是……
It is a fact that… 事实是……
d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句
It appears that… 似乎……
It happens that… 碰巧……
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……
[编辑本段]六、名词性wh-从句
1)由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外,还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等,例如:
主语: How the book will sell depends on its author. 书销售如何取决于作者本人。
直接宾语:In one's own home one can do what one likes. 在自己家里可以随心所欲。
间接宾语:The club will give whoever wins a prize.
俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。
表语: My question is who will take over president of the Foundation. 我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。
宾语补足语:She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。
同位语: I have no idea when he will return.
我不知道他什么时候回来。
形容词宾语:I'm not sure why she refused their invitation. 我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。
介词宾语: That depends on where we shall go.
那取决于我们去哪儿。
2)Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语,而将wh-从句置于句末,例如:
It is not yet decided who will do that job.
还没决定谁做这项工作。
It remains unknown when they are going to get married. 他们何时结婚依然不明。
[编辑本段]七、if, whether引导的名词从句
1)yes-no型疑问从句
从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的,因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句,其功能和wh-从句的功能相同, 例如:
主语:Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有等证实。
宾语:Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday. 请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。
表语:The point is whether we should lend him the money. 问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。
同位语:They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy. 他们调查他是否值得信赖。
形容词宾语: She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come. 她怀疑我们是否能够前来。
介词宾语: I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness. 我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。
2)选择性疑问从句
选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whether…or not构成,例如:
Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。
I don't care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划八、否定转移
1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。
I don't think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。
I don' t believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。
注意:若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。
I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。
2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。
It doesn't seem that they know where to go.
看来他们不知道往哪去。
It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow.
看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。
3) 有时将动名词,介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。
I don't remember having ever seen such a man.
我记得从未见过这样一个人。 (not否定动名词短语 having…)
It's not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street.
在这里,人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。
(anyone 作主语,从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。)
4) 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。
The ant is not gathering this for itself alone. (否定状语) 蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。
He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because状语) 他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何,就轻信此事。
She had not been married many weeks when that man's younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty. (否定状语many weeks) 她结婚还不到几个月,这个人的弟弟就看见她了,并对她的美貌着了迷。
状语从句的种类
§ 1状语从句的种类
用来修饰谓语动词、其它动词、定语、状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为:
1.时间状语从句;(adverbial clause of time)
2.地点状语从句;(adverbial clause of place)
3.原因状语从句;(adverbial clause of cause)
4.条件状语从句;(adverbial clause of condition)
5.目的状语从句;(adverbial clause of purpose)
6.让步状语从句;(adverbial clause of concession)
7.比较状语从句;(adverbial clause of comparison)
8.程度状语从句;(adverbial clause of degree)
9.方式状语从句;(adverbial clause of manner)
10.结果状语从句。(adverbial clause of result)
§2状语从句的时态特点
一般情况下,时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时”,用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”。例如:
I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 我一到北京就给你打电话。(这是由as soon as引导的时间状语从句,从句中的谓语动词arrive是一般现在时,表示一般将来时,决不可用will arrive)
As soon as I have finished this work, I will go home. 我一完成此工作,就回家。(从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时have finished,表示将来完成时,决不可用will have finished)
If he comes back, please let me know.如果他回来了,请通知我。(从句中的谓语动词用comes back,表示一般将来时,决不可用will come back)
二 时间状语从句
§3时间状语从句(adverbial clause of time)
1.由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句。例如:
When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.当你以为自己一无所知的时候,你就是在开始知道一些事物了。
When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it.当真理被埋在地下的时候,它在生长,它感到压抑,它蓄存着这么一种爆炸性力量,一旦冒出,它就会炸破一切!
Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。
Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim. 我游泳的时候,请你照看一下我的衣服。
You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it. 当你的手在空气中挥动的时候,你就能感觉到空气在流动。
Our headmaster laughed as she spoke.我们的校长边谈边笑。
【区别】when, while和as的区别:when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。例如:
When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时,我在吃饭。(瞬时动词)
When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当的住在农村时,我常常为他担水。(延续性的动词)
We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开,就在那时他进来了。
While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的,并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生(或者相对应)。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如:
While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词,was reading和was watching同时发生)
I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球,而你喜欢打篮球。(对比)
As表示“一边……一边”,as引导的动作是延续性的动作,一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生;as也可以强调“一先一后。例如:
We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。(as表示“一边……一边”)
As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时,开始下雪了。(as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生,而不强调开始下雪的特定时间)
2.由before和after引导的时间状语从句。注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语,并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后,有时译成“就,才”。还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系。当主句用将来时,从句总是用现在时;如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时,则主句动词多用过去完成时,这样以便体现动作发生的先后。After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。例如:
It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来。
Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.爱因斯坦几乎把我撞倒才看到我。
My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。
They had not been married four months before they were divorced. 他们结婚还不到四个月就离婚了。
After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔细考虑过以后,告诉我你是怎样决定的。
After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后,我们回家了。(从句用过去完成时,主句用一般过去时)
3.由till或until引导的时间状语从句。till和until一般情况下两者可以互换,但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是:如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时,必须用否定形式;如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时,用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表达的意思不同。例如:
I didn't go to bed until(till) my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。
It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散会之后他才开始教我英语。
I worked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止。
I didn't work until he came back.他回来我这才开始工作。
Please wait until I arrived.在我到达之前请等我。
4.由since引导的时间状语从句。 since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但在It is +时间+since从句的句型中,主句多用一般现在时。例如:
I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来,我一直在北京了。
Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你见面以后,你到哪里去了?
It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。
It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我们老板离开北京有五个月了。
5.由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引导的时间状语从句。这些连词都表示“一……就”。例如:
I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早饭,我立即到那里去。
The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一听到消息,马上赶到了出事地点。
As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大,就给你来电话 例如:
He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他刚到家,就被邀请开始另一旅程。
No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.太阳刚从地平线上升起,他就起床劳动去了。
Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我刚坐下,他就进来了。
He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.这个阿拉伯人刚要入睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻一触。
6.由by the time引导的时间状语从句。注意时态的变化:在一般情况下,如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时,主句的谓语动词用过去完成时;如果主句的谓语动词用一般现在时,主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。例如:
By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回来时,我已经写完这本书了。
By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 你明天来这儿的时候,我将已经完成此工作了。
7.由each time, every time和whenever引导的时间状语从句。例如:
Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me. 他每次来哈尔滨,总是来看我。
Whenever that man says“To tell the truth”, I suspect that he's about to tell a lie.每当那个人说“说实在话”的时候,我猜想他就要说谎了。
You grow younger every time I see you. 每次遇到你,见你更年轻了。
8.由as long as和so long as引导的时间状语从句。这两个连词表示“有多久……就多久”。例如:
You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. 你可以随意到哪里去,只要在天黑以前回来就行。
I will fight against these conditions as long as there is a breath in my body! 只要我一息尚存,我就要反对这种境况。
三 地点状语从句
§4地点状语从句 (adverbial clause of place)
地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导,已经形成了固定的句型,例如:
句型1:Where+地点从句,(there)+主句。
Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在没有雨水的地方,耕作是困难的,或根本不可能的。
They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. 他们都是好人。因此他们走到哪里都受到热烈欢迎。
You should have put the book where you found it. 你本来应该把书放回原来的地方。
Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.哪里有了中国共产党,哪里人民得解放。
句型2:Anywhere/ wherever+地点从句,+主句。
let是谓语动词
这里面的是名字指的是them
If eigher my sister or my parents come是条件状语丛句,你应该在主句里找
毅萱产妇: 当然是啊,either or neither nor both ..and 都是就近一致的,就是靠近谓语的那个名词,所以这里面parents 是复数,come也要是复数.
西和县15775626201: if引导的非真实条件句 - ?
毅萱产妇: 语法结构 1.if结构(非真实条件句——表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况)与..事实相反 If从句 主句 过去 Had done Would* have done 现在 Were/did Would* do 将来 Should do/were/were to do Would* do例句:If there hadn't been much ...
西和县15775626201: if引导的条件状语从句与虚拟语气的用法 - ?
毅萱产妇: if引导的条件状语从句的分类及虚拟条件句的判断 1、可以把条件句分为两类: 1).真实条件句(Sentences of Real Condition):凡是假设的情况发生性可能很大,就是真实条件句.例如: ⑴、If I have time ,I will help you with this work.如果我有时...
西和县15775626201: if在虚拟语气中三种用法的公式是什么? - ?
毅萱产妇: 三种情况,(1)对过去,从句had done主句would/could/might/have done(2)对现在,从句:did /were主句:would/could/might do(3)对将来,should do/were to do/did.从句,更上一个一样.注意,“主将从现”原则.
西和县15775626201: 一份介绍中美文化差异的英文文章?必须在12月5号晚上9点前提交才有用.如果写的好,可以追加分数. - ?
毅萱产妇:[答案] 文化差异(Culture Difference):种族 National race The whole question of the changing role of Blacks in American society ... Here are some excerpts. Firstly, line up matter. If you are in China, it is not rare to see that a crowd of people throng in the ...