英语 从句 句子
组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语句子成分有主语，谓语，表语，宾语，宾语补足语，定语，状语等。
顺序一般是主语，谓语，宾语，宾语补足语，而表语，定语，状语的位置要根据情况而定。
1、主语
主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般由名词，代词，数词，不定式等充当。
Helikeswatch'ingTV.他喜欢看电视。
2、谓语
谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。
一般可分为两类：
1)，简单谓语
由动词(或短语动词)构成。
可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。
Westud'yforthepeo'ple.我们为人民学习。
2)，复合谓语：情态动词＋不定式
Icanspeakalit'tleEng'lish.我可以说一点英语。
3、表语
表语是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词如be之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。一般由名词，代词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词短语等充当。
Mysis'terisanurse.我姐姐是护士。
4、宾语
宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，能作宾语的有名词，代词，数词，动词不定式等。
WelikeEng'lish.我们喜欢英语。
有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。
Hegavemesom'eink.他给了我一点墨水。
有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。如：
Wemakehimourmon'itor.我们选他当班长。
5、定语
在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。
用作定语的主要是形容词，代词，数词，名词，副词，动词不定式，介词短语等。形容词，代词，数词，名词等作定语时，通常放在被修饰的词前面。
Heisanewstu'dent.他是个新生。
但副词，动词不定式，介词短语等作定语时，则放在被修饰的词之后。
Thebikeintheroomismine.房间里的自行车是我的。
6、状语
修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分，叫做状语。用作状语的通常是副词，介词短语，不定式和从句等。状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。
HelivesinLon'don.他住在伦敦。
从句是指用于复合句中担当某个句子成分的主谓结构。虽说从句自身的句子结构是完整的， 但是它不能视为独立的句子，因为它离开了主语就无法独立、完整地表达意思。按其所能表达的意义而言,它相当于一个词或是一个词组.例如： 1) Because they talk at home while the television is on , many people think they can talk at movies as well . （状语从句）许多人在家里是边看电视边谈话，所以他们认为在电影院也可以如此。 2) Whether he comes or not doesn't make any difference to me . （主语从句） 他来与不来对我都一样。 3)There is disagreement among economists about what money is and how money is measured（宾语从句）什么是货币以及怎样计量货币经济学家之间存有分歧。 4） China is not what it used to be . （表语从句）中国不是它过去的样子了。 5） Is there any proof that the food of plant differs from that of animals ? （同位语从句）有没有什么证据说明植物性食品不同于动物性食品？ 6) Taxes consist of money that people pay to support their government . （定语从句） 税款是人们支持政府而交的钱。 如果将上面的复合句中所有的从句都独立出来，那将是这样的： 1） Because they talk at home while the television is on 2） Whether he comes or not 3） what money is and how money is measured 4） what it used to be 5） that the food of plant differs from that of animals 6） that people pay to support their government 我们很容易看出，上面的所有这些句子既不是陈述句、疑问句，也不是祁使句，更不是感叹句。也就是说，它们不是独立的句子；也只有在附属于主句后才能获得意义如下：1）因为许多人在家里是边看电视边谈话 2）他来与不来 3)什么是货币以及怎样计量货币 4)它过去的样子5)植物性食品不同于动物性食品6）人们支持政府而交的上面的这些句子在我们中文里如同是人们常说的"半截话"；在英文中也就是个"词或词组"了。 B. 我们虽然说过，从句自身的句子结构基本是完整的，但是它不同于"独立句子"的是--每个从句的最前面都好象"戴了顶帽子"即：从属关系词。由此可以看出，从句的另一个特点是：从属关系词总是立于从句之首. C. 从句的再一个特点是:一般说来（除少数倒装的情况外），从句中的语序应该是正常语序。 D. 关于从句种类的划分有两种方法：按从句的词性划分和按从句的句子功能划分。如果按从句的词性划分，从句可分为三种：名词从句、形容词从句和副词从句。如果按从句的句子功能划分（也就是按从句在句子中所担任的成分来划分），从句可分为：主语从句、宾语从句、 表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。其实，这两种划分从句的方法在逻辑上是一致的.我们知道，能在句子里充当主语、宾语、表语和同位语的往往是名词、代词等，所以名词从句涵盖了主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。形容词和副词常分别在句中担当定语和状语，所以，形容词从句和副词从句其实分别是定语从句和状语从句。 名词从句名词从句在句中是一个相当于名词的主谓结构。我们在前面说过，名词从句含盖了主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。连接这些从句与主句的关系词主要有三类： 1.从属连词：that（无有词义） , whether（是否） ,if （是否） 2.关系代词：who（谁，主格） , whom（谁，宾格）,whose谁的，所有格） , what（什么）,which（哪个，哪些） 3.关系副词：when（什么时候） where（什么地方）why（为什么） , how（怎样） 名词从句中的从属连词在从句里不担任任何成分，只起连接的作用；而关系代词和关系副词不仅仅是起连接的作用，而且还在从句里担任一定的成分;关系代词常在从句中担任主语、宾语或表语等成分；关系副词常在从句中担任状语。另外，在使用上面的这些关系词时，有几个问题值得我们注意：首先，只能用whether而不能用if的情况. 1）引导主语从句，例如： Whether we'll make a loan for the project has not been decided .（正确）我们是否要为这个项目还没有定下来。 OR: It has not been decided whether we'll make a loan for the project . （正确） If we'll make a loan for the project has not been decided .（错误） OR: It has not been decided if we'll make a loan for the project . （错误） 2）作介词的宾语，例如： I have no idea about whether I can raise the money for buying a car . （正确）我不知道我是否能为买车筹措到资金。 I have no idea about if I can raise the money for buying a car . （错误） 3）后接不定式 ，例如： He didn't know whether to go all himself first or wait for her here.(正确)他不知道是他自己先去还是在这儿等她。 He didn't know if to go all himself or wait for her here . （错误） 4）后接or not ，例如： We wonder whether they'll come in time or not.(正确) 我们担心他们会不会准时到。 We wonder if they'll come in time or not . （错误）其次，what引导的名词从句表达的意思是"……所……的"。这个"所怎么的"定义根据"从句谓语的动作意义"而定。例如： I don't understand what you said.我不理解你所说的话。 What he needs is to practice more.他所需要的是勤于练习。 Money is what she is really after.金钱是她所真正追求的东西。 People have different ideas about what happiness means . 人们对于幸福的含义有不同见解。最后，要了解 -ever = no matter ，用于表示强调，意为"无论……"。也就是说： whatever = no matter what（无论什么） whoever = no matter who（无论谁） whichever = no matter which（无论那个） whenever =no matter when （无论何时） wherever = no matter where（无论何地） however = no matter how （无论怎样） A 主语从句用作主语的主谓结构称之为主语从句。例如： Whether he'll come or not remains a question . 他是否会来依然是一个问题。 Whoever says that is not allowed .无论谁这样说都是不允许的。 That she reads English aloud every morning helps her a lot in the improvement of her English study . 她每天早晨朗读英文对提高她的英语学习起了很大的作用。 要点提示在使用主语从句中，有几个问题值得我们注意： 1）尽管主从连词that在主语从句中没有任何意义,但一般不能省略。 That there is no elevator in the building is the critical inconvenience .这幢楼里没有电梯是极大的不便之处。 It is necessary (that) he have his further study incollege.(当主语从句在后面时，连词that可以省去)他在大学进一步深造是完全必要的。 2）为了保持句子平衡或在正式文体中,常用先行It代替主语从句而将主语从句置于句末。 It remains a question Whether he'll come or not . 他是否会来，依然是一个问题。 It is not allowed Whoever says that. 无论谁这样说都是不允许的。 3）在It + be +形容词/ 名词 + that从句的结构中，由于某些形容词/ 名词的原因，that从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟式。这类形容词/ 名词常见的有： essential（绝对必要的）, important（重要的）, advisable（明智的）, desirable（希望能够的）, imperative（必须的）, natural（自然的）, necessary必要的）, regretful（遗憾的）, strange（奇怪的）, proper（适当的）, urgent（紧急的）, duty（义务、责任）, a pity （遗憾）, no wonder（难怪）, a regret（遗憾）。例如： It is strange that he ( should ) say so . 他居然会这样说，真是奇怪。 It is a great pity that you ( should ) think so . 他居然会这样想，真是一件憾事。 It is natural that a bird ( should ) rest in trees . 鸟在树上安歇是很自然的。 It is a wonder that he should have passed the exam. 他这次考试居然会及格，真是个奇迹。 4）以what引导的主语从句常用于句首表示强调。 What they need now is financial aid . 他们现在所需要的是经济援助。 What she thinks of me doesn't mean much to me . 她怎么样看我，对我来说无所谓。 What you have said hurt her a lot .你所说的话对她伤害很大。 B 宾语从句用作谓语动词、介词以及非谓语动词形式的宾语的主谓结构称之为宾语从句。也就是说,只要是用一个主谓结构去充当宾语，那么这个主谓结构就称为宾语从句。 例如： I believe that he will find a job in that publisher .（作谓语动词的宾语）我相信，他一定会在那家出版社找到工作。 He laughed at what they said . （作介词的宾语）她对他们说的话，一笑置之。 要点提示在使用宾语从句中，有几个问题值得我们注意： 1）宾语从句与主句的时态一致性问题这种一致性的要求,只有当主句的谓语动词用于"过去时区"的时候才存在。凡是在"过去时区"内的各种不同时态都在其中。另外，这种一致性只要求宾语从句的谓语动词也用于"过去时区"即可，至于用什么样具体的时态就要依从句的需要而定了。 He had told me that he would join the club sometime . 他曾经告诉我说，他会在某个时候参加俱乐部的。 I remembered that I had met him somewhere . 我记得我曾在哪儿见过他。 She thought that she would have finished what she was doing by the end of the month . 她认为在那个月底她将完成她手头上做的事。 2）if引导的宾语从句不能作介词的宾语，而只有用whether引导才行。这一点在上面刚刚讲过.（略） 3）某些动词后面，宾语从句的谓语要求用虚拟式。这一点已在"虚拟语气"一章中讨论过了，本章只作简单的复习。这类要求宾语从句的谓语用虚拟式的动词，常见的有：command（命令）, demand（要求）, desire（希望）, insist（坚持）, order（命令）, propose（提议）, recommend（推荐）, request（要求）, require（要求）, suggest（建议），等。例如： He proposed that we ( should ) set a dead line for the complement of the plan . 他提议拟定一个执行计划的期限。 C 表语从句在句子中担当表语的主谓结构称之为表语从句。它常位于句中联系动词或是起联系动词作用的动词之后.例如： The problem is where we can hold our meeting . 问题是我们可以在哪儿举行会议。 It seems that everything goes smoothly .似乎一切都进行得很顺利。 The cause is that the temperature of water is lower that needed . 其原因是水的温度低于所需要的温度。 That is what he really wants .那就是他真想要的东西。 D 同位语从句同位语从句就是在句子中担当同位语的主谓结构.在使用同位语从句时要特别注意：尽管主从连词that在同位语从句中没有任何意义，但却不能省略。另外，同位语从句常用于下面这些名词的后面（其中，斜体字的名词后面所接的同位语从句中要用虚拟语气）： fact（事实）, fear（担心、害怕）, belief（信念,意见）, evidence（证据）, hope（希望）, idea（想法） news（新闻）, doubt（怀疑）, suggestion（建议）, motion（动议）, proposal（提议）, order（命令）, recommendation（推荐），等等。例如： There is the news that an American delegation will arrive in Beijing tomorrow afternoon . 有消息说一个美国代表团将于明天下午抵达北京。 Is there any proof that the food of the plant differs from that of animals ? 是否有任何证据可以说明植物性的食物不同于动物性的食物呢？ We all know the fact that organization helps memorization. 我们都知道这样一个事实：把要记忆的材料组织起来有助于记忆。 What do you think of his proposal that we ( should ) put on a play at the English evening ? 他建议我们在英语晚会上演一个剧，你觉得怎么样？ 发哥 回答采纳率:17.0% 2009-11-14 01:23 句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成，即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语，状语，表语等。句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。
1）主语：是一句的主体，是全句述说的对象，常用名词，数词或代词担任，一般放于句首。如：
Students study. (学生学习。)
We are friends.(我们是朋友)
这两句话中单词students是个名词，we是代词，它们在句中做主语。
2）谓语：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。如：
Students study. (学生学习。)
We are friends. (我们是朋友)
这两句话中单词study和are都是动词，study叫做实意动词，are叫做be动词，它们在句中作谓语。
3）宾语：表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如：
They are teachers. ( 他们是老师。)
I play with him. (我和他一起玩。)
这两句话中单词teachers是名词，单词him是带词，它们在句中作宾语。
4）定语：是用来说明或者限制名词的成分，常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。形容词放在名词之前，相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面。如：
This is a red sun.(这是个红太阳.)
He is a tall boy.（他是个高个子男孩。）
这两句话中单词red和 tall都是形容词，它们作定语。
5）状语是用来说明动词，形容词，副词或整个句子的成分。常由副词担任。修饰动词时可以放在动词之前，也可以放在动词之后；修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。如：
The students study hard. (这些学生学习努力。)
I often write to him. (我常给他写信。)
The bag is too heavy. (这个书包太重了。)
这三句话中单词hard 和often修饰的都是动词，第三句话中单词too修饰的是形容词，它们都作状语。
6）表语：用来说明主语的性质或状态。一般由名词或者形容词担任。如：This table is long. (这个桌子是长的。)
通常情况下,主语和宾语前的成分是定语，谓语前的成分是状语，时间词作状语放在句子后面。句子的成分分布如下：
（定语） 主语 （状语） 谓语 （定语） 宾语 （状语）
如：(The tall) boy (often) go (to the big) zoo.
(The happy) child --- went (his) home yesterday
英语的从句，就是句子充当句中的某个成分。
名词可以充当主语、表语、宾语、同位语，所以充当以上四种成分的句子就是名词性从句；（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）
形容词可以充当定语，所以，充当定语的句子也叫形容词性从句；（定语从句）
副词可以充当状语，所以，充当状语的句子也叫副词性从句；（状语从句）
从句的结构：既然是一个句子充当句子中的某个成分，就需要用一个词把这个句子引入句子中，成为一个成分，而这个词就叫引导词。
从句结构就是：引导词+句子。
引导词充当从句中的某个成分，从句就缺少某个成分；
引导词是连词，只是起引导作用，从句就是一个完整结构的句子。
句（定语从句），副词性从句（状语从句）。
1. 主语从句(Subject Clause)
一个句子在复合句中充当一个主语,那么这个句子就是主语从句.
1）常规主语从句，句子在复合句中充当主语
That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.
Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.
Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.
Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.
What caused the accident remains unknown.
Whatever you did is right.
Whose watch was lost is unknown.
What we need is time.
小结:
（1)引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等
（2)连词位于句首不能省略
（3)主语从句大多数情况下视为三人称单数。
注意：为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在主语位置，真正主语搁置于句末
It is certain that he will win the match.
It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry.
It is strange that he should do that.
It is said that he has gone to shanghai.(=He is said to have gone to shanghai)
It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese.
It is suggested that the work should be done with great care.
It seems that he has seen the film.(=He seems to have seen the film)
It happened that the two cheats were there. (=The two cheats happened to be there)
小结:
（1)以that 引出的主语从句,常以形式主语it引导. It is +形容词/名词/某些动词ed + that 从句.
（2) 在有些that从句中要用虚拟语气 (should+do/should+have done)
2.表语从句
定义：
表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。
The problem is puzzling.
主语 连系动词 形容词作表语
The problem is when we can get a pay rise.
主语 连系动词 一个句子作表语---表语从句
连接表语从句的连接词有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether,how.
He has become a teacher.
He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.
She has remained there for an hour.
She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour.
His suggestion is good.
His suggestion is that we should stay calm.
The question is confusing.
The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.
Who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.
Why he cried yesterday.
How I can persuade her to join us in the party.
注意：
1.语从句一定要用陈述语序。
False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel.
Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.
2.以用if，而用whether 连接表语从句(as if 例外）。
False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us.
Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.
Right: It looked as if he had understood this question.
3.像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。
Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.
Right: The question is why he cried yesterday.
4.that 在表语从句中不能省掉。
3. 宾语从句
在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.
构成:带有宾语从句的复合句就是用连接词把一个主句和一个宾语从句连接在一起。连接词有：that(可省略)，what, who, when, where, why, which, if, whether, how.
He suggested (that) we should clean the corridor every day.
宾语
He told me (that) he would leave Dalian airport at 8pm.
间接宾语 直接宾语
He told me where he was going to travel that summer.
间接宾语 直接宾语
He told that he would go to the college the next year
I don’t know if there will be a bus any more.
Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.
Do you know who has won Red Alert game?
I don’t know whom you should depend on.
The book will show you what the best CEOs know.
Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?
He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.
Could you please tell me how you read the new book?
None of us knows where these can be bought.
注意：
1.用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句
①动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置.
I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .
I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the get-together.
I have made it a rule that I keep diaries.
We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater.
②有些动词带宾语从句时寻要在宾语与从句前加it
这类动词主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to.
I hate it when they with their mouths full of food.
He will have it that our plan is really practical.
We take it that you will agree with us.
2.介词的宾语从句
We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.
The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.
有时候except,but,besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句
I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.
3.形容词的宾语从句
常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有: sure, ertain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised
I am sure I will pass the exam.
I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.
He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.
4. if,whether在宾语从句中的区别
whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以.
在不定式前只能用whether.
I can’t decide whether to stay.
⑤避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if.
5.宾语从句的否定转移
动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致.
I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he won’t come to my party.
I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?
如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式.
We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he?
6.宾语从句的时态和语序
当主句为现在时或将来时的时候,宾语从句的时态一般不受主句的时态所影响.
当主句为过去时的时候,从句用相应的过去时态
I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didn’t know what country he was in.
He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in.
He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.
The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do.
如果从句是一个客观真理,那么从句的时候不根据主句的时态而变化
The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.
当宾语从句的引导词是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑问时,不能按正常语序安排,经常将这类引导词置于句首
Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year?
7.建议 suggest , advise
要求demand 、desire、require、request、propose；
决定 decide;
命令 order、command;
坚决主张 insist;等动词后跟宾语从句，用（should）+v．（虚拟语气）
eg． I suggested that you（should）study hard．
He ordered that we should go out at once．
4.同位语从句
一、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。如：
I heard the news that our team had won．
I had no idea that you were here．
二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。如：
I’ve come from Mr wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon．
三、英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词 that，whether，连接副词 how,when,where等。（注：if,which 不能引导同位语从句。）如：
l have no idea When he will be back．
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.
四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。 如：
Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them．
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city．
同志，语法只要了解个大概就好了，就是上课老师说的，你做的笔记，你只要大概懂就好了，我们学英语主要是为了口语，要会说，还有就是，说实在的，考试的时候，考到语法的可能性不大， 你在精也没用的，只有一两道的
从句的分类很直接就是看做什么成分，共三大类：定语从句，状语从句，名词性从句
宾语从句*/1 I know what she wants to do.
2 I don't think he is a clever boy.
3 Larry doesn't know where to go.
4 He told me (that he would) go to the college the next year
5Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.
6 I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.
7 Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip?
8 Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.
9 I have made it a rule that I keep diaries
10 We take it that you will agree with us.
定语从句：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
Please pass me the book whose (of which) color is green.
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
By the time you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks.
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
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