舒伯特 英文介绍
舒伯特（1797-1828）奥地利作曲家。生于维也纳的一个教师家庭。自幼从父、兄学习小提琴和钢琴， 1808年成为维也纳皇家教堂唱诗班歌童，同时在学生乐队演奏小提琴，并学习作曲。在此已作有歌曲、重奏曲、钢琴曲和交响曲。1813年起，在学校任助理教师，并从事作曲。仅1815一年内就创作了250余首歌曲。1818-1824年任宫廷音乐教师。去世时还不满32岁。作为早期浪漫主义音乐的杰出代表，他生前受歧视，死后才得到很高的评价，成为和莫扎特、贝多芬并列的音乐大师。
舒伯特是德国近代艺术歌曲的创始人。所作的600多首歌曲显示出卓越超群的曲调写作能力。曲调朴素自然，和声新颖，大小调交替，充满戏剧性。在自然音体系和声基础上巧妙运用变化音；钢琴伴奏风格多样，他把和声、伴奏提高到与诗歌同等重要的地位。在诗与歌之间建立均衡的关系。他的交响曲均采用古典曲式，曲调抒情、和声独特、色彩巧妙，表现出浪漫风格特征。
舒伯特短暂的一生十分清贫，大部分时间靠偶然赚点稿费和亲戚朋友的接济度日。虽然他三十一岁就去世了，但却给后人留下了大量的音乐财富，尤以歌曲著称，被称为 “ 歌曲之王 ” 。在他十八年紧张不间断的创作活动中，舒伯特一共完成了一千一百多部作品，包括十四部歌剧、九部交响曲、一百多首合唱曲、五百六十七首歌曲等。其中最著名的有：《未完成交响曲》、《 C大调交响曲》、《死神与少女》四重奏、《鳟鱼》五重奏、声乐套曲《美丽的磨坊姑娘》、《冬之旅》及《天鹅之歌》、剧乐《罗莎蒙德》等。
Franz Peter Schubert (January 31, 1797 – November 19, 1828) was an Austrian composer. He wrote some 600 lieder, nine symphonies (including the famous "Unfinished Symphony"), liturgical music, operas, some incidental music, and a large body of chamber and solo piano music. He is particularly noted for his original melodic and harmonic writing. Schubert was born into a musical family, and received formal musical training through much of his childhood. While Schubert had a close circle of friends and associates who admired his work (amongst them the prominent singer Johann Michael Vogl), wide appreciation of his music during his lifetime was limited at best. He was never able to secure adequate permanent employment, and for most of his career he relied on the support of friends and family. He made some money from published works, and occasionally gave private musical instruction. In the last year of his life he began to receive wider acclaim. He died at the age of 31, apparently of complications from syphilis. Interest in Schubert's work increased dramatically in the decades following his death. Composers like Franz Liszt, Robert Schumann and Felix Mendelssohn discovered, collected, and championed his works in the 19th century, as did musicologist Sir George Grove. Franz Schubert is now widely considered to be one of the greatest composers in the Western tradition.
要短篇的话就写第一段就好，要长篇的话全文可用，要更长的话参阅最下方的“参考资料”。Franz Schubert
Franz Peter Schubert (January 31, 1797 – November 19, 1828) was an Austrian composer.
Although he died at an early age, Schubert was tremendously prolific. He wrote some 600 Lieder, nine symphonies (including the famous "Unfinished Symphony"), liturgical music, operas, some incidental music, and a large body of chamber and solo piano music. Appreciation of his music during his lifetime was limited, but interest in Schubert's work increased dramatically in the decades following his death at the age of 31. Franz Liszt, Robert Schumann, Johannes Brahms and Felix Mendelssohn, among others, discovered and championed his works in the 19th Century. Today, Schubert is admired as one of the leading exponents of the early Romantic era in music and he remains one of the most frequently performed composers.
Biography
arly life and education
Schubert was born in Himmelpfortgrund (now a part of Alsergrund), Vienna on January 31, 1797. His father, Franz Theodor Schubert, the son of a Moravian peasant, was a parish schoolmaster; his mother, Elisabeth Vietz, was the daughter of a Silesian master locksmith, and had also been a housemaid for a Viennese family prior to her marriage. Of Franz Theodor's fourteen children (one illegitimate child was born in 1783),nine died in infancy; five survived. Their father was a well-known teacher, and his school in Lichtental, a part of Vienna's 9th district, was well attended. He was not a musician of fame or with formal training, but he taught his son some elements of music.
At the age of five, Schubert began receiving regular instruction from his father and a year later was enrolled at his father's school. His formal musical education also began around the same time. His father continued to teach him the basics of the violin, and his brother Ignaz gave him piano lessons. At 7, Schubert began receiving lessons from Michael Holzer, the local church organist and choirmaster. Holzer's lessons seem to have mainly consisted of conversations and expressions of admiration and the boy gained more from his acquaintance with a friendly joiner's apprentice who used to take him to a neighboring pianoforte warehouse where he had the opportunity to practice on better instruments. He also played the viola in the family string quartet, with brothers Ferdinand and Ignaz on violin and his father on the cello. Schubert wrote many of his early string quartets for this ensemble.
Schubert first came to the attention of Antonio Salieri, then Vienna's leading musical authority, in 1804, when his vocal talent was recognized. In October 1808, he became a pupil at the Stadtkonvikt (Imperial seminary) through a choir scholarship. At the Stadtkonvikt, Schubert was introduced to the overtures and symphonies of Mozart. His exposure to these pieces and various lighter compositions, combined with his occasional visits to the opera set the foundation for his greater musical knowledge. One important musical influence came from the songs of Johann Rudolf Zumsteeg, who was an important Lied composer of the time, which, his friend Joseph von Spaun reported, he "wanted to modernize". Schubert's friendship with Spaun began at the Stadtkonvikt and endured through his lifetime. In those early days, the more well-to-do Spaun furnished the impoverished Schubert with manuscript paper.
Meanwhile, his genius began to show in his compositions. Schubert was occasionally permitted to lead the Stadtkonvikt's orchestra, and Salieri decided to begin training him privately in musical composition and theory in these years. It was the first germ of that amateur orchestra for which, in later years, many of his compositions were written. During the remainder of his stay at the Stadtkonvikt he wrote a good deal of chamber music, several songs, some miscellaneous pieces for the pianoforte and, among his more ambitious efforts, a Kyrie (D. 31) and Salve Regina (D. 27), an octet for wind instruments (D. 72/72a, said to commemorate the 1812 death of his mother), a cantata for guitar and male voices (D. 110, in honor of his father's birthday in 1813), and his first symphony (D. 82).
奥地利作曲家。他跟任小学教师的父亲学习小提琴，跟他哥哥学习钢琴。他加入维也纳男童唱诗班的前身(1808)，在那里进步极为迅速，使萨利埃里开始对他实行训练(1810～1816)。在他的家人坚持下，他成为一名小学教师。同年，演奏他的第一部弥撒，他还谱写了第一批重要歌曲。1815年写了两部交响曲和100多首歌曲以及4部舞台作品。1818年为了追求独立而辞去在他父亲的学校教师职务，为J.埃斯泰尔哈吉的几个女儿当家庭教师。1819～1820年他写了伟大的《鳟鱼五重奏》和一部弥撒。1821年出版他的20首最流行歌曲，取得极大成功。同年，他写了歌剧《阿方索与艾斯特雷拉》。1822年意识到自己的疾病(可能是梅毒)是致命的，但他惊人的创作力并没有停止，写有《未完成的交响曲》和《“流浪汉”狂想曲》。他一生的最后5年一直受疾病困扰，但仍然继续其音乐创作。包括系列歌曲《美丽的磨坊少女》、《冬之旅》和最后三首钢琴奏鸣曲和《C大调交响曲》。他的最后几年因病而不是贫困在生活上十分苦恼，实际上他的伟大已获广泛认可。他去世时年仅31岁，所写的杰作数量之多超过了历史上任何一位作曲家。他创作的600多首歌曲使利德成为一种严肃题材，并引发了在后来几十年间它的大发展。
宇菁当归： Franz Peter Schubert (January 31, 1797 – November 19, 1828) was an Austrian composer. He wrote some 600 lieder, nine symphonies (including the famous ＂Unfinished Symphony＂), liturgical music, operas, some incidental music, and a large ...
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