What's the relationgship between nature and human being
In my opinion,human being and animals should live togeher and harmony,one side,just as human being cann't live without plants or water,animals play an positive roles in our daily life as well.On the other hand, each of us have no right to decide and on sufficient proof to show that one kinds of animals really is not worth to exist and useless for human beings.Recent years,more and more animals have reserved in study area,and many new inventions are created.In a word,animals have made a lot of contribution to human beings.So we should protect animals and make our life corlorful , harmonious and diverse.
人类能战胜大自然
Human nature is the fundamental nature and substance of humans, as well as the range of human behavior that is believed to be invariant over long periods of time and across very different cultural contexts.In pre-modern and non-scientific understandings of nature, this meant that human nature must be understood with reference to final and formal causes. Such understandings imply the existence of a divine interest in human nature, and/or the existence of an ideal, "idea", or "form" of a human which exists independently of individual humans.
According to the accepted modern scientific understanding human nature is the range of human behavior that is believed to be normal and/or invariant over long periods of time and across very different cultural contexts.
The existence of an invariable human nature is a subject of much historical debate, particularly in modern times. Most famously, Darwin's gave a widely accepted scientific argument that humans and other animal species have no truly fixed nature. Before him, the malleability of man had been asserted by Jean Jacques Rousseau.
Since the mid-19th Century, the concept of human nature has been called into question by thinkers such as Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche, Sartre, a number of structuralists and postmodernists. The concept has also been challenged by views such as behaviorism, determinism, and the chemical model within modern psychiatry and psychology, which have tended to emphasize the idea that human beings might conceivably be explained as "matter in motion" in a way that is similar to the rest of nature. Recently the biologist E. O. Wilson formulated a scientific definition.
There are a number of perspectives regarding the fundamental nature and substance of humans. These are by no means mutually exclusive, and the following list is by no means exhaustive:
Philosophical naturalism (which includes materialism and rationalism) encompasses a set of views that humans are purely natural phenomena; sophisticated beings that evolved to our present state through natural mechanisms such as evolution. Humanist philosophers determine good and evil by appeal to universal human qualities, but other naturalists regard these terms as mere labels placed on how well individual behaviour conforms to societal expectations, and is the result of our psychology and socialization.
Abrahamic religion holds that a human is a spiritual being which was deliberately created (ex nihilo) by a single God in his image, and exists in continued relationship with God. Good and evil are defined in terms of how well human beings conform to God's character or God's law.
Polytheistic or animistic notions vary, but generally regard human beings as citizens in a world populated by other intelligent spiritual or mythological beings, such as gods, demons, ghosts, etc. In these cases, human evil is often regarded as the result of supernatural influences or mischief (although may have many other causes as well).
Holistic, pantheistic, and panentheistic spiritual traditions regard humanity as existing within God or as a part of Divine cosmos. In this case, human "evil" is usually regarded as the result of ignorance of this universal Divine nature. Traditions of this kind include Vedic religions and other forms of Eastern philosophy (including Buddhism and Taoism), and Western philosophy such as Stoicism, Neoplatonism, or Spinoza's pantheistic cosmology. Certain kinds of polytheism, animism, and monism have similar interpretations
Free will and determinism
The issue of free will and determinism underlies much of the debate about human nature. Free will, or agency, refers to the ability of humans to make genuinely free choices (in some sense). As it relates to humans, the thesis of determinism implies that human choices are fully caused by internal and external forces.
Incompatibilism holds that determinism and free will are contradictory (i.e. both cannot be true). Incompatibilist views can either deny or accept will.
Incompatibilist views holding to free will include:
Libertarianism holds that the human perception of free choice in action is genuine, rather than seemingly genuine, so that some of our actions are performed without there being any compulsion by internal or external forces to do so (i.e., indeterminism).
Thomism holds that humans have a genuine experience of free will, and this experience of free will is evidence of a soul that transcends the mere physical components of the human being.
Incompatibilist views that deny free will include:
Determinism refers to the belief that humans do not have freedom, but rather that our decisions stem from environmental, biological, or theological factors, that the appearance of free will is an illusion, and that human deliberation and actions are pointless because things have to be the way they have to be.
Predestination is the position that God orchestrates all the events in the universe, human and otherwise, according to his will; in essence a theistic form of fatalism.
Biological determinism and social determinism are the views that human actions are determined by their biology and social interaction, respectively. The debate between these two positions is known as nature versus nurture.
Compatibilism is the view that free will and determinism coexist. Compatibilist views include:
Human compatibilitism is the view that they are compatible because free will is merely the hypothetical ability to choose differently if one were differently disposed according to the physical factors of determinism.
Molinism is the view that God is able to predestine all events on Earth because he knows in advance what people will freely choose.
Contemporary compatibilists seek definitions of free will that permit determinism.
[edit] Spiritual versus natural
Another often-discussed aspect of human nature is the existence and relationship of the physical body with a spirit or soul that transcends the human's physical attributes, as well as the existence of any transcendent purpose. In this area, there are three dominant views:
The philosophical naturalist position is that humans are entirely natural, with no spiritual component or transcendent purpose. Subsets of the naturalist view include the materialist and physicalist positions, which hold that humans are entirely physical. However, some naturalists are also dualists about mind and body. Naturalism, combined with the natural and social sciences, views humans as the unplanned product of evolution, which operated in part by natural selection on random mutations. Philosophical naturalists do not believe in a supernatural afterlife. While philosophical naturalism is often assailed as an unacceptable view of human nature, it is promoted by many prominent philosophers and thinkers. The philosophical naturalist often will view religious belief as similar to superstition and as the product of unsound or magical thinking.
In contrast to materialism, there is the Platonic or idealist position. It can be expressed in many ways, but in essence it is the view that there is a distinction between appearance and reality, and that the world we see around us is simply a reflection of some higher, divine existence, of which the human (and perhaps also the animal) soul/mind or spirit may be part. In his Republic, Book VII, Plato represents humankind as prisoners chained from birth inside an underground cave, unable to move their heads, and therefore able to see only the shadows on the walls created by a fire outside the cave, shadows that, in their ignorance, the cave dwellers mistake for reality. For Plato, therefore, the soul is a spirit that uses the body. It is in a non-natural state of union, and longs to be freed from its bodily prison (cf. Republic, X, 611).
Between materialism and idealism lies the thought of St. Thomas Aquinas, whose system of thought is known as Thomism. His thought is, in essence, a synthesis of Christian theology and the philosophy of Aristotle. Aristotle describes man as a "rational animal," i.e., a single, undivided being that is at once animal (material) and rational (intellectual soul). Drawing from Aristotelian hylomorphism, The soul is seen as the substantial form of the body (matter). The soul, as the substantial form, is what is universal, or common, to all humanity, and therefore, is indicative of human nature; that which differentiates one person from another is matter, which Aquinas refers to as the principle of individuation. The human soul is characterized as spiritual, immortal, substantial, and subsistent: it is the spiritual and vital principle of the human being, but is also dependent on the body in a variety of ways in order to possess these characteristics. Thus, no division is made between the "physical" and the "spiritual," though they are in fact distinct. This position differentiates Thomism from both materialism and idealism. Unlike idealism, it holds that the visible universe is not a mere shadow of a transcendent reality, but instead is fully real in and of itself. However, unlike materialism, Thomism holds that empiricism and philosophy, when properly exercised, lead inevitably to reasonable belief in God, the human soul, and moral objectivism. Thus, to a Thomist, it is obvious from the evidence that there is a God and an eternal soul.
[edit] State of nature
State of nature refers to philosophical assertions regarding the condition of humans before social factors are imposed, thus attempting to describe the "natural essence" of human nature.
Views which see humans as inherently good:
According to John Locke, humans in the state of nature have perfect freedom to order their actions according to the laws of nature, without having to ask permission to act from any other person. People are of equal value, and treat each other as they would want to be treated. People only leave the state of nature when they consent to take part in a community in order to protect their property rights. [1]
According to Rousseau, humans in the state of nature are naturally good, and bad habits are the product of corrupting civilization;
Views which see humans as morally neutral:
According to Pelagius, humans in the state of nature are not tainted by original sin, but are instead fully capable of choosing good or evil.
According to social determinism and biological determinism, human behavior is determined by biological and social factors, so inherent human instincts are never truly to blame for actions generally considered "bad" nor truly credited with actions generally considered "good."
Views which see humans as inherently bad:
According to Hobbes, humans in the state of nature are inherently in a "war of all against all," and life in that state is ultimately "nasty, brutish, and short." To Hobbes, this state of nature is remedied by good government.
According to original sin, humans in the state of nature are tarnished by the sin of Adam, and can only be redeemed by the grace of God;
According to Bertrand Russell moral evil or sin is derived from the instincts that have been transmitted to us from our ancestry of beasts of prey. This ancestry originated when certain animals became omnivorous and employed predation (killing and thievery) in order periodically to ingurgitate the flesh as well as the fruit and produce of other once-living things to support metabolism in competition with other animals for scarce food-animal and food-plant sources in the predatory environment in which we evolved. Thus, the simple fact that we humans must eat other life or else starve, die and rot is the probable primordial origin of contemporary and historical moral evil; i.e., the bad things we do to each other by lying, cheating, slandering, thieving and slaughtering.
[edit] Morality
There are a number of views regarding the origin and nature of human morality
Moral realism or moral objectivism holds that moral codes exist outside of human opinion -- that certain things are right or wrong regardless of human opinion on the topic. Objective morality may be seen as stemming from the inherent nature of humanity, divine command, or both.
Moral relativism holds that moral codes are a function of human values and social structures, and hold no meaning outside social convention.
Moral absolutism is the view that certain acts are right or wrong regardless of context.
Moral universalism compromises between moral relativism and moral absolutism and holds that there is, or should be, a common universal core of morality.
interdependence
自然和人类之间的 relationgship 是什么
hat用英语怎么说
hat用英语音标:[hæt]。词义:1、常指带檐的,帽子。to put on\/take off a hat 戴 \/ 脱帽子。2、(双重的)职位,角色(尤指官职或职业角色)。I'm telling you this with my lawyer's hat on, you understand.你要明白,我是以律师的身份告诉你这事。3、毫不犹豫地;非常乐意地。
cap和hat的区别是什么?
cap和hat的区别如下:1、意思不同。hat:帽子。cap:制服帽。2、用法不同。hat:cap指无边的便帽,表示职业的帽子,如运动帽、军帽等。hat常指四周有边的帽子,如礼帽。hat的基本意思是“帽子”,主要强调周边有檐的帽子,是可数名词。比喻指“乌纱帽”。cap:cap的基本意思是“帽子”,多指无边有...
hat是什么意思啊了(英语hat是什么意思)
中文:帽子hat英[h?t]美[h?t]n.帽子vt.给……戴上帽子vi.供应帽子;制造帽子n.(Hat)人名;(中)核(广东话·威妥玛)[过去式hatted过去分词hatted现在分词hatting]hat中文意思 1、hat的意思:n.(常指带檐的)帽子;(双重的)职位,角色(尤指官职或职业角色);vi.给…戴上帽子;为…提供帽子供应...
hat是什么意思
hat 英 [hæt] 美 [hæt]n.帽子; (帽子所表示的)职位,职务 vt.给…戴上帽子,为…提供帽子 vi.供应帽子; 制造帽子 网络 乙酰化酶; 有边帽; 草帽 第三人称单数: hats 复数: hats 现在分词: hatting 过去式: hatted 过去分词: hatted ...
hat怎么读?
读音:英 [hæt] 美 [hæt]n.(常指带檐的)帽子;(双重的)职位,角色(尤指官职或职业角色)vi.给…戴上帽子;为…提供帽子供应帽子;制造帽子 示例:You'll get more wear out of a hat if you choose one in a neutral colour 如果你选个中性颜色的帽子,戴的时间会更多一些...
hat的中文翻译
hat的翻译:帽子。读音:英[hæt]、美[hæt]。释义:n. 帽子。vt. 给……戴上帽子。vi. 供应帽子;制造帽子。n. (Hat)(中)(广东话·威妥玛)核(人名)。变形:过去式hatted、过去分词hatted、现在分词hatting、第三人称单数hats、复数hats。hat造句如下:1、I wear a ...
hat什么意思
"hat"是英语中的名词,意为帽子。它也可以用作动词,指戴上或戴着帽子。此外,"hat"还可以指代深色毛比丝等的装饰性椭圆形围绕在英国法官(lawyers and judges)头上帽檐之上的款式。
hat是什么意思?
“hat”是一个多义词,它的主要含义包括:帽子,用作名词时指的是戴在头部的装饰品;职位或角色,表示承担某一职务或扮演某个角色;有时也可用作动词,如“给……戴上帽子”或“完成某项任务”。此外,它还有供应或制造帽子的意思。在发音上,hat在英国英语中读作[hæt],在美国英语中则读...
hat什么意思
hat的意思 1. 作为名词的“hat”:指的是一种通常戴在头部的服饰,用以保护头部免受风雨侵袭或阳光照射,也可以作为装饰或时尚配饰。在正式的场合中,帽子的样式、颜色和材质可能都有一定的礼仪规范。比如,“礼帽”在英文中也用“hat”表示。此外,“hat”在某些语境下,可能还具有特殊的象征意义,如...
hat的意思是什么
hat的意思是帽子。详细解释:1. hat的基本含义 hat是一个常见的英语词汇,其基本含义为“帽子”。这个词在日常生活中广泛使用,用来描述一种戴在头部的服饰。2. hat的不同类型 hat这个词泛指的是各类帽子,根据其用途和设计的不同,可以分为多种类型。例如,棒球帽、礼帽、草帽、军帽等。每种类型的...
酉房定坤:[答案] what就是“什么”的意思 is是第三人称单数的“是” 合起来就是“什么是”的意思
通化市13496003473: 英语提问dessert 和 refreshment 有何区别what's the rush 翻译成怎么了?和 what's up 有什么区别啊 - ?
酉房定坤:[答案] 这两个词不难区分: 一般地,dessert是餐后的甜点,甜品的意思.比如水果啊,布丁啊之类的;有促进消化的韵味. 而... 例: May I offer you some refreshment? 可以请您吃点喝点什么吗? what's the rush?则是指什么事这么匆忙啊? what's up 就指什...
通化市13496003473: 口语交际A:what's the best restaurant in town?B:______________________________A:oh,any kind of food is okay.B:well,the french deli is really good.A:____... - ?
酉房定坤:[答案] 顺序依次为B what kind of food do you likeA is it expensive?C but it has the best service too.D it's the most popular restaurant in townF let's go therejim's grandfather is over70.he likes the soft cha...
通化市13496003473: 人教版八年级unit2 what's the matter 说课稿 - ?
酉房定坤:[答案] Unit 2 What's the matter?任务I 下图的小男孩名叫Jack,He is painful.他生病很难受.请从上到下写出他生病的名字.重点2 谈论身体的健康状况 你还记得第一次发烧吗?可把自己吓坏了吧?你是如何告诉你的父母的?他们给...
通化市13496003473: what's完整形式 - ?
酉房定坤:[答案] What is
通化市13496003473: ①当你想要问远处的某个物品的英文名称时要用句型_____ - . - ?
酉房定坤:[选项] A. What's this in English? B. What's that in English? C. What is that English? D. It's in English.
通化市13496003473: 八年级英语用所给动词的适当形式填空暑假大串联用所给动词的适当形式填空what's the noise upstairs the children [ ](have)an english contestwill you ... - ?
酉房定坤:[答案] 正确答案为: 1 having 2 not turn 3 was cleaning 4 to buy 5 don't stand 6 is 7 get 8 to save 9 called ★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆★☆
通化市13496003473: What's the language - ------ - in Germany? - ?
酉房定坤: 答案B 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义.spoken,在句中作定语,修饰主语language, spoken与language有被动关系.该句可以理解为:What's the language (which is)spoken in German?
通化市13496003473: _____in the bag?A.what's there B.what are C.what is - ?
酉房定坤:[答案] 选择B
通化市13496003473: 一般情况下读什么语调 What's this in English ? It's a desk . A 降,升 B 降,降 C 升,降 - ?
酉房定坤:[答案] B What's this in English It's a desk . 这是特殊疑问句及其答语,都读降调.