高中英语常见的近义词同义词

高中英语同义词辨析~

abandon, desert, forsake, leave, give up
这些动词或词组均含“抛弃、放弃”之意
abandon〓强调永远或完全放弃或抛弃人或事物等，这可能是被迫的，也可能是自愿的。
desert〓着重指违背法律责任和义务，或自己的信仰与誓言的行为，多含非难的意味。
forsake〓侧重断绝感情上的依恋，自愿抛弃所喜欢的人或物。也指抛弃信仰或改掉恶习。
leave〓普通用词，指舍弃某事或某一职业，或终止同一某人的关系，但不涉及动机与果。
give up〓普通用语，侧重指没有希望或因外界压力而放弃。

ability, capacity, capability, genius, talent, competence, faculty, gift, aptitude
这些名词均可表示人的“能力，才能”之意。
ability〓普通用词，指人先天的或学来的各种能力。
capacity〓侧重指人的潜在能力，通常不指体力，多指才智，尤指接受与领悟能力。
capability〓多用于人，指胜任某项具体工作的能力，也指本身具有、尚未发挥的潜在能力。常与of或for连用。
genius〓语气最强，指天赋的高度才能与智力。
talent〓着重指人某方面具有可发展和倍养的突出天赋才能，但语意比genius弱。
competence〓正式用词，侧重指令人满意的业务能力与水平，达到胜任某项工作等的要求。
faculty〓指特殊的才能或智力。
gift〓着重个人的天赋的才能或在某方面的显著本领，常暗含不能用一般规律作解释的意味。
aptitude〓多指先天或后天习得的运用自如的能力，常暗示接受能力强，能迅速掌握一种学术训练或艺术技巧。

able, capable, competent
这些形容词均含有“有能力的，能干的”之意
able〓最常用词，多用于褒义，着重指多方面的，经常性的，或潜在性的能力。有时也指高超、非凡的能力。
capable〓语气弱于able，指有能力、有潜力或有条件做某事，常与of连用。
competent〓强调具有能胜任某项工作的足够技能或其它所需的条件。

abolish, cancel, repeal
这些动词均含“取消、废除”之意
abolish〓正式用词，指彻底废除某种制度、规章或习俗。
cancel〓用法广泛，多指取消债务、合同、证书、比赛、旅行、计划或约会等。
repeal书面用词，指撤销立法机关通过的协议、法案或法律等。

about, around, round
这些词均有“在周围、在附近”之意。
about〓既可表静态，也可表动态。
around〓主要用于美国，静态或动态均可。
round〓主要用于英国，多半指动态。

above, on, over
这些前置词均含“在……上”之意。
above〓一般指位置高于某物，但不一定在正上方，也不接触另一物，其反义词是below。
on〓指与另一物表面相接触。
over〓指一物在另一物的垂直上方，多暗示悬空，但也含“覆盖于……之上”之意。其反义词是under。

absorb, suck, digest, incorporate
这些动词均有“吸收”之意。
absorb〓普通用词，词义广泛，既可指吸收光、热、液体等具体东西，又可指吸收知识等抽象概念的东西。
suck〓作“吸收”解时，可与absorb换用，但还可有“吮吸”之意。
digest〓侧重在消化道内改变食物的化学结构后被人体吸收。
incorporate〓指一物或多物与它物相融合，形成一整体。

absurd, ridiclous
这两个形容词均含有“荒谬的”之意
absurd〓普通用词，强调指违背常理的荒谬。
ridiclous〓强调荒谬到令人发笑的地步。

abundant, plentiful, ample
这些形容词均有“充分的、丰富的”之意。
abundant〓着重某物极为丰富有或大量的供应。
plentiful〓普通用词，指某物的数量多得称心如意，不过剩，但较少用于描写抽象之物。
ample〓指某物不仅满足了需要而且有余。

accept, receive, admit, take
这些动词均有“接受、接纳”之意。
accept〓强调主动地或自愿地接受，或者说，经过考虑后同意接受。
receive〓着重仅仅接到或收到这一支轮船或事实，而不含采取主动或积极行动的意思。



admit〓作“接受”讲时，强调准许或批准。
take与receive同意，是receive的日常用法，侧重不带主观意愿地收下或接受。

accident, incident, event, occurrence, happening
这些名词均有“事故、事件”之意。
accident〓强调偶然或意外发生的不幸事情。
incident〓既可指小事件或附带事件，又可指政治上具有影响的事件或事变。
event〓可指任何大小事件，但尤指历史上的重大事件。
occurrence和happening这两个词多指日常生活中发生的一般事件，有时也指偶然发生的事。

accompany, conduct, attend, escort
这些动词均有“陪同，伴随”之意
accompany〓既可指人也可指物。用于人时，侧重关系紧密或同时发生。
conduct〓无论用于人或物均指引导带领。
attend〓侧重主从关系，即下级对上级，学生对老师等，或表恭、服侍。
escort〓通常指用车或人在陆上伴随、护送，其目的是保护或出于礼节。

accordingly, consequently, hence, so, therefore, thus
这些连接副词均有“因此，所以”之意。
accordingly〓书面用词，强调根据某种原因而得出的结果，其前可用冒号或分号，但不用逗号。
consequently〓正式用词，侧重符合逻辑的结果。
hence〓较正式用词，指接下来的东西是理所当然的必需的东西，但强调其重要性。
so〓用于比较随便的场合，口语中多用。
therefore〓通常指引出一个推断出的必然结论。
thus〓多用于书面语中，可与therefore换用。

account, report
这两个名词的有“报道，叙述”之意。
account〓普通用词，不如report正式，侧重对亲身经历或目睹之事所作的书面或口头的报道或叙述。
report〓正式用词，多指报刊上的报道，强调对情况经过调查或审核后作出的详尽叙述，具有一定权威性。

accumulate, amass, collect, gather, heap, pile
这些动词均含“积聚，聚集，积累”之意。
accumulate〓几乎可用于指任何事物量的增加，侧重连续不断地，一点一滴地聚积。
amass〓着重大量地积聚，尤指对如金钱、珠宝等有价值东西的大量积聚。
collect〓普通用词，多用于指物，侧重指有区别地作选择或有安排有计划地把零散物集中起来。
gather〓普通用词，指人或物或抽象事物都可用。侧重于围绕一个中心的集合、聚集。
heap〓主要指把沙、石、煤、草等堆高，不强调整齐。
pile〓着重指比较整齐地把东西堆积在一起。

accurate, exact, precise, right, true, correct
这些形容词均含“准确的，正确的”之意。
accurate〓指通过谨慎的努力达到符合事实或实际，侧重不同程度的准确性，与事实无出入。
exact〓着重在质与量方面的准确，语气比accurate强。
precise〓侧重极端准确，更强调细节的精确无误。
right〓使用广泛，可与这些词中的correct换用，但常暗示道德、理解、行动等方面的正确。
true〓暗指绝对准确，尤指复制品与原件丝毫不差。
correct〓最常用词，主要指按一定标准或规则来衡量，没有谬误和差错或无缺点错误。

accuse, charge
这两个动词均有“指控、谴责”之意。
accuse〓普通用词，正式或非正式场合，私人或法律上均可用。被指控的情节可轻可重。常与of连用。
charge〓常与accuse换用，但charge多指较严重的错误或罪行，而且往往向法庭提出正式起诉。

ache, pain, sore
这些名词均含有“疼、疼痛”之意。
ache〓指人体某一器官较持久的疼痛，常常是隐痛。
pain〓可与ache换用，但pain既可指一般疼痛，也可指剧痛，疼痛范围可以是局部或全身，时间可长可短。也可引申指精神上的痛苦。
sore〓指身体某部位的痛处，有是也指精神上的痛苦。

acknowledge, admit, confess, recognize, concede
这些动词均含“承认”之意。
acknowledge〓通常指公开承认某事的真实情况或自己的过错。
admit〓强调因外力或良心驱使或经判断而明确承认，多含不情愿或被迫意味。
confess〓语气较强，着重承认自己意识到的错误或罪行，含坦白忏悔的意味。
recognize〓作“承认”解时，系书面用词，主要指合法的或外交上的承认，也指公认。
concede〓指在事实与证据面前勉强或不得不承认。

acquire, obtain, gain, get, win, earn, secure
这些动词均含“获得、取得、得到”之意。
acquire〓强调通过不断的、持续的努力而获得某物，也指日积月累地渐渐地获得。书面语用词。
obtain〓较正式用词，着重通过巨大努力、要求而得到所需或盼望已久的东西。
gain〓侧重指经过努力或有意识行动而取得某种成就或获得某种利益或好处。
get〓普通用词，使用广泛，可指以任何方式得到某物，也不一定要经过努力。
win〓主要指通过努力、斗争、比赛等而获得胜利。
earn〓侧重指依靠自己的劳动或因付出代价与有功而获得。
secure〓强调要通过努力或竞争，或需要付出代价才能获得所渴望的东西。
across, along, over, through
这些前置词均有“横过、穿过”之意。

across〓指“从……的一边到另一边”，强调横过，多与动态动词连用。
along〓指沿着一条直线在水平方向上运动。一般表动态，有时也与静态动词连用。
over〓常和动态动词连用，指“从……上面越过”或“横越”；表静态时，指“在彼处”。
through〓侧重从一端穿到另一端。


act, action, deed, operation, performance
这些名词均含“行为、行动”之意。

act〓一般指具体的、短暂的或个别的行为，强调行为的完成及其效果。
action〓普通用词，着重行动的过程。
deed〓较庄重用词，除泛指各种行为外，还可用于指某种高尚或伟大的行为，故常译作“功绩，业绩”。
operation〓多指一连串行动或行为的完成方式。
performance〓主要指行动的方式方法。


active, energetic, vigorous, brisk, lively
这些形容词均有“积极的，活跃的”之意。

active〓指有活动能力，强调与消极或休止相反的积极活动状态。
energetic〓提精力充沛、奋力从事某事业。
vigorous〓指不仅表现积极、有生气，而且固有精力和活力十分旺盛。
brisk〓指动作敏捷、充满活力、轻快活泼地从事某项工作或活动。
lively〓侧重支轮船快，机智，有生气。


actor, player, performer
这些名词均有“演员”之意。

actor〓指在舞台剧、电影、电视剧或广播剧中以演出为职业的男演员，侧重扮演的角色。
player〓侧重指职业或业余舞台演员。
performer〓使用广泛，不仅可指舞台或影视演员，而且可指舞蹈演员、乐器演奏等的演员，侧重在观众面前的实际表演。


adapt, adjust, conform, accommodate, suit, fit
这些动词均有“使适合，适应”之意。

adapt〓指人或物在原有情况下作某些改变以适应新的环境或不同的条件，强调改变的目的和重要性。
adjust与adapt含义很接近，但adjust所改变的幅度要小一些，侧重过程，主要用于调整角度、高度、光点等。
conform〓多指与某模式或规则相符，也引申指改变习惯等以适应新的环境。
accommodate〓书面用词，指以外部条件标准改变自己或某事以求得适应，着重改变或调节的有利。
suit〓指适合要求，从而使人满意愉快。
fit〓含义广，指人或物适合或适应某一目的或用途。


addition, appendix, attachment, supplement, accessory
这些名词均含“附加物、增加物”之意。

addition〓仅强调数量的增加。
appendix〓指书末的附录。
attachment〓指用于扩大原物用途的附件。
supplement〓主要指使书、报等正广更完善而额外增加的部分。
accessory〓作“附件”解时，与attachment同义，可互换，但还指增加美观的附属品。


additional, extra, supplementary
这些形容词均有“另加的，额外的”之意。

additional〓由名词additon派生出的形容词，指在原有基础上添加上去的。
extra〓指不包括本身而额外加上去的部分。
supplementary〓由名词supplement派生而来，指对原有的追加或补究。


address, greet, salute, hail, welcome
这些动词均有“欢迎、致敬，致意，招呼”之意。

address〓侧重打招呼的方式或指所使用的称谓。
greet〓常指友好而热诚地欢迎。
salute〓正式用词，指用敬礼、亲吻或挥帽等动作向他人致意或问候，尤指以某种礼节欢迎某人。
hail〓主要指怀着敬意欢迎某人，侧重欢快轻松和嘈杂。也指隔得较远的高声招呼。
welcome〓多指热情的官方的或正式的迎接或欢迎，但也指一般的欢迎。


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ambiguous, obscure, vague, unclear, dim
这一组形容词都有"模糊"的意思。
ambiguous a.意义含糊的，有歧义的，指因字、词、句有歧义而使人感到模糊不清、难以理解和把握。
His ambiguous directions confused us; we did not know which of the two roads to take.他的模棱两可的指导使我们很迷惑以至于我们不知道该走哪条路了。
obscure
a.用于表达因光线不足而使人看不清楚。该词的引申意义可以表示语法、文字、记忆等因复杂、深奥、模棱两可而使人看不懂和无法理解。
The poetry of Ezra Pound is sometimes difficult to understand because it contains so many obscure references.艾兹拉•庞德的诗有时候难以理解，因为诗歌中含有许多令人费解的典故。
vague
a.含混的，不清楚的，多用于比喻意义，用来表示因逻辑关系不清、言辞笼统而导致的意义不清楚，该词也可表示轮廓形状的不清楚和模糊。
He has some vague ideas about what to do, but nothing specific.他大概知道他要做什么，但没有具体的计划。
unclear a.指句意、字迹不清楚，使人难以看懂；不肯定的。
Unclear writing is difficult to understand.模糊的字迹使人难以辨认。
It is unclear whether the economy will get better.经济是否好转仍不明朗。
dim a.光线暗淡的，看不清的；记忆力模糊的；不大可能的。
Don't work in dim light.不要在昏暗的光线下工作。
His changes of recovery from illness are dim.他康复的可能性十分渺茫。
amplify, enlarge, stretch, magnify, reinforce, expand
amplify v.扩大，增加，尤其指通过增强电压或电流使声音扩大；补充叙述(故事、事件等)。
We must ask you to amplify your statement.我们得请你对你的说法作进一步的说明。
enlarge v.扩大，多指具体物品如相片的放大。
enlarge photograph放大照片enlarge a house扩建房屋
stretch v. (有弹性地)伸展，延伸，并有可能超过限度；伸长、伸出(身体某部位)并绷紧肌肉(尤指在放松后或为了够着某物)。
The pullover stretched after I had worn it a few times.这件套头毛衣我穿了几次之后就撑大了。
Having finished their morning work, the clerks stood up behind their desks, stretching themselves.完成了早间工作之后，职员们站到桌子后面伸伸懒腰。
magnify v.放大，指用透镜或显微镜使物体看上去大一些。
His eyeglasses magnify words so he can read them.他借助眼睛把字放大以便能够阅读。
reinforce v.增援，加固。
expand v.指范围、体积的扩大、增大，也可以指内容或细节的充实。
The balloon expanded, then exploded.气球先是膨胀，然后就爆破了。
anger, fury, indignation, resentment
这一组名词都有"愤怒、生气"的意思。
anger n.气愤，生气，是一般用语。
After their argument, he expressed his anger by punching the other man in the face.争吵之后，他一拳打在那个人的脸上以发泄怒气。
fury n.暴怒，大怒，程度较anger要强。
indignation n.义愤，尤其指出于道义上的激愤。
general indignation at the sudden steep rise in bus fares公共汽车票价突然猛增激起的公愤
resentment n.愤恨，怨恨，不满，是正式用语，尤指由于受侮辱或自尊心受到伤害后而产生的愤慨。
There was a feeling of resentment in the office after everyone's pay was lowered.大家的工资降低后，办公室里怨声载道。
apparent, evident, manifest, obvious, distinct
这一组形容词都有"明显的"之意。
apparent a.明显的，显而易见的，尤其指容易观察到或认识到的事物。
He is very unhappy, and it is apparent that he wants to leave now.他很不高兴，显然他现在想走了。
evident a.明白的，明显的，与apparent基本同意，多用于推理或由事实证明的事物。
It is evident that he is guilty; his fingerprints were found at the crime scene.显然他是有罪的，在犯罪现场发现了他的指纹。
manifest a.清楚的，明显的，多指根据外部特征或迹象便能看出或了解其意义，常作表语。
Her ability is manifest, but she is not attractive.她才能出众，但长相并不动人。
obvious a.明显的，显而易见的，含有无可辩白，不需证明之意。
It is obvious that that woman has had too much to drink.很显然，那个妇女酒喝的太多了。
distinct a.清楚的，明显的；不同的，独特的。修饰性质明显不同的东西。
Medical care has made a distinct improvement in his health.治疗已使他的健康有了明显的好转。
applaud, clap, commend, praise
applaud v.鼓掌，赞扬，指因精湛表演或某种行为得到别人的赞许，大声叫好或热烈鼓掌。
The boss applauded my efforts by praising my work.老板表扬了我的工作，对我的努力表示赞许。
clap v.拍打，其用法是clap one's hand=applaud,不能说applaud one's hands。
clap sb.为某人鼓掌，clap sth.拍打某物
commend v.为正式用词，用于对具体功绩或成就表示嘉奖，通常指上级对下级、长辈对晚辈的赞赏。
The teacher commended the student for doing well on the exam.老师表扬学生们的考试成绩优异。
praise v.为一般用词，用于对某人的优秀品质表示钦佩羡慕；赞颂，赞美。
A supervisor praised the employee for her good work.一位主管称赞这位员工的工作做得不错。
Survivors of the crash praised God for saving them.坠机事件的幸存者赞颂上帝使他们得救。
area, district, region, vicinity, zone
这一组名词都有"区域"的意思。
area n.泛指面积较大的地区；面积；专业领域。
The New York area has high rents.纽约地区房租很高。
district n.行政区划的小范围地区。如Xicheng district北京西城区
region n.行政区划上更大的地区，如"自治区"；身体部位。
The northeast region of the USA includes New York and the six New England states.美国东北部包括纽约和新英格兰地区的那六个州。
vicinity n.周围地区，附近地区。
The police were alerted that the escaped criminal might be in the vicinity.警察都十分警惕因为逃跑的罪犯就藏在附近地区。
zone n.指特定的地方、地带。
The city passed a law to create a business zone on some empty land.市政府通过法律，在一些空地上开辟商业区。
assembly, conference, congress, rally, seminar, session, summit, symposium
这一组名词都表示"会议"的意思。
assembly n.集合，集会。
The assembly of students takes place in the
auditorium.学生们在大礼堂举行集会。
conference n. (专门性的)会议，讨论会。
The conference on international economic problems met in Geneva.关于世界经济问题的会议在日内瓦召开。
congress n.代表大会，(美国的)国会。
Congress passes laws that must be obeyed by the people.美国国会通过的法律，人民一定要遵守。
rally n. (鼓舞士气的)集会；群众性集会。
The football coach called a rally to build up the team's excitement for the next game.足球教练召开了一个动员会，以便鼓舞士气打好下次比赛。
seminar n. (大学的)研究班，研讨会。
During summer vacations some teachers attend seminars at college.暑假里，一些教师在学院里参加研究班。
session n. (一届)会议，回合。
the autumn session of Parliament议会的秋季会议
summit n.最高级会议，峰会(通常为领导人参加)。
Next year, the summit will be held in Vienna.明年将在维也纳举行最高级会谈。
symposium n. (学术、科研方面的)座谈会，专题报告会。
The symposium on SARS research lasted two days.非典型性肺炎研究的研讨会持续了两天。
assessment, estimate, evaluation
这一组名词都有"评估"的意思。
assessment n.评估，估价，常常表示对于财产、价值的评估。
We have a low assessment on our property.我们对我们的资产评估很低。
estimate n.估计，强调进行评估得出的结果，常与动词give搭配。
The mechanic gave me a rough estimate of two or three hundred dollars for the repairs to my car.机械师给我的汽车修理费的粗略估计是200或300美元。
evaluation n. (对于能力，价值、工作业绩的)评价，估价，常带有肯定的、正确的含义。
He gave a positive evaluation of our scientific research.他对于我们的科学研究给予了积极的评价。
associate, ally, combine, unite
这一组词都有"联合"的意思。
associate v.交往，结交；联系，联想。多指平等友好的合作，后接with，表示与某人交往或合作，后接in表示在某个方面合作。
We associate with our neighbors at church.在教堂里，我们同邻居交往。
ally v.使结盟，使联姻，多与with搭配。
Several political parties allied with each other against higher taxes.几个政治党派联合起来反对提高税收。
combine v.联合，化合，混合，多指为了某个目的将不同的人或物混合而成一个整体。
The girl combined sugar, butter, and flour to made the dough.小姑娘把糖、黄油和面粉混合到一起做成面团。
unite v.联合，合并，团结，尤指不同的事物或人组成统一体，强调结果的一致性。
The nation united against its enemy.国民团结一致共同对敌。
average, common, general, universal, usual
这一组形容词都有"普通"的意思。
average a.普通的，一般的，它强调的是一般水准或普通水准；通常在有数字出现的情况下，表示"平均的"。
The average runner can run 2 miles in fifteen minutes.跑步者15分钟内平均跑两英里。
common a.常见的，普通的，不足为奇的，有时引申为"平凡的"，强调事物的共同性。另外，它还有"公共的，共同的"之意。
Car accidents are a common occurrence.交通事故是很普通的事件。
general a.普通的，一般的，表示涉及到各方面，强调整体性而非个别和例外，该词的反义词为particular。
In general, the economy is doing well now.总的来说，现在的经济形式还不错。
universal a.普遍的，比general语气更强，有"全然没有例外"的意思。
Poverty is a universal problem all over the world.贫困是世界各地普遍存在的问题。
usual a.通常的，惯常的，强调"习惯性的，符合规章制度的"，是个一般用语。
award, reward
award v.指正式地或官方地颁发，授予，给予；也可以指法庭裁决给予。后面可跟双宾语。
The school principal awarded a prize in history to the best student.学校校长将历史奖授予最出色的学生。
reward
v.酬劳，奖赏，回报，通常指因做了某一件事或提供了某种服务而应得到报酬或酬谢，其后一般以人或人的行为作宾语。后跟with用来说明以何物作为报酬。
I will reward to the person who returns my lost dog.我将出50美元，酬谢帮我找回丢失的狗的人。
aware, conscious
aware a.知道的，意识到的，强调感官对外界事物的意识。
He was aware of his mistake.他意识到自己的错误。
conscious a.有意识的，意识到的，一般指内心所意识到的。
The salesman is conscious of the fact that he must increase sales.销售员意识到他必须增加销售量。
base, foundation, ground
这一组名词都有"基础"的意思。
base n.指具体的有形的基础，也可指物体的底部、基部；基地，总部。
They use their apartment in New York as a home base from which they travel frequently.他们把纽约的公寓作为他们频繁出行的大本营。
foundation n.本义指建筑物的地基，含有坚实的基础的意思；基金会。
The foundation for our house is made of cement.我们房子的地基是水泥打下的。
ground n.地面，土地，也指地域，水底，海底。
basic, elementary, fundamental
basic a.基本的，基础的，既可用于具体事物，也可用于抽象事物。
He has a basic understanding of the problem.他对问题有基本的了解。
elementary a.初步的，初级的。elementary school小学
fundamental a.根本性的，一般只用于抽象的事物；必要的，必须的。
Honesty is a fundamental principle in dealing with others.诚实是与别人相处的基本原则。
beam, chuckle, giggle, grin, jeer, laugh, roar, sneer
这一组都有"笑"的意思，而它们之间的差别也是明显的。
beam v.本义指照耀，放光，引申为"微笑"，是正式用语，指面带喜悦或笑容，暗示对他人的友好或内心的满足。
She beamed with happiness.她高兴得眉开眼笑。
chuckle v. (书面语)吃吃的笑，抿嘴笑，轻声笑，多指因得意或领会到某事中的趣味而暗自发笑。
She does not laugh out loud; she only chuckles.她没有笑出声来，只是抿嘴而笑。
giggle v.咯咯地笑，痴笑，傻笑，多指女人和孩子由于紧张、被逗乐、尴尬时所发出的笑声。
The schoolgirls giggled when the famous football player walkedsintostheir classroom.当这个著名的足球运动员走进教室时，女生们都咯咯地笑起来。
grin v.露齿而笑，指人因高兴、满足、轻蔑等咧开嘴露齿地笑。
He grinned at his mother.他冲他的妈妈咧嘴一笑。
jeer v.讥笑，嘲笑，其同义词是mock。
The crowd jeered when the boxer was knocked down.当那个拳手被人打倒时，人群开始嘲笑他。
laugh v.笑，大笑，用于一般的笑或出声的大笑。
roar v.怒吼，咆哮，引申为放声大笑，哄堂大笑。
He roared when he heard the joke.听完这个笑话，他哈哈大笑。
sneer v.冷笑，嘲笑，指以语言、表情、和声调表示轻蔑或嘲弄。
He sneered at the offer and said it was two low.他对报价嗤之以鼻，说它太低了。
bewilder, puzzle, confuse, embarrass, perplex
这一组词都有"迷惑"的意思。
bewilder v.使困惑，使茫然，强调非常困惑，通常表现为心理和智力的紊乱，语气最重。
He was fired without warning and is completely bewildered about the reason.他没有得到事先警告就被开除了，完全不明白是什么原因。
When the farmers visited the city for the first time, they were bewildered by its complicated traffic system.当这些农夫们第一次到城里的时候，他们对城市复杂的交通系统感到迷惑不解。
puzzle v.使迷惑，感到不解，强调不理解或解决不了。
Where the sunken treasure is puzzles explorers.沉没宝藏的下落令探险家们大惑不解。
confuse v.一般用语，使混乱，使糊涂，强调因混淆而使人产生迷乱。
He sent the wrong reports because he confused them with other ones.他发错了报告，因为他把它们同另外一些报告混淆在一起了。
embarrass v.使窘迫，使为难，使困惑，有令人不快、难为情和内心混乱的意味。
Her boyfriend embarrassed her by teasing her about her new hairstyle in front of others.她的男友在别人面前嘲笑她的新发型，使她感到难堪。
perplex v.使杂乱，使疑虑，使不安。
The new tax laws perplex me.新税收法律使我很费解。
blame, condemn, reproach, scold
这一组动词都有"责怪"的意思。
blame v.责怪，把……归咎于。
You can't blame anyone in case you fail the exam.万一你考试不及格，你不能怪罪任何人。
condemn v.谴责，用于比较正式的、严肃的场合。
The wife condemned her husband for drinking too much.妻子因丈夫贪杯而责怪他。
reproach v. (书面语)责备，表示不满。
His teacher reproached him for not doing his homework.老师责备他不做作业。
scold v.责骂，训斥。
blunder, error, mistake
这一组词都表示"错误"。
blunder n. (因为无知、疏忽犯下的)大错，愚蠢的错误。
I think that I committed a blunder in asking her because she seemed very upset by my question.这位女士由于我的问题感到很难过，我感觉到犯了一个大错。
error n.指判断、计算或行为上的错误，也可指智力或道义上的错误。
The accident was the result of human error.这事故是人为的错误造成的。
mistake n.误会，误解；(粗心、遗忘所导致的)错误。
I took your bag instead of mine by mistake.我错拿了你的手提包。
brittle, fragile, frail, crisp, invalid
这一组形容词都有"弱"的意思。
brittle a.易碎的，易损坏的，通常是指坚硬的东西。
The bones of elderly people become brittle and easily broken.老年人的骨头变得脆弱，很容易骨折。
fragile a.常常修饰使用时必须小心才不会破碎的东西，也引申为体弱的，虚弱的。
He 's feeling a bit fragile after last night's party.他参加了昨晚的聚会以后，现在感觉有些虚弱。
frail a. (指人)体弱的，虚弱的，也可以指东西易碎的。
His mother has grown old and frail.他母亲已经年老体弱。
crisp a.指食品的松脆；清新的，爽快的；活跃的，有生气的，干净利落的。
crisp biscuit松脆的饼干
The student gave a clear, crisp answer to the teacher's question.学生干净利落地回答了老师的问题。
invalid a.不正确的，缺乏证据的；无效的，作废的。作名词时，表示病弱者，伤残者，久病者。
Your ideas about the first humans are interesting but invalid.你关于最早的人类的观点很有意思，但是缺乏证据。
A bad car accident made him an invalid.一次严重的车祸使他变成了残疾。
boundary, border, frontier, rim, verge
这几个名词都有"边界"的意思。
boundary n.边界；界线。多指作为界线的标识物等。
The fence marks the boundary between my land and hers.这道栅栏是我的地和她的地的分界线。
border n.较宽的边缘，边界，多指两国或两地之间的分界处附近的边缘地区、边界地带；也可以指物体的边缘等。
We crossed the Mexican bordersintosthe USA.我们穿过墨西哥边界进入美国境内。
frontier n.边界，边境，边疆，指靠近边界(boundary)的区域；也可引申为"未开发的领域"，"(学术的)前沿"等。
The American West was still a frontier a century ago.一个世纪以前美国西部还是一片边疆。
She is a biochemist who works on the frontiers of biology.她是从事生物学前沿研究的生化学家。
rim n.边，边缘，尤指圆形或近似圆形的物体的边缘。
verge n. (道路、花坛等长着草的)边缘，引申为"某事即将发生之际"。
on the verge of war战争爆发之际
brief, concise, curt, succinct
这一组形容词都有"简短的"意思。
brief a.简明扼要的，简短的，指时间短暂，办事利索，态度明了等；有时含有"虽短但却不失全面"的意味。
The manager made a brief statement to open the meeting.经理致了简短的开幕词。
concise a. (文字等的)简要、精练，常含有保留主要部分的意思。
His letter was concise, omitting everything not pertinent to the job.他的信写得简明扼要，省略掉了所有与该项工作无关的部分。
curt a.三言两语的，简短的，常含有"草率"的意思。
He asked his boss a question, but got a curt reply , "I have no time for you now!"他问老板一个问题，但是老板草率的说："我没时间搭理你。"
succinct a.简明的，简洁的，简练的，尤指用词简练，除含有concise的意思外，还有经过压缩的或简化的意思。
succinct summary of the argument论点的概要

替换很重要！作文一定要注意替换，也就是多样性！

我给你的替换词如下：

一、括号里的为庸俗词：

会用吧？？要不我给你觉得例子，简单的：

There are a lot of people in the park.

很烂吧，你可以替换成：

A team of individuls are in the park.

a team of 同义于 a lot of
individuals同义于 people.

1.individuals,characters, folks替换(people ,persons)

2: positive, favorable, rosy (美好的)，promising(有希望的)，perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior替换good

3:dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill (有害的)替换bad如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive替换

eg.An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms. When it approaches to graduation ,as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive.

4.(an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of ,a host of, many, if not most)替换many.

注：用many, if not most 一定要小心，many后一定要有词。

Eg. Many individuals, if not most, harbor the idea that….同理 用most, if not all ,替换most.

5: a slice of, quiet a few , several替换some

6:harbor the idea that, take the attitude that,hold the view that, it is widely shared that,

it is universally acknowledged that)替think(因为是书面语，所以要加that)

7:affair ,business ,matter 替换thing

8: shared 代 common

9.reap huge fruits 替换get many benefits )

10:for my part ,from my own perspective 替换 in my opinion

11:Increasing(ly),growing 替换more and more( 注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing.修饰形容词，副词用increasingly.

Eg.sth has gained growing popularity.Sth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth.

12.little if anything, 或little or nothing替换hardly

13..beneficial, rewarding替换helpful,

14.shopper,client,consumer,purchaser, 替换customer

15.exceedingly,extremely, intensely 替换very

16.hardly necessary, hardly inevitable ... 替换 unnecessary, avoidable

17.sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 替换sb take interest in / sb. be interested in

18.capture one's attention替换attract one's attention.

19.facet,demension,sphere代aspect

20.be indicative of ,be suggestive of ,be fearful of代 indicate, suggest ,fear

21.give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换cause.

22. There are several reasons behind sth 替换..reasons for sth

23.desire 替换want.

24.pour attention into 替换pay attention to

25.bear in mind that 替换remember

26. enjoy, possess 替换have(注意process是过程的意思)

27. interaction替换communication

28.frown on sth替换 be against , disagree with sth

29.to name only a few, as an example替换 for example, for instance

30. next to / virtually impossible,替换nearly / almost impossible

二，前面的为庸俗词，写作文少用！因为比较简单，你应该能看懂的。

1. important =crucial (extremely important),significant(amount or effect large enough to be important)
2. common=universal, ubiquitous(if something is ubiquitous, it seems to be everywhere)
3. abundant=ample(enough and usually extra), plentiful(enough for people's needs and wants)
4. stick=adhere, cling(hold on something tightly)
5. neglect=ignore.(difference: neglect means someone has not paid enough attention to something; ignore means no attention.)
6. near=adjacent(twothings next to each other), adjoin(the same as adjacent)
7. pursue=woo(man woos woman, old-fashioned), seek(if you seek sth, you try to obtain it. FORMAL)
8. accurate=precise(precise is exact and accurate in all details), exact(correct in every detail)
9. vague=obscure(unknown or known by only a few people)
10. top=peak, summit
11. competitor=rival, opponent(especially in sports and politics)
12. blame=condemn(if you condemn something, you say it is very bad and unacceptable)
13. opinion=perspective, standpoint(means looking at an event or situation in a particular way)
14. fame=prestige(describe those who are admired), reputation
15. build=erect(you can erect something as buildings, FORMAL), establish
16. insult=humiliate(do something or say something which makes people feel ashamed or stupid)
17. complain=grumble (complain something in a bad-tempered way)
18. primary=radical (very important and great in degree), fundamental
19. relieve=alleviate (alleviate means you make pain or sufferings less intense or severe)
20. force=coerces into(coerce means you make someone do something s/he does not want to),compel
21. enlarge=magnify(magnify means make something larger than it really is)
22. complex=intricate(if something is intricate, it often has many small parts and details)
23. Lonely=solitary (if someone is solitary, there is no one near him/her
24. small=minuscule(very small), minute,
25. praise=extol(stronger than praise), compliment(polite and political)
26. hard-working=assiduous(someone who is assiduous works hard or does things very thoroughly
27. difficult=arduous (if something is arduous, it is difficult and tiring, and involves a lot of efforts)
28. poor(soil)=barren, infertile(used to describe the soil is so poor that plants cannot be planted on it)
29. fragile=brittle, vulnerable(someone who is vulnerable is easily hurt emotionally or physically)
30. show=demonstrate (to demonstrate a fact means tp make it clear to people.)
31. big=massive(large in size, quantity, or extent), colossal(use this word, you emphasize something’s large), tremendous(INFORMAL)
32. avoid=shun(if someone shuns something, s/he deliberately avoid that something or keep away from it.)
33. fair=impartial(someone who is impartial is able to give a fair opinion or decision on something.)
34. attack=assault (physically attack someone), assail (attack violently
35. dislike=abhor(abhor means you hate something to a extreme extent for moral reasons), loathe(dislike very much)!
36. ruin=devastate (it means damage something very badly, or utterly destroy it.)
39. always=invariably(the same as always, but better than always)
40. forever=perpetual(a perpetual state never changes), immutable(something immutable will never change or be changed)
41. surprise=startle(it means surprise you slightly), astound(surprise you to a large degree),astonish(the same as astound)
42. enthusiasm=zeal (a great enthusiasm), fervency (sincere and enthusiasm)#
43. quiet=tranquil(calm and peaceful), serene(calm and quiet)!
44. expensive=exorbitant(it means too expensive that it should be)
45. luxurious=lavish(impressive and very expensive), sumptuous(grand and very expensive
46. boring=tedious(if you describe something tedious, you mean it is boring and frustrating)
47. respect=esteem(if you esteem someone, you respect and admire him/her. FORMAL)
48. worry=fret(if you fret about something, you worry about it)
49. cold=chilly(unpleasantly cold), icy(extremely cold)
50. hot=boiling(very hot)
51. dangerous=perilous(very dangerous, hazardous(dangerous, especially to people's safety and health)
52. nowadays=currently
53. only=unique(the only one of its kind), distinctive;
54. stop=cease(if something ceases, it stops happening or existing)
55. part=component(the components of something are the parts that it is made of)( h
56. result=consequence(the results or effects of something)
57. obvious=apparent, manifest
58. basedon=derived fromcan see or notice them very easily)
60. quite=fairly
61. pathetic=lamentable(very uncomfortable and disappointing)
62. field=domain(a particular field of thought, activities or interest)
63. appear=emerge(come into existence)
64. whole=entire(the whole of something)8
65. wet=moist(slightly wet), damp(slightly wet), humid(very damp and hot)!
66. wrong=erroneous(incorrect or partly correct)
67. difficult=formidable
68. change=convert(change into another form)
69. typical=quintessential(this word means represent a typical example of something)
70. careful=cautious(very careful in order to avoid danger), prudent(careful and sensible)
71. ability=capacity, capability(the same as ability)
72. strange=eccentric(if some one is eccentric, s/he behaves in a strange way, or his/her opinion is different from most people)
73. rich=affluent(if you are affluent, you have a lot of money)
74. use= utilize (the same as use)
75. dubious=skeptical(if you are skeptical about something, you have doubts on it.)
76. satisfy=gratify (if you are gratified by something, it gives you pleasure and satisfaction)
77. short=fleeting, ephemeral(if something is ephemeral, it lasts a short time)
78. scholarship=fellowship
79. angry=enraged(extremely angry)
80. smelly=malodorous(used to describe an unpleasant smell)
81. ugly=hideous(if something is hideous, it is very ugly or unattractive)#
82. attractive=appealing(pleasing and attractive), absorbing(something absorbing can attract you a great deal)
83. diverse=miscellaneous(a miscellaneous groups consists of many different kinds of things)
84. disorder=disarray, chaos
85. crazily=frantically(used to describe someone who behaves in a wild and uncontrolled way)
86. rapid=meteoric(ATTENTION: meteoric is only used to describe someone achieves success quickly)
87. ordinary=mundane(very ordinary and not at interesting or unusual)
88. despite=notwithstanding(FORMAL)
89. best=optimal(used to describe the best level something can achieve)/
90. sharp=acute(severe and intense)
91. unbelievable=inconceivable(ifyou deem something inconceivable, you think it very unlike to happen ^
92. puzzle=perplex(something perplex someone means it confuses and worries him/her because he/she does not understand it)
93. method=avenue(away of getting something done)
94. famous=distinguished(used to describe people who are successful in their career)
95. ancient=archaic(extremely old and extremely old-fashioned)
96. decorate=embellish(embellish means make something look more attractive via decorating it with something else)/
97. possible=feasible(if something is feasible, it can be done, made or achieved)
98. so=consequently, accordingly
99. rare=infrequent (doesn’t happen often
100. greedy=rapacious(greedy and selfish)

另外，上面那位网友说的很正确，你把自己的作文写到office word上，不但可以检测语法拼写错误(红色波浪线），还可以查看同义词。方法和他说的一样....

你还可以hi我！

做：do=exercise, practice, perform
(做法：behavior=exercise, practice, performance)

对…有益处：be good for.=do good to
=be beneficial to
=be advantageous to
=be conducive to
对…有害处：be harmful/bad for
=be detrimental to
=be disadvantageous to
=be pernicious to

集中精力于：focus on=A devote oneself to
dedicate oneself to
commit oneself to
=B engage oneself in
employ oneself in

认为：think =A argue, assert, contend, claim
=B maintain, note
=C hold the viewpoint that
hold the standpoint that
hold the perspective that
=D harbour an idea/opinion that
embrace a view that
(观点：viewpoint， standpoint，perspective )

反对：be against=reject, object, oppose
=be opposed to
=become hostile to
支持：support=take sides with
=advocate
=lend support to
=sing high praise of

导致：lead to=trigger
=result in, bring about, contribute to
=give rise to, give birth to, be responsible for
(归咎于：be ascribed to=be attributed to)
看到（see），读到(read)，学到(learn)=接触到make contact with=have access to=be accessible to
=暴露于be exposed to=gain exposure to
=获得obtain=attain=acquire

发展(develop)，提高(increase)，改善(improve)
=A 及物动词组 promote, advance, enhance, reinforce
名词 promotion, advancement, enhancement, reinforcement
=B 不及物动词 rocket, boom, flourish, prosper

有：负面含义：suffer, run high risk of

has
正面含义：boast, embrace

中性含义：face=be faced with=be possessed of

面临，面对：be faced with=be encountered with=be poised on the brink of

破坏：destroy, damage=A decompose, destruct
=B endanger, threaten
=C impair, decimate, deteriorate
=D exercise/practice/perform damage/danger…upon
阻碍：limit=A restrict, restrain, constrict, constrain
=B obstacle, barricade
=C smother, curb
=D hinder, impede

下结论：make a conclusion=A draw a conclusion that
reach a conclusion that
arrive at a conclusion that
=B hammer a conclusion that
crystallize a conclusion that

使用：use=employ, apply, adopt,=resort to

解决：solve=A address
handle
tackle
B deal with
Cope with

减轻：reduce=A lessen, lighten, lower
=B mitigate, alleviate
=C decrease, degrade

形容词替换集锦
难的：difficult=troublesome=burdensome=thorny
不可或缺的：necessary=indispensable=inevitable=irreplaceable=unavoidable
重要的：important=crucial, critical, essential, vital
=be importance=be of cruciality=be of criticality= be of essentiality=be of vitality
巨大的：large=enormous, tremendous, considerable, appreciable
正确的（correct）=仔细的(careful)=arduous=assiduous
有道理的：reasonable=rational and plausible
吸引人的：attractive=inviting and appealing
足够的：adequate and sufficient

很多，许多：A a wealth of
a flood of
vast arrays of
B a tremendous(enormous/considerable/appreciable) amount(number/sum) of
更，越来越：more and more
=A 更+ 具体名词（比如钱，人数等） a growing/increasing/climbing number/amount/sum of

抽象名词（比如影响，重要性）growing/increasing/climbing
=B 更+形容词 growingly/increasingly/climbingly
=C 更+动词 to a larger extent

名词替换集锦
日常生活：daily lives=day-to-day lives
=everyday lives
因素：cause, reason=factor, determinant
联系：relationship(relate A to B)
=connection(connect A to B )
=association(associate A to B)
优点：advantage=benefit=superiority=merit
=favorable aspects/respects/perspectives
=undesirable aspects/respects/perspectives
disadvantage=detriment=inferiority=defect=deficiency
=unfavorable aspects/respects/perspectives
=undesirable aspects/respects/perspectives
介词替换集锦
在…方面:in …ways=in …aspects/respects/perspectives
用…方法：in…ways=in…fashion=in …manner
of=necessary to
without=free from
about=concerning=related to

tactic(s), strategy
这两个名词均有“策略，战术”之意

take, grasp, grab, grip, clasp, clutch, snatch, seize
这些动词均有“抓住，握紧”之意

tax, impose, assess
这些动词均有“征税”之意

teach, instruct, educate, coach, train, tutor
这些动词均含“教，教育，培养”之意

tear, rip, split
这些动词均有“撕裂、扯破”之意

technique, technology
这两个名词均有“技术”之意

temper, character, nature, personality, disposition, complexion
这些名词均有“性格、气质、性情、习性”之意

temporary, momentary, transient
这些形容词均含“短暂的，瞬息的”之意

hink, conceive, imagine, fancy, realize
这些动词均可表示“在思想中形成一个看法或观念”之意

hink, deliberate, meditate, muse, reason, reflect, speculate
这些动词均有“思考、判断、思索”之意

threaten, menace
这两个动词均有“威胁、恐吓”之意

though, although, as
这些连词均可表示“虽然，尽管”之意。

throw, cast, fling, heave, hurl, pitch, toss
这些动词均有“抛、投、掷”之意。

title, name
这两个名词均有“名称”之意

tolerantj, merciful
这两个形容词均含“宽容的”之意

too, very
这两个副词均可表示“大，很”之意

touch, inspire, move
这些动词均有“感动，打动”之意.

translation, version, paraphrase
这些名词均含“翻译，译文”之意。

transparent, clear
这两个形容词均可表示“透明的”之意

trial, experiment, test, try
这些名词均有“试验”之意。

trend, tendency, current
这些名词均含“趋势，倾向”之意.

trend, tendency, current
这些名词均含“趋势，倾向”之意

turbulent, stormy, violent, wild, fierce
这些形容词均含“剧烈的，凶猛的，狂暴的”之意

twilight, dawn, dusk
这些名词含有“黎明，黄昏”之意

undergo, experience, sustain, suffer
这些动词均有“经历，经受，遭受”之意

underground, subway, tube
这些名词均可表示“地铁”之意

understand, comprehend, appreciate, apprehend, grasp
这些动词均有“理解”之意

unfold, open
这两个动词均有“打开”之意

unhappy, unfortunate, unlucky, disastrous
这些形容词均有“不幸的”之意

unwilling, reluctant
这两个形容词均有“不情愿的，不愿意的”之意

upset, agitate, disturb, perturb
这些动词均有“使不安，使心烦意乱”之意

use, apply, employ, utilize, avail, exploi
这些动词均含“使用，应用”之意

used to, would
这两个词均含“过去惯常，过去总是”之意

usual, customary, habitual, conventional, regular
这些形容词均有“通常的，惯常的”之意

vague, dim, indefinite, obscure, ambiguous, faint
这些形容词均含“不明确的，模糊的”之意。

vanish, disappear, fade, evaporate
这些动词均有“消失”之意。

valuable, precious
这两个形容词均含“贵重的，有价值的”之意

venture, chance, dare, hazard, risk
这些动词均含有 敢于冒险 之意。

vertical, perpendicular, upright, erect, plumb
这些形容词均有“垂直的、竖式的”之意。

前面是词汇，后解释，然后有一些例句。
时代
period: It indicates any passage of time, great or small. /an extent of time of any length.
(时代)
time(s): It refers to a period in history. in ancient times/ in Victoria time (新时代)
epoch: It indicates a long period of time marked by events or development of a particular kind.
The first flight into space marked a new epoch in the history of mankind.
(纪元)
era: It refers to a very long period of time marked by a particular feature in a great new era of world revolution
(时期)
age: It shows a particular /a fairly definite period in history. the Bronze Age, Iron Age

服装
clothing(collect): (fml) General term of clothes.
clothes(no single): Coverings of the body such as coats,
dresses, suits, shoes, hats.
garment(fl): A suit of clothes used by actors./a single article of clothing.
costume: 1) The fashion of dress peculiar to a people, nation, class, period, etc.
2) A dress worn by actors in a play. uniform: worn by all members of the community.
dress: 1) A kind of outer garment worn by women (连衣裙).
2) worn on special occasions (礼服) evening dress/ morning dress
suit: A set of outer clothes to be worn together. evening suit/swimming suit
coat: A garment with sleeves worn on top of other clothes from rain, heat, etc.
overcoat: A warn coat worn in the street.

美丽 漂亮
good-looking: Having an attractive appearance in a strong, healthy way used for men and women not things.
beautiful: ( a woman or a thing) Suggesting symmetry of features or perfection of proportion, elegance and mobility. beautiful flowers, a beautiful girl/voice/city/face beautiful weather.
handsome: Of attractive appearance applies to men. a handsome fellow/actor/horse/buildings/young man.
pretty: (a girl, or a small thing) Suggesting liveliness and sweetness, pleasing or nice to look at. a pretty little woman/garden, a pretty girl/ picture/piece of music,
lovely: (something) So beautiful that it makes you feel good to look at it or even to think about it. The garden looks lovely.
fair: Beautiful( of woman in poet) light in color esp., skin hair.
gorgeous: (persons or things) (inf) Extremely beautiful or handsome.

错误
(误会) mistake: A wrong thought, act. It implies carelessness Anyone can make a mistake.
(过错 弱点) fault: A bad point, but not of a serious moral kind. It refers to behavior and character. His only fault is that he lacks ambition.
find fault with sb / at fault shortcoming: Weakness, failing
It refers to failures or deficiencies in things as well as people.
In spite of all her shortcomings I still think she"s one of the best teachers in the school.
(疏忽) error: A mistake (formal sometimes literary)
It implies deviation from a standard or model
The accident was caused by human error.
(缺点 毛病) defect: sth lacking or imperfect.
It refers to quality.
The radio was returned because of a defect.
(失误 过失) blunder: A very stupid or unnecessary mistake.
It implies ignorance.
This is the fatal blunder of his life.

特别
(专门的,与众不同的) special: Different in some way from what is common, ordinary, or usual.
It stresses having a quality, character, identity, or use of its own.
The tube contains special gases.
(特别的) especial: (fml) To an usually great degree, exceptional
It emphasizes the importance of the things or the persons mentioned
This is a matter of especial importance.
(各别的) particular: Relating or belonging to only one thing or person.
It stresses the distinctness of something as an individual which is worth notice. In that particular case, the rule doesn"t hold.(适用)
(特种的) specific: Detailed and exact, clear in meaning and explanation, fixed, determined.(used in scientific articles)
It implies a quality or character distinguishing a kind or a species.
He gave me a very specific instruction. There is a specific tool for each job.
(独特的) peculiar: Strange or perhaps unpleasant.
It implies strangeness. He has a peculiar way of speaking.

环境 形势
(环境 形势) conditions: The location and other factors likely to
affect it. It suggests something that has stayed the same for
some time and which affects daily life such as food, work, and houses.
We are now studying the economic conditions in the developing countries.
(形势) situation: A position or state at a particular time, set of conditions, facts, and events having an effect on a person, society, etc.
It suggests more general matters such as government planning and finance.
The political situation in these countries are always changing.
(环境 周围 外界) environment: The circumstances, things and conditions that influence you. It refers to spirit aspect, physical aspect and
material aspect. We must try to beautify our environment.
(形势 情况) circumstance(s): A situation or event around us, a certain kind of atmosphere, the conditions that affect
what happens. in (under) the circumstances
(环境 周围事物) surrounding(s): The area and environment around a place or
person. It indicates a very narrow condition, "physically" sometimes reflects spiritual aspect.
They lived in hostile surroundings.

著名的
well-known: (infl)
famous: The most general one. widely known or honored.
(杰出的 知名的) distinguished: Great, outstanding marked by excellent quality or deserved fame, used especially of people who are famous for serious work in science, the arts etc.
He was a distinguished writer.
(驰名的) celebrated: Famous, (substitute for renowned)
It refers objectively to sb or something that has been give acclaim or honoured with awards or prizes. She was a celebrated actress.
renowned: Highly honored and famous for something good. often refers to places or things, also It suggests something that has become legendary or is no longer available for an objective evaluation.
Edison was renowned for his inventions.
noted: Well-known and admired
It often describes a more intellectual kind of effort and accomplishment indicating an authority or expert or their theories. Maybe it is not widely
known to the general public. He was a very noted expert.
(臭名昭著) notorious: Famous for something bad.
He is notorious for his crimes.

事情,事件
(事) thing: An event, a fact, a subject.
He talked of many interesting things.
(事情) matter: Seth that you have to deal with, something to be discussed, thought over.
There are several matters to be dealt with at the meeting.
(事务 责任) business: A special duty, something that has to be done.
Public business is every one"s business.
(事务) affair: An event or set of connected events. (pl) private and personal life.
I have many affairs to look after.
(事件) event: An important happening. Events such as birthdays and anniversaries are often celebrated.
Do you know the chief events of 1986.
incident: Not as important as an event. Incidents seldom are celebrated. Sometimes an event becomes an incident after many years have passed.
(偶然事件) happening: An occurrence, and sometimes an unusual one.
There have been strange happenings here lately.
(偶发事件) occurrence: An incident that is usually unexpected and has not been planned ahead of time.
Flood is practically an annual occurrence in this district.

承认
admit: To agree to the truth of, usu, something bad.
It suggests reluctance or possible objection.
He admitted his crime/stealing.
(自白 供认) confess: To admit guilt as to a crime or as to a shortcoming, in the sense of making known to others one"s own error or wrong doing.
He confessed his fault/doing something wrong.
acknowledge: to agree the truth of, recognize the fact or existence of what have said or done, good or bad.
It emphasizes openly in a embarrassing or awkward and usually not voluntary way.
I acknowledged my signature/mistakes/errors/having been defeated.
grant: To admit or to agree something is true.
I granted his request/his honesty.
take sth/sb for granted.
concede: To admit as true, just or proper often unwillingly because of overwhelming evidence.
I conceded you that point, but I still think you are wrong.
recognize: To accept or acknowledge it.
It refers to something about law and diplomacy.
The new regime was recognized by China.

增加
increase: To make or become larger in amount or number.
it refers to quantity or intensity as well as size.
The population of this county has increased.
add: To put together with something else so as to increase the
number size, importance.
He added some wood to increase the fire.
(扩大) enlarge: To grown larger or wider.
I want to enlarge this photograph/house.
(放大) magnify: To make something appear larger than in reality, esp. by means of a lens.
You have magnified the peril.
(扩充) amplify: To make large or fuller, esp. give fuller information, more details etc.
to amplify a radio signal/sound.
augment: (fml) To become larger or greater.
It emphasizes the action of addition.
He augmented his income by writing some short stories.
(扩展 扩张) expand: To increase in range scope or volume as well as in size. Iron expands when it is heated.
(加长) extend: To make longer in space or time, to extend a railway.
Can"t you extend your visit for a few days.

表明 代表
mean: The most general one
show: To show that something exists or is true means to prove it. It refers to the agreed- upon ideas or thing that words or signs stand for.
suggest: To cause to come to mind.

获得,得到
get: The most general one.
obtain: (fml)It stresses the seeking out of something.
gain: to get gradually.

地区,地域
zone: A particular part of something or a particular place.
area: A small or large part not thought of a fixed land division.

成就,功绩
achievement: Something which one succeed in doing esp. after a lot of effort usually dangerous or difficult.
The first space flight was a great achievement.
accomplishment: The skill that people have required. It is something that took knowledge and, usually, hard work. When you have solved a hard arithmetic problem or learned to figure out, you can be proud of your accomplishment.

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