《独立宣言》和《人权宣言》有何不同

独立宣言 人权宣言~

　　独立宣言http://baike.baidu.com/view/49962.htm
　　原文翻译
　　1776年7月4日北美原十三个英属殖民地一致通过的《独立宣言》原文：
　　在有关人类事务的发展过程中，当一个民族必须解除其和另一个民族之间的政治联系，并在世界各国之间依照自然法则和上帝的意旨，接受独立和平等的地位时，出于人类舆论的尊重，必须把他们不得不独立的原因予以宣布。
　　我们认为下面这些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物者赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。为了保障这些权利，人类才在他们之间建立政府，而政府之正当权力，是经被治理者的同意而产生的。当任何形式的政府对这些目标具破坏作用时，人民便有权力改变或废除它，以建立一个新的政府；其赖以奠基的原则，其组织权力的方式，务使人民认为唯有这样才最可能获得他们的安全和幸福。为了慎重起见，成立多年的政府，是不应当由于轻微和短暂的原因而予以变更的。过去的一切经验也都说明，任何苦难，只要是尚能忍受，人类都宁愿容忍，而无意为了本身的权益便废除他们久已习惯了的政府。但是，当追逐同一目标的一连串滥用职权和强取豪夺发生，证明政府企图把人民置于专制统治之下时，那么人民就有权利，也有义务推翻这个政府，并为他们未来的安全建立新的保障－－这就是这些殖民地过去逆来顺受的情况，也是它们现在不得不改变以前政府制度的原因。当今大不列颠国王的历史，是接连不断的伤天害理和强取豪夺的历史，这些暴行的唯一目标，就是想在这些州建立专制的暴政。为了证明所言属实，现把下列事实向公正的世界宣布－－
　　他拒绝批准对公众利益最有益、最必要的法律。
　　他禁止他的总督们批准迫切而极为必要的法律，要不就把这些法律搁置起来暂不生效，等待他的同意；而一旦这些法律被搁置起来，他对它们就完全置之不理。
　　他拒绝批准便利广大地区人民的其它法律，除非那些人民情愿放弃自己在立法机关中的代表权；但这种权利对他们有无法估量的价值，而且只有暴君才畏惧这种权利。
　　他把各州立法团体召集到异乎寻常的、极为不便的、远离它们档案库的地方去开会，唯一的目的是使他们疲于奔命，不得不顺从他的意旨。
　　他一再解散各州的议会，因为它们以无畏的坚毅态度反对他侵犯人民的权利。
　　他在解散各州议会之后，又长期拒绝另选新议会；但立法权是无法取消的，因此这项权力仍由一般人民来行使。其实各州仍然处于危险的境地，既有外来侵略之患，又有发生内乱之忧。
　　他竭力抑制我们各州增加人口；为此目的，他阻挠外国人入籍法的通过，拒绝批准其它鼓励外国人移居各州的法律，并提高分配新土地的条件。
　　他拒绝批准建立司法权力的法律，藉以阻挠司法工作的推行。
　　他把法官的任期、薪金数额和支付，完全置于他个人意志的支配之下。
　　他建立新官署，派遣大批官员，骚扰我们人民，并耗尽人民必要的生活物质。
　　他在和平时期，未经我们的立法机关同意，就在我们中间维持常备军。
　　他力图使军队独立于民政之外，并凌驾于民政之上。
　　他同某些人勾结起来把我们置于一种不适合我们的体制且不为我们的法律所承认的管辖之下；他还批准那些人炮制的各种伪法案来达到以下目的：
　　在我们中间驻扎大批武装部队；
　　用假审讯来包庇他们，使他们杀害我们各州居民而仍然逍遥法外；
　　切断我们同世界各地的贸易；
　　未经我们同意便向我们强行征税；
　　在许多案件中剥夺我们享有陪审制的权益；
　　罗织罪名押送我们到海外去受审；
　　在一个邻省废除英国的自由法制，在那裹建立专制政府，并扩大该省的疆界，企图把该省变成既是一个样板又是一个得心应手的工具，以便进而向这里的各殖民地推行同样的极权统治；
　　取消我们的宪章，废除我们最宝贵的法律，并且根本上改变我们各州政府的形式；
　　中止我们自己的立法机关行使权力，宣称他们自己有权就一切事宜为我们制定法律。
　　他宣布我们已不属他保护之列，并对我们作战，从而放弃了在这里的政务。
　　他在我们的海域大肆掠夺，蹂躏我们沿海地区，焚烧我们的城镇，残害我们人民的生命。
　　他此时正在运送大批外国佣兵来完成屠杀、破坏和肆虐的勾当，这种勾当早就开始，其残酷卑劣甚至在最野蛮的时代都难以找到先例。他完全不配作为一个文明国家的元首。
　　他在公海上俘虏我们的同胞，强迫他们拿起武器来反对自己的国家，成为残杀自己亲人和朋友的刽子手，或是死于自己的亲人和朋友的手下。
　　他在我们中间煽动内乱，并且竭力挑唆那些残酷无情、没有开化的印第安人来杀掠我们边疆的居民；而众所周知，印第安人的作战规律是不分男女老幼，一律格杀勿论的。
　　在这些压迫的每一陷阶段中，我们都是用最谦卑的言辞请求改善；但屡次请求所得到的答复是屡次遭受损害。一个君主，当他的品格已打上了暴君行为的烙印时，是不配作自由人民的统治者的。
　　我们不是没有顾念我们英国的弟兄。我们时常提醒他们，他们的立法机关企图把无理的管辖权横加到我们的头上。我们也曾把我们移民来这里和在这里定居的情形告诉他们。我们曾经向他们天生的正义善感和雅量呼吁，我们恳求他们念在同种同宗的份上，弃绝这些掠夺行为，以免影响彼此的关系和往来。但是他们对于这种正义和血缘的呼声，也同样充耳不闻。因此，我们实在不得不宣布和他们脱离，并且以对待世界上其它民族一样的态度对待他们：和我们作战，就是敌人；和我们和好，就是朋友。
　　因此，我们，在大陆会议下集会的美利坚联盟代表，以各殖民地善良人民的名义，非经他们授权，向全世界最崇高的正义呼吁，说明我们的严正意向，同时郑重宣布；这些联合一致的殖民地从此是自由和独立的国家，并且按其权利也必须是自由和独立的国家，它们取消一切对英国王室效忠的义务，它们和大不列颠国家之间的一切政治关系从此全部断绝，而且必须断绝；作为自由独立的国家，它们完全有权宣战、缔和、结盟、通商和采取独立国家有权采取的一切行动。
　　为了支持这篇宣言，我们坚决信赖上帝的庇佑，以我们的生命、我们的财产和我们神圣的名誉，彼此宣誓

　　英文原文
　　THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
　　First Draft
　　When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for a people to advance from that subordination in which they have hitherto remained, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the equal and independent station to which the laws of nature and of nature's god entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the change
　　We hold these truths to be [sacred and undeniable] selfevident, that all men are created equal and independent; that from that equal creation they derive in rights inherent and inalienables, among which are the preservation of life, and liberty and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these ends, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government shall become destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing it's powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes: and accordingly all experience hath shewn that mankind are more disposed to suffer while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. but when a long train of abuses and usurpations, begun at a distinguished period, and pursuing invariably the same object evinces a design to [subject] reduce them to arbitrary power, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. --
　　Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to expunge their former systems of government. the history of his present majesty is a history of unremitting injuries and usurpations, among which no fact stands single or solitary to contradict the uniform tenor of the rest, all of which have in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. to prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world, for the truth of which we pledge a faith yet unsullied by falsehood.
　　Second Draft
　　In Congress, July 4, 1776,
　　THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
　　When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
　　We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.
　　That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.
　　That whenever any form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to the m shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Des potism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.
　　Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.
　　He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.
　　He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.
　　He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.
　　He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.
　　He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.
　　He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.
　　He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws of Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands .
　　He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers.
　　He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.
　　He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our People, and eat out their substance.
　　He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.
　　He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.
　　He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:
　　For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:
　　For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from Punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:
　　For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:
　　For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:
　　For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:
　　For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences:
　　For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into t hese Colonies:
　　For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our Governments:
　　For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
　　He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.
　　He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the Lives of our people.
　　He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the H ead of a civilized nation.
　　He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.
　　He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.
　　In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
　　Nor have We been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and sett lement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf t o the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.
　　We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Bri tain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. An d for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the Protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.
　　JOHN HANCOCK, President
　　Attested, CHARLES THOMSON, Secretary
　　New Hampshire: JOSIAH BARTLETT, WILLIAM WHIPPLE, MATTHEW THORNTON
　　Massachusetts-Bay: SAMUEL ADAMS, JOHN ADAMS, ROBERT TREAT PAINE, ELBRIDGE GERRY
　　Rhode Island: STEPHEN HOPKINS, WILLIAM ELLERY
　　Connecticut: ROGER SHERMAN, SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, WILLIAM WILLIAMS, OLIVER WOLCOTT
　　Georgia: BUTTON GWINNETT, LYMAN HALL, GEO. WALTON
　　Maryland: SAMUEL CHASE, WILLIAM PACA, THOMAS STONE, CHARLES CARROLL OF CARROLLTON
　　Virginia: GEORGE WYTHE, RICHARD HENRY LEE, THOMAS JEFFERSON, BENJAMIN HARRISON, THOMAS NELSON, JR., FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE, CARTER BRAXTON.
　　New York: WILLIAM FLOYD, PHILIP LIVINGSTON, FRANCIS LEWIS, LEWIS MORRIS
　　Pennsylvania: ROBERT MORRIS, BENJAMIN RUSH, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, JOHN MORTON, GEORGE CLYMER, JAMES SMITH, GEORGE TAYLOR, JAMES WILSON, GEORGE ROSS
　　Delaware: CAESAR RODNEY, GEORGE READ, THOMAS M'KEAN
　　North Carolina: WILLIAM HOOPER, JOSEPH HEWES, JOHN PENN
　　South Carolina: EDWARD RUTLEDGE, THOMAS HEYWARD, JR., THOMAS LYNCH, JR., ARTHUR MIDDLETON
　　New Jersey: RICHARD STOCKTON, JOHN WITHERSPOON, FRANCIS HOPKINS, JOHN HART, ABRAHAM CLARK
　　Pennsylvania: Robert Morris， Benjamin Rush， Benjamin Franklin， John Morton， George Clymer， James Smith， George Taylor， James Wilson， George Ross
　　Delaware: Caesar Rodney， George Read， Thomas McKean
　　Maryland: Samuel Chase， William Paca， Thomas Stone， Charles Carroll of Carrollton
　　Virginia: George Wythe， Richard Henry Lee， Thomas Jefferson， Benjamin Harrison， Thomas Nelson， Jr.， Francis Lightfoot Lee， Carter Braxton
　　North Carolina: William Hooper， Joseph Hewes， John Penn
　　South Carolina: Edward Rutledge， Thomas Heyward， Jr.， Thomas Lynch， Jr.， Arthur Middleton
　　Georgia: Button Gwinnett， Lyman Hall， George Walton.
　　人权宣言http://baike.baidu.com/view/49933.htm

《独立宣言》 1776年7月4日大陆会议 美利坚合众国13个州的一致宣言 正式脱离英国的殖民统治而独立。然而，美国的独立
并非由一纸宣言而体现，而是经过1775年至1783年，总共八年的血腥
战争，英军战败投降，才有结果的。
《人权宣言》是资产阶级反封建的纲领性文件，每个国家乃至世界在不同时代提出了大同小异的人权宣言，而第一个人权宣言则是美国提出的 〈独立宣言〉
因为其上说：人人生而平等，造物主赋予他们某些不可转让的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。为了保障这些权利，人们建立起来被管辖者同意的政府。任何形式的政府，一旦破坏这些目标，人民就有权利去改变它或废除它，并建立一个新的政府。新政府所根据的原则及其组织权力的方式，务必使人民认为，唯有这样才最有可能保障他们的安全与幸福。诚然，慎重会使得一个建立已久的政府不因微不足道的和暂时的原因而被改变，过去的一切经验也表明，人类更倾向于忍受尚能忍受的苦难，而不去为了拯救自己而废除他们久已习惯了的政府形式。但是，当滥用职权和巧取豪夺的行为连绵不断、层出不穷，证明政府追求的目标是企图把人民置于专制主义统治之下时，人民就有权利，也有义务推翻这样的政府，并为他们未来的安全建立新的保障。这就是我们这些殖民地的人民一向忍受的苦难，以及现在不得不起来改变原先政治制度的原因。

人权！《人权宣言》是资产阶级反封建斗争的纲领性文件。宣布自由、财产、安全和反抗压迫是天赋不可剥夺的人权，肯定了言论、信仰、著作和出版自由，阐明了司法、行政、立法三权分立、法律面前人人平等、私有财产神圣不可侵犯等原则。提出“社会的目的就是共同的幸福”，“主权在民”，并且表示如果政府压迫或侵犯人民的权利，人民就有反抗和起义的权利。因为它宣传平等与民主来反对封建主义与封建等级制度有一定进步意义。而它保护资产阶级的财产而不是全法国人民利益，所以又有一定的局限性。这是人类历史上第一个明确规定出版自由的正式文件，且正式写入法典。 独立！意义：是资产阶级革命文献，揭示了资产阶级革命的基本原则，凝聚了北美先进分子的思想，对独立战争具有巨大的鼓舞和指导作用。其发表标志美国独立。但《独立宣言》只宣扬了资产阶级的自由与平等，为资产阶级剥削制度辩护。

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屯留县17531687702： 将美国的独立宣言,英国的权力法案,法国的人权宣言作比较,有什么相同之处,又有什么异同之处 - ？
酆若凝血：[答案] 异: 《独立宣言》:它主要是摆脱英国的殖民统治,使得国家独立 《人权宣言》:是资产阶级为了巩固自己的统治而颁布的 《权利法案》:目的是为了限制国王的权利,确立了君主立宪制 同: ① 都是因为革命而颁布 ② 都是资产阶级颁布的

屯留县17531687702： 权利法案 独立宣言 人权宣言的共同点,和不同点这些资产阶级法律文献有哪些共同点和不同点? - ？
酆若凝血：[答案] 权利法案 独立宣言 人权宣言 共同点:旨在维护资产阶级利益、巩固资产阶级统治的法律依据. 不同点:资产阶级和封建王权的妥协;宣告美国的建立及理论上的从英国手中独立;对于私有财产 的保护及对资产阶级利益的维护、统治的巩固. 【PS:...

屯留县17531687702： 《独立宣言》曾被马克思称为世界历史上“第一个人权宣言”.与法国《人权宣言》不同,《独立宣言》还提出 - ？
酆若凝血：[选项] A. 生命权 B. 自由权 C. 财产权 D. 反抗压迫权

屯留县17531687702： 马克思曾称美国《独立宣言》是第一个人权宣言.《独立宣言》和《人权宣言》的共同点是() ①人们生来自由 ②人们权利平等 ③私有财产神圣不可侵犯 ... - ？
酆若凝血：[选项] A. ①②③ B. ①② C. ①②④ D. ②

屯留县17531687702： 试题:美国的《独立宣言》与法国的《人权宣言》两者之间有何关系? - ？
酆若凝血：[答案] 第一,他们都是受法国启蒙思想中伏尔泰的＂人生来就是平等的.＂的启迪,第二,独立宣言也是受法国人权宣言的影响才建立的,甚至连美国的独立战争也是受了法国大革命的鼓舞才开始的,文件方面差不多就是这些了

屯留县17531687702： 《权利法案》、《 独立宣言》和《人权宣言》之间有什么异同之处? - ？
酆若凝血： 背景不同,目的不同 1.都是西方民权主义的表现,深受启蒙思想的影响.2.都代表资产阶级的利益.3.都是西方生产力发展的结果【根本原因】

屯留县17531687702： (2009海南历史)《独立宣言》曾被马克思称为世界历史上“第一个人权宣言”.与法国《人权宣言》不同,《独立宣言》还提出 - ？
酆若凝血：[选项] A. 生命权 B. 自由权 C. 财产权 D. 反抗压迫权

屯留县17531687702： 人权宣言和独立宣言有哪些相同点?哪一个文献对世界历史的影响更为深远?为什么? - ？
酆若凝血：[答案] 相同点,应该是都是为资产阶级服务吧,独立宣言是为了美国独立而写,人权宣言是反封建的,独立宣言比人权宣言早,人权宣言参考了独立宣言的内容,相比之下对人权等方面的内容设定更为详细,所以应该是人权宣言影响更深远吧!

屯留县17531687702： 概括美国的《独立宣言》和法国的《人权宣言》的基本主张和内容 - ？
酆若凝血：[答案] 美国的《独立宣言》和法国的《人权宣言》都具有历史进步意义,两者都鲜明的体现了 ①天赋人权思想②都主张主权在民

屯留县17531687702： 权利法案,独立宣言,人权宣言,拿破仑法典的特点? - ？
酆若凝血：[答案] 权利法案:规定了君主的权限,宣布英国实行君主立宪制 独立宣言:美国成立 人权宣言:法国大革命的成果,中点内容大概就是私有财产不可侵犯.有点罗马法的意思- -唱到平等,人权 法典:他上台后发展资本主义的举措(保证),促进法国发展....