求导游词一篇 230字左右就可以了
泰山日出是泰山最壮观的奇景之一，当黎明时分，游人站在岱顶举目远眺东方，一线晨曦由灰暗变成淡黄，又由淡黄变成橘红。而天空的云朵，红紫交辉, 瞬息万变，漫天彩霞与地平线上的茫茫云海融为一体，犹如巨幅油画从天而降。浮光耀金的海面上，日轮掀开了云幕，撩开了霞帐，披着五彩霓裳，象一个飘荡的宫灯，冉冉升起在天际，须臾间，金光四射，群峰尽染，好一派壮观而神奇的海上日出。
云海玉盘----泰山云雾可谓呼风唤雨，变换无穷：时而山风呼啸，云雾弥漫，如坠混沌世界；俄顷黑云压城，地底兴雷，让人魂魄震动，游人遇此，无须失望，因为你将要见到云海玉盘的奇景：有时白云滚滚，如浪似雪；有时乌云翻腾，形同翻江倒海；有时白云一片，宛如千里棉絮；有时云朵填谷壑，又象连绵无垠的汪洋大海，而那座座峰峦恰似海中仙岛。站在岱顶，俯瞰下界，可见片片白云与滚滚乌云而融为一体，汇成滔滔奔流的“大海”，妙趣横生，又令人心朝起伏。
晚霞夕照----当夕阳西下的时候，若漫步泰山极顶，又适逢阴雨刚过，天高气爽，仰望西天，朵朵残云如峰似峦，一道道金光穿云破雾，直泻人间。在夕阳在映照下，云峰之上均镶嵌着一层金灿烂的亮边，时而闪烁着奇珍异宝殿的光辉。那五颜六色的云朵，巧夺天工，奇异莫测，如果云海在此时出现，满天的霞光则全部映照在“大海”中，那壮丽的景色、大自然生动的情趣，就更加令人陶醉了。
黄河金带----新霁无尘、夕阳西下时，举目远眺，在泰山的西北边，层层峰峦的尽头，还可看到黄河似一条金色的飘带闪闪发光；或是河水反射到天空、造成蜃景，均叫“黄河金带”。它波光鳞鳞，银光闪烁，黄白相间，如同金银铺就，从西南至东北，一直伸向天地交界处。清代诗人袁枚在《登泰山诗》中对黄河金带描写生动而传神：“一条黄水似衣带，穿破世间通银河”。
北京天坛 英文导游词
(Inside the South Gate of the Temple of Heaven)
Ladies and Gentlemen:
Welcome to the temple of Heaven. (After self-introduction) preserved cultural heritages of China. There are basically two kinds of visitors who come here: local pensioners who do exercises here in the morning and evening and sightseers both from home and abroad. All in all ,there are 12 million visitors very year. Now we are going to go along the route that leads to the alter. It will take roughly one hour. Mind you ,the emperor also walked along this route to pay tribute to the God of Heaven.
(Along the Southern Sacred Road leading to the Circular Mound Altar)
The largest group of architectures ever to be dedicated to Heaven ,the Temple of Heaven served as an exclusive altar for Chinese monarchs during the Ming and Qing dynasties. It was decreed that rulers of successive dynasties would place altars in their own capitals to worship Heaven and pray for good harvest. But why ?
The ancient Chinese believed that Heaven was the supreme ruler of the universe and the fate of mankind ,and thus worshiping rites dedicated to Heaven came into being.
The Heaven the ancient Chinese referred to was actually the Universe, or nature. In those days, there were specfic rites of worship. This was especially true during the Ming and Qing dynasties when elaborate ceremonies were held.
The Temple of Heaven was built in 1420 during the reign of Emperor Youngle of the Ming Dynasty. Situated in the southern part of the city ,this grand set of structures covers an area of **** hectares. To better symbolize heaven and earth ,the northern part of the Temple is circular while the southern part is square .The whole compound is enclosed by two walls, a square wall outside a round one. The outer area is characterized by suburban scenery, while the inner part is used for sacrifices. The inner enclosure consists of the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest and the Circular Mound Altar.
(Along the Imperial Passage leading from the Southern Lattice Star Gate in front of the Circular Mound Altar)
the Circular Mound Altar is enclosed by two walls ,each containing four groups of Southern Lattice Star Gate, each in turn consisting of three doors, with 24 marble doors altogether. Standing on the passage facing north, you will notice that with each pair of doors on is narrower than the other. This reflects the feudal hierarchy: the wider door was reserved for monarchs, while the narrower one was used by courtiers.
On the day of the ceremony ,the emperor would don his ritual costume and be ushered in by the official in charge of religious affairs. He ascended the three terraces in the forefront to pay tribute at the alter.
(Atop the Circular Mound Alter)
we are now on the top terrace of the Altar, or the third terrace .Each terrace has a flight of 9 steps. At the center of this terrace lies a round stone surrounded by 9 steps. At the center of this terrace lies a round stone surrounded by 9 concentric rings of stone. The number of stones in the first ring is 9, in the second ,18, up to 81 in the 9th ring. Even the number of carved balustrades on these terraces is a multiplee of 9. But why?
According to ancient Chinese philosophy, yin and yang were two opposing factors. Heaven and the odd numbers belonged to yang while the Earth and even numbers belonged to yin. Nine was the largest heavenly number accessible to man . What is more, the ancient people also believed that heaven consisted of nine layers and that the emperor` s abode was on the uppermost tier.
Once more look at the round stone in the center. The upper terrace is nine zhang (a Chinese unit of length, one zhang equals 3.3 meters ) in circumference ,while the middle is 15 zhang, the lower, 21 zhang. Classified as yang numbers, the sum of these numerals is 45 zhang which was meant to symbolized success. What is more, by applying the concept of odd numbers and strengthening nine and its multiples, the concept of heaven was thus illustrated and realized . The concept of nine will also be mentioned when we visit some other buildings.
Now I will give you a brief account of what happened here annually on the Inter Solstice. The memorial tablet dedicated to Heaven would be set up on the north side of the terrace, while tablets dedicated to the emperor `s ancestors would be enshrined on the flanks. The service would begin around 4 o` clock in the morning. All of the lanterns would be lit .In the foreground, a sacrificial calf is being barbecued. On the square in front of the altar, the emperor, under heavy escort of nearly a thousand courtiers, princes of royal blood ,musicians, dancers and uniformed soldiers, would slowly ascend the altar to offer sacrifice and pray in honor of Heaven. When the service drew to a close ,the sacrifice offered in front of the memorial tablets would be incinerated .All of participants would watch the thick smoke rise upward as if they were seeing God off .Music and dancing would follow .In the end ,the emperor would return to the Forbidden City secure in the belief that he would be blessed and protected by Heaven until the next winter Solstice.
It is interesting to note that ,the stone in the very middle of the altar was of major importance ,since it was where the emperor used to stand to say his prayer. The stone ,which is known as the God`s heart Stone, is peculiar in that it is characterized by a specific acoustic phenomenon: it made the emperor` s voice clearer and louder, thus adding to the mystic atmosphere of the service .You can try this out by yourself. (Proceed northward to pass through the Lattice StarGate)
(In front of the Gate of glazed tiles)
this structure is known as Heaven` s Storehouse. It is entered through the Gate of glazed Tiles. The roofing ,beams, and brackets are all made of glazed tiles or bricks. This is the only structure of its kind in china today .
the Heaven` s Storehouse was where memorial tablets dedicated to the gods were kept. Douglas Hurd, a former British foreigh secretary ,once said , “God attends to His affairs on the Cir4cular Mound Altar but stays here. ” Now let` s go in to to see it (Go through the left side door)
(In the courtyard of Heaven` s Storehouse)
this is the Imperial Vault of Heaven, the main structure of Heaven` s Storehouse. It was built in 1530 and is 17 meters in height and 19 meters in diameter. The structure feature blue roofs topped by a gilded ball ,and carved wooden doors and windows. It is decorated with colored paintings. Founded on a 3-meter-hign round marble terrace ,the building also features a gigantic carved marble ramp laid in the stone staircase leading up to the front entrance.. The ramp is carved in “Two dragons Playing with a pearl ” design in relief. We will enter the main hall by going up the stone staircase on the eastern side.
(On the marble terrace of the main hall)
the arch of the hall is buttressed by 16 giant pillars on two rings. On top of the pillars there are gilt brackets supporting a circular caisson ,or covered ceiling .The ceiling is characterized by a golden coiling dragon design. The 8 pillar of the inner ring are painted scarlet and decorated with golden lotuses.
To the north of the hall there is a marble pedestal. Atop it ,up a wooden flight of 9 steps, is where the major tablet dedicate to Heaven was enshrined. On each flank four tablets are enshrined in honor of the ancestors of the Qing emperors. In the annex hall in hornor of the ancestors of the Qing emperors. In the annex halls in the courtyard, there are tablets dedicated to the deities of the sun, moon ,constellation, cloud ,rain, wind and thunder.
(Echo Wall and Triple –sound Stones)
Aside from exquisitely laid out architectures, Heaven` s Storehouse is also famous for two structures with peculiar acoustic features, i. E. the Echo Wall and the Triple- Sound Stone. A mere whisper at any point close to the wall can be heard clearly on the other side, although the parties may be 40 or 50 meters apart. This is possible because the wall is round and hermetically constructed with smooth ,solid bricks.
In front of the steps leading away from the halls is the Triple Sound Stone. If you stand on the first stone and call out or clap your hands, the sound will echo once; on the second stone, the sound will be heard twice; and on the third stone, the sound will repeat three times. Hence the name. (Go out through the right door and stroll along the circular path northward)
(Nine-Dragon Cypress)
the Temple of Heaven is also famous for its cypress trees-there are more than 60,000 cypress trees in all ,among which over 4,000 are more than one hundred years old ,adding to the solemn atmosphere of the temple .This tall cypress was planted more than 500 years ago. Its thick branches and twisting trunk resembling nine coiling playful dragons; thus it is known as the Nine-Dragon cypress. It is said that this tree was here to welcome the monarchs. Now it is here to welcome visitor from all over the world.
(In the south of Chengzhen Gate)
now we are back again on the Central Axis. This brick-arched gate is known as Chengzhen (Adopting Fidelity) .This gate is the northern gate of the Circular Mound Altar and the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest. The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest is situated at the extreme end of the axis. It was used by the emperor in the first month of every lunar year for services dedicated to good harvest.
(On the Red Stairway Bridge)
entering the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest, we set foot on a raised passage 360 meters long, which the emperor also took to proceed to the hall. This broad north-south walkway, called Danbiqiao (Red Stairway bridge), connects the two sets of main building in the Temple of Heaven and constitutes a single axis.
The passage is divided into left, control and right paths by the cross arrangement of slabs. The central and the widest path is known as Heavenly Thoroughfare , which was reserved exclusively for God; nobody, including the emperor, was allowed to set foot onto it . The emperor used the path on the east ,which is known as the Imperial Walk. The ministers and princes used the one on the west .Interesting enough ,there is no walkway left for ordinary people. This is because the Temple of Heaven used to be off-limits to them.
Contrary to appearances, this walkway is not a bridge at all . But how so ? This road is 4 meters above the ground and there is a cavern underneath that was reserved for sacrificial oxen and sheep. The cattle were slaughtered at a slaughterhouse about 500 meters away and brought here for sacrifice. All in all ,it can be said this walkway did serve as bridge and can be looked upon as the first cloverleaf in Beijing.
Looking back at the thoroughfare, you may realize that this walk is gaining height toward its northern end. As people approach the architectural group of the Hall of Prayer for good Harvest, the flanking groves of cypress recede and perspective widens. Here you are in Heaven.
(Costume-Changing Terrace)
the marble terrace up ahead is called jufutai, or CostumeChanging Terrace. It is located to the east of the Red Stairway Bridge and covers a space of 25 square meters .IT has marble Slab balustrades. The day before the service ,officials in charge would put up a yellow satin tent on the terrace for the emperor to change out of his yellow dragon robe into blue ceremonial clothes. After the service, the emperor would return to the tentand change back into his imperial robe before returning to the palace. (Proceed to the South Gate of the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest)
(At the Gate of Prayer for Good Harvest)
this structure is called the Gate of Pray for Good Harvest. We can catch a slight glimpse of the central building ,the Hall of Prayer for Good harvest, though the colonnade of the Gate. A gigantic and lofty group of buildings, the complex includes the Gate of Prayer for Good Harvest, the hall of prayer for good harvest, eastern and western annex halls ,the Huanqian (Imperial heaven) Long corridor, Heaven Kitchen, slaughterhouse, etc.
the annex halls were symmetrically built on a 1.5-meter-hignbrick-and-marble terrace ,to set off the loftiness and magnificence of the main hall .This unique building ,38 meters in height, is characterized by a cone-shaped structure with triple eaves and a top that is crowned by a gilt ball. The roofing is made of blue glazed tiles, the color of the sky .Underneath the roof, the beams and bracket are decorated with colored paintings. The base of the structure is a triple-tiered, circular marble terrace. At a distance, the terrace looks like a gigantic, spiraling cloud with the structure perched on top of it .
Today the hall of prayer for good harvest is the hallmark of Beijing, which enjoys a prolonged history of civilization.
(At the base of the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest)
The base of the hall is a triple-tiered, circular marble terrace, which is 90 meters in diameter and 6 meters in height ,covering a space of 4,000 square meters. Meticulous accuracy was given to the layout of the structure. In the middle of each three-tiered flight of stairs, there is a giant marble ramp carved in cloud, dragon and phoenix designs. To set off the ramps, the top of the balustrades and downpipes are designed with corresponding floral scrolls. In southern part of each tier, a gigantic bronze incense burner is placed. Sandalwood was burnt in them when rites were observed.
(In front of the hall of Prayer for good harvest)
climbing up this marble terrace, we see the main hall ,a masterpiece of ancient China. Looking up you will see the caisson, or covered ceiling, characterized by complex designs of dragons and phoenixes. In and out , the hall is decorated with colored drawing of dragons and phoenixes.
Without the use of steel ,cement and nail, and even without the use of big beams and crossbeams, the entire structure is supported by 28 massive wooden pillars and number of bars, laths, joints and rafters. The four central pillars, called the dragon-Well Pillars, are 19.2 meters high and painted with designs of composite followers, representing the four season. There are two rings of 12 scarlet pillars each. The inner ring represents the 12 months and the outer rings the 12 divisions of the day and night .Between the two rings there are 24 partitioned spaces to mark the solar terms of the Chinese lunar year. The pillars, 28 in number, also represent the 28 constellations in the universe- the ancient Chinese believed that there were 28 constellations that made up the sky.
The center of the stone-paved floor is a round marble slab, which is 88.5 centimeters in diameter. Interestingly, the slab features natural black and white veins, corresponding to the dragon-phoenix design on the ceiling. This particular slab is known as the Dragon-phoenix stone and is regarded as a treasure inseparable from the hall.
The furnishings within the hall are placed in their original positions dating back to when Emperor Xianfeng ruled .In the forefront and above the throne are enshrined tablets in commemoration of Heaven. On either table on each side tablets of the emperor` s ancestors were placed. Each tablet is fronted by an altar. A total of 24 kinds of offering were made on it ,including soup, wine, assorted cereals, and a calf.
The sacrificial rites were observed in the wee hours of the morning, sometime in the first month of the Chinese lunar year. Because it was still dark, candles, lanterns and torches were lit. This lighting coupled with the incense being burnt inside the hall ,helped make the ceremony both grand and mystical.
By the time the service began,207 musicians and dancers would be performing on platforms outside the hall. The emperor, in his blue sacrificial robe and with an air of piety and sincerity, would walk slowly into the hall, kowtow, and offer wine and prayer in hornor of the deities and his ancestors. All of the offerings would then be taken to incinerators on the eastern side of the gate of prayer for Good Harvest. With this we conclude our visit to the Temper of Heaven. The feudal monarchs and their sacrificial rites have long vanished in history .However, this group of magnificent and lofty structures remain as a fine testament of the ancient Chinese` s ingenuity and as one of the cultural heritages of mankind.
(On the Long Corridor)
From the Eastern Gate of the hall of prayer for good harvest, we have now enter a 300-meter-long corridor. Consisting of 72 sections, this corridor served as a connecting building between the Slaughterhouse. Heaven Kitchen, and the main hall ,It is said that this once served as a sacrificial food production line. Flanking the corridor are shopping stalls. You may find some souvenirs for your family and friend there.
Well ,that is all for this tour. Thank you for your attention. I look forward to your next visit. Good luck and bon voyage.
首先请看正面的这条河，这就是中国的第二条大河----黄河。众所周知，她发源于青海省巴颜喀拉山，在山东省注入大海，全长5464公里，流域面积752000平方公里。黄河的源头是一股清泉，但是由于游经中游的黄土高原，大量的泥沙流入河中，所以到了下游时，竟成了世界上最混浊的河。
诸位请看周围的山，这一带的山称邙山，一直从洛阳绵郑州，过去是荒山秃领，经过绿化，现已是浓阴覆盖。游览区的一些参观项目就掩映在这绿色之中。
诸位请往左边的山上看，那里有游览区的另一个重点项目----古代黄河治水传说中的大禹的像。耸立在黄河岸边峭壁上的这座石像,高10米，重150吨。左手握一像锄头似的工具，右手高举，目光炯炯凝视着河的远方。大禹的父亲鲧也曾治水，但最终失败。大禹治水时，总结教训，发明新方法，缍成功。并打下政治权力的基础，成为中国第一个王朝-----夏朝之王。
为了继承和发扬优秀的黄河文明，现在山下正兴建一座将由三千块碑组成的黄河碑林。碑林集中了从唐朝至现代前来这里瞻仰黄河的诗人和文人们的作品，一旦完工，可与集中了历代石碑的西安碑林相媲美。
今后希望大家铭记我们的黄河，还有郑州和中国
这个游览区位于郑州市西北，距市内约三十公里，南依岳山，北临黄河。今天主要请大家看一看滔滔好宽阔的河床，以及这周围的景色。
首先请看正面的这条河，这就是中国的第二条大河----黄河。众所周知，她发源于青海省巴颜喀拉山，在山东省注入大海，全长5464公里，流域面积752000平方公里。黄河的源头是一股清泉，但是由于游经中游的黄土高原，大量的泥沙流入河中，所以到了下游时，竟成了世界上最混浊的河。
诸位请看周围的山，这一带的山称邙山，一直从洛阳绵郑州，过去是荒山秃领，经过绿化，现已是浓阴覆盖。游览区的一些参观项目就掩映在这绿色之中。
诸位请往左边的山上看，那里有游览区的另一个重点项目----古代黄河治水传说中的大禹的像。耸立在黄河岸边峭壁上的这座石像,高10米，重150吨。左手握一像锄头似的工具，右手高举，目光炯炯凝视着河的远方。大禹的父亲鲧也曾治水，但最终失败。大禹治水时，总结教训，发明新方法，缍成功。并打下政治权力的基础，成为中国第一个王朝-----夏朝之王。
为了继承和发扬优秀的黄河文明，现在山下正兴建一座将由三千块碑组成的黄河碑林。碑林集中了从唐朝至现代前来这里瞻仰黄河的诗人和文人们的作品，一旦完工，可与集中了历代石碑的西安碑林相媲美。
今后希望大家铭记我们的黄河，还有郑州和中国
黄河是一条雄浑壮阔的自然之河，一条润泽万物生灵的生命之河，一条亘古不息奔腾渲泄的文化之河。
走近黄河，感触黄河，拥抱黄河——郑州黄河游览区为您提供了理想场所！
她位于郑州西北30公里处。南依巍巍岳山，北临滔滔黄河。雄浑壮美的大河风光，源远流长的文化景观，以及地上“悬河”的起点、黄土高原的终点、黄河中下游的分界线等一系列独特的地理特征、使这里成为融观光游览、科学研究、弘扬华夏文化、科普教育为一体的大河型省级风景名胜区，成为国家旅游专线——黄河之旅的龙头。
尊敬的女士们、先生们：
今天，我们将参观秦兵马俑博物馆。秦兵马俑博物馆位于酉安市东35公里处，从喜来登酒店坐车到那里大约需要50分钟时间。自秦兵马俑博物馆于1979年10月1日开馆至今，已有为效众多国家的党政首脑都参观过这个博物馆，更有数以百万计的中外游客不远干里来参观这个人类奇迹。法国总统希拉克曾留言说过：“世界上原有七大奇迹，秦兵马俑的发现，可以说是第八大奇迹了。不看金字塔．不算真正到过埃及‘不看秦俑，不算真正到过中国。”美国前副总统蒙代尔也说；“这是真正的奇迹。全世界人民都应该到这里看一看。”从这些高度凝练的话语中，我们不难看出秦俑的历史价值及艺术价值。下面，我想把秦始皇这位成就一代伟业的历史巨人介绍给诸位，以便使大家能对秦始皇兵马俑和与之相关的历史有一个较详尽的了解。
谈秦兵马俑，必须先介绍一下面赢政。公元前259年，一代伟人赢政诞生了。13岁时，其父死后．他继承了王位。按照泰国惯例．国王在22岁举行过“加冕礼”以后，才可以亲自执政。当时．秦国的大权仍攀握在太后、相国吕不韦、宦官谬瘪(160 6i)手中。特别是螺贞．手握大权，炙手可热，他见宛改逐渐长大，便阴谋叛乱．夺取政权。公元前238年，22岁的赢政去故都雍城纳新年宫举行加冕礼。谬酉在从霸年宫回咸阳的路上埋下伏兵，准备将赢政杀死。当赢政察觉此事后，凭优势兵力订败锣盔，将其生擒并车裂致死。赢政亲致以后．以吕不韦放纵嫁亮为名，放逐日不韦。吕不韦后来饮毒洒自毙。这样，赢政顺利地消灭了政权内部的两大敌对势力，巩固了自身的地位。
为了进一步巩固君主权力，赢政选用了一批精明强干酌文臣武将，如掌握军事的尉缭，攀管国欧的李斯。接着，赢政制定了远交近攻、离间外敌、各个击破的战赂方针，开始统一中国，结束了春秋战国以来长达500多年各诸侯国割据称雄的混乱局面。从公元前230年到公元前221年，在不到io年的时间里，泰国灭亡了6国，终于完成了统一大业，建立了第一个中央集权的封建国家，为封建社会经济、政治、思想文化的迅速发展奠定了基础。这又一次显示了赢政的维才大赂。
赢政称自己为始皇帝．因为他希望他的子孙后代能把他所创立的政权干代万代传下去。为此．他整顿了官僚制度。第一．从中央到地方的官吏全由他亲自任免；第二，废除分封制，推行郡县制。第三．秦始皇还统一了法律、文字、货币、度量衡等。这些措施极大地推动了封建社会政治、经济、文化的发展。另外，他还征用劳役，广修驰道，使各地交通便利，以利经济文化的交流。他将战国时期秦、赵、燕三国修筑的长城连在一起后．又加以扩展，形成了西起甘肃临挑，东到辽东因石的万里长城，有效地遏制tjb方游牧部族对案朝的骚扰。
中国皇帝大都为自己营造巨大而豪华的陵墓。在这一点上，案始皇也不例外。在他13岁刚即位时，就下令为其修建陵墓。这座原高120米．周长2000多米的巨大陵丘、虽经风雨侵蚀和人为破坏，现在仍有76米之高，g长400多米之大．案始皇把都城威阳微缩于自己的陵园内，其布局几乎完全相同。陵园内城西北部为献殿建筑区，陵东北部洼地是用以祭记的养鱼池，陵园外城西北角是石料加工场．陵西外城之外是一个大坟场。据史书记载，秦朝全国总人口约2000万，壮丁不过700万，而筑陵时，壮丁最多达70万，可见工程之浩大。
案始皇的陵寝如同一座庞大的地下宫殿，真可谓是一座地下“福地天堂”。墓室屋顶有天文星宿图，t是由各种均馅生辉的珠宝构成的，下边有五岳、九州以及由机械驱动水银构成的江河湖海。另外，还没有让百官朝拜案始皇的大厅。为防止盗威，每座墓门上都安有自动发射的弓箭。整个陵墓可以说是一个金碧辉煌，固若金汤的地下王官。案始皇把生前所享受的一切也搬到了地下．供他在另一个世界继续享用。他连那些为他伴驾b不曾生育的宫女，以及辛勤修建地下陵寝的工匠们都不放过．下令在他人殆时，将这些人统统活埋，为的是不让宫女外嫁他人，不让陵寝内的秘密泄露。
现在，我们面对的是秦俑馆一号坑，坑里就是号称“世界第八大奇迹”的秦兵马俑。面对威武整肃的庞大军阵，你们的脑子里一定会闪现如下问题：这些秦佣是怎么发现的？为什么他们的相貌各异？为什么要制作这些俑？1、2、3号坑里共有多少俑等等。好，现在我就一一回答大家的这些问题。
这些俑是1974年3月西杨村农民们在打井的过程中发现的。据村里的老人讲．早在明朝，就有人在这里发现了秦俑。有一天，住在村里的难民在村外空地上订了一口井，井水清澈，甚是喜人，可是第二天他们却发现井底的水不见了。他们中胆大的腰系绳子，下去查看。不一会儿．井里传来惊叫声，上面的人暖紧把井里的人拉上来。这人说，他看见一个站立着的、身穿盔甲的怪物．伸手要抓他。听者都非常害怕，想赶快用土回填那口井。但他们最终决定报告文物部门。
经过考古专家们的勘探、鉴定．秦捅馆内的t、2、3号坑被确认为案始皇棱的陪葬坑。从1974年到1979年，经过5年的艰苦努力，在1号坑遗址上矗立起一座气势宏伟、结构科学的建筑物。这就是1979年10月对国内外游客开放的素兵马俑1号坑。3号坑在1989年9月27日——世界旅游日对外开放。现在，在2号坑的遗址上，一座大理石建筑又落成了，它于1994年11月开始接待游客。从此，3个俑坑全都被保护在建筑物里，不再经受风吹日晒雨淋。在供游人观看、怀古的同时，考古工作者们还在这里继续发掘整理兵马俑。
经测量，1号坑东西长330米，南北宽62米，面积4260平方米。侗坑的最东端是3gf面向东的武士，每排7个，共210个捅。他们是部队的前锋。前锋部队的后面为部队的主体，他们被诽成38路纵队，站在11个坑道里。每个坑道都是青砖铺地，坑道内例的两边，每隔2米就有1根立柱。这些立柱支撑着木质屋顶，屋顶上是织成“人”字形的纹席．席上是土。整个坑道距地表5米深。另外，在坑道的南、北、西三面备有一列面向外的武士．他们分别是部队的右翼、左翼和后卫。现在，1号坑已出土1000多件陶桶。根据推剿．全部发掘完后．仅1号坑就将出土6000多个兵马桶。
这里是1994年11月开放的2号坑。它是由车兵、骑兵和步兵构成的曲尺形方阵。估计可出土兵侗1000多件，车马和鞍马500多匹。2号坑占地6000平方米。它东面突出部分为一个小方阵，6334个弯兵桶组成。2号坑南部为64乘战车组成纳方阵，每排有8辆战车，共8诽；中部为19辆战车和随车徒手兵涌；北部是战车和骑兵。北部是由战车6乘、鞍马和骑兵各124件组成的骑兵阵。
现在，我们来到了3号坑，它位于2号坑西边25米处。这个坑是1976年发现的。它里凹字形，占地520平方米。在3号坑里，考古专家们只发现1辆战车和64件武士捅。它们两两相对站立，手捏仪卫兵器曼(sh6)。大多数考古专家认为，从这个坑里武士的排列方式和手中所握的兵器，以及该坑与秦陵的位置来判断，3号坑是整个军阵的指挥部。据估计，等1、2、3导坑全部开损后，将出土8000多件陶佰。这些佰相貌各异：有的沉稳刚毅，有的英勇果敢，有的慈善含笑。可谓杨杨如生，神情各异。因为，它们全是根据秦始皇彻林军中的将士们制作的，因此，在8000“地下御林军”中，弥绝对找不到两个相貌、形体相同的捅。他们一个个气废不凡，最重的有300多公斤，员轻的也有100多公斤，身高从1．7米到1．9米不等。如果大家仔细观瞧，不难分辨出兵桶中履些是陕酉人，娜些是四川人，哪些是甘肃东部人。这从他们的胡须梳理方式和长相即可看出。我们很多人在电影中都见过日本人的“仁丹须”．其实，案便中就有蓄仁丹胡酌，可见，这并不是日本人的发明，早在2000多年前，中国就有人留这种胡须了。
那些穿窄袖战袍外套，披挂齐腰短甲，脚登紧带兽皮鞋，头戴防风妇的，显然是机警的骑兵。那个左脚着地，s膝弓起，右腿脆地，有脚底向后翘起的为跪射佰。
他双目乎视前方，神情专注。这个涌鞋底的针角，两头细致续密．中间疏稀．完全符合历支真实。在五六十年代的陕西农村，很多农民仍喜欢穿这种挂、只是鞋尖不向上朗翘而已。几乎每个捅的衣襟上都刻有工匠的姓名，这符合“物勒工名，以考其诚”的制度。我们今天实行的产品质量监督管理制度，秦人2000年前就已采用了。
涌坑中约马屑典型的河西走廊马。它身高l 5米，长2米，分为头、颈、躯干和腿四部分。腿为实心，躯干中空，分段烧制，再组合在一起。马的两耳宜立，体型健壮优美。由此可看出，秦人不愧为养马世族。大家也许要问秦始皇为什么要为他制作数量如此之多的兵马桶呢?它们是怎样烧制成的呢?原来，秦始皇曾想用4000童男童女为其殉葬。他降旨令李斯承办此事。李斯心中惧怕．未敢马上执行此令。因为，6造秦腔．建筑长城已惹得民怨沸腾，再让如此众多的童男室女殉葬，岂不是火上浇油吗?他将来恐怕也死无葬身之地。于是，李斯向美始皇建议；制作与其人真马一样大小的兵马桶，守护其亡灵，以壮声威。闻听此官，秦始皇大喜，他重新降旨，让李斯征集全国的能工巧匠．以他的8060御林军为原型．q作陶佰。这些桶必须手握实战兵器按实战队形排列，秦始皇再三嘱咐李斯，此事万不能叫御林军知道。因为秦朝民间流传一个说法，如果一个人被别人复制成柄．其魂也就被勾走了．这可是大忌。案始皇当然不愿惹怒他喜爱的曰林军了。工匠们纷纷去找询林军中自己的亲戚、朋友、老乡、熟人，仔细观察其容貌特征，并默记于心。回去后，工匠们用模压、塑捏、刻画、贴条等手法制成陶佰，然后放在窑里烧。可是，放进去的陶佰全都被烧炸了，工匠们百思不解其中原因。后来，一个工匠为发泄对监工的仇恨，把制好的监工陶涌的头去掉，将其四肢“削”去，用手“掏净”其内脏，放到窑里分段烧。这一次竟没炸窑。他把头和四肢装在佰身上，一个活生生的监工出现了。，由此，工匠们开始了大规模的制捅工程。8000御林军捅就这样被造了出来。
当然，案兵马桶是借庞大的军队，来显示秦始皇灭六国、建立统一帝目的雄心壮志酌。这些兵涌手执短兵器、长兵器和远射兵器，如剑、铱、吴钩、矛t戈、曼、裁、铰、弓、弯等。这些兵器主要是用铜和锡做成的，经分析里边还含有其它13种稀有金属。为防止兵器生锈，案人在兵器表面徐有一层铬盐氧化物，这种镀铬技术在本世纪20年代才由檀国人发明出来，而我国在2000多年前就开始在兵器上镀铬，这实在令人叹跟。现已出土的弯机，分小、中、大三种类型。前两种舀机，案兵用手拉弓弦就可以，而大型弯机，荣兵必须借助杠杆．才能将弓弦拉到扳机上。大型露机的射程为600多米，可比得上一支老式步枪了。
这是1980年在案陵西边18米处发现的两乘青铜车马。一号车马为驷马高车，二号车马为骡马安车。韧发现时，这两乘车马破损严重，尤其是供秦始皇灵魂乘坐的安车，已破碎成1500多片．经考古工作者修复后，现在，它们看上去完好如韧。两乘车的车、马、人都是仿照真车、真马、真人，按比例缩小二分之一制成的，仅安车上金银饰物就有1720件，重达7公斤。钢车马给人的不仅是艺术享受，更为重要的是．它们具有重要的历史价值和科学价值。铜车马是我们了解、研究秦朝车制、冶金铸造技术、工艺水平等不可多得的实物资科。虽然．英雄一世，创立无数伟绩的秦始皇——赢政早已去世2000多年了，但是，他的伟绩，以及现存的兵马桶留给人们的思考是什么呢?或者说，我们能从上述事物中吸取些什么呢?我想，敢创历史先河、为国家统一不惧死亡的铝赂和勇气是我们应该吸取和仿效的。一代伟人赢政横扫六国、统一中国的非凡气度和魄力仍不失为我们今天克服前进路上的障碍的巨大动力。一个民族．一个国家想要富强，没有这种气魄是不行的!
各位，今天请大家参观的是郑州市黄河游览区，这个游览区位于郑州市西北，距市内约三十公里，南依岳山，北临黄河。今天主要请大家看一看滔滔好宽阔的河床，以及这周围的景色。
首先请看正面的这条河，这就是中国的第二条大河----黄河。众所周知，她发源于青海省巴颜喀拉山，在山东省注入大海，全长5464公里，流域面积752000平方公里。黄河的源头是一股清泉，但是由于游经中游的黄土高原，大量的泥沙流入河中，所以到了下游时，竟成了世界上最混浊的河。
诸位请看周围的山，这一带的山称邙山，一直从洛阳绵郑州，过去是荒山秃领，经过绿化，现已是浓阴覆盖。游览区的一些参观项目就掩映在这绿色之中。
诸位请往左边的山上看，那里有游览区的另一个重点项目----古代黄河治水传说中的大禹的像。耸立在黄河岸边峭壁上的这座石像,高10米，重150吨。左手握一像锄头似的工具，右手高举，目光炯炯凝视着河的远方。大禹的父亲鲧也曾治水，但最终失败。大禹治水时，总结教训，发明新方法，缍成功。并打下政治权力的基础，成为中国第一个王朝-----夏朝之王。
为了继承和发扬优秀的黄河文明，现在山下正兴建一座将由三千块碑组成的黄河碑林。碑林集中了从唐朝至现代前来这里瞻仰黄河的诗人和文人们的作品，一旦完工，可与集中了历代石碑的西安碑林相媲美
河南位于中国的中东部，黄河中下游，有16万7千平方公里的土地和9200万人口。河南是从公元前21世纪的夏代到公元13世纪的金代这3500年间，先后有20多个朝代、200多位帝王的都城都在河南境内。中国七大古都中的洛阳、开封、安阳都在河南,其中洛阳是九朝古都，开封是七朝古都，安阳是最古老的四朝古都。 历史遗留下来的大量文物古迹，使河南成为,—本用实物积累起来的，可以走进去、摸得着的历史教科书,一座巨大的、天然的历史博物馆。
河南是一个寻根朝敬的圣地。传说创造人类的伏羲和女娲的主要活动区域都在河南，现在淮阳的西华分别有他们的陵墓，仍然香火旺盛。海内外华人都称自己是炎黄子孙.炎帝的故都在淮阳，黄帝的故都、故里在新郑。包公、岳飞、诸葛亮、张巡等历史名人，都在河南留下了许多遗迹和脍炙人口的传说故事。河南不仅有开封包公祠、洛阳关林、汤阴岳飞庙、南阳武候祠等保存完好、规模可观的古迹，还有大量与这些名人相关的文化。河南是华人姓氏的重要发源地，海外陈、林、黄、郑、李等上百个大姓和"客家人”、“闽南人”、“河洛郎”等族群的起源地都在河南。在安阳可以看到汉字的发源地---出土甲骨文的殷墟和周易的发源地---汤阴羑里城。在豫东的夏邑和鹿邑,可以拜谒儒教创始人孔子的祖籍---孔子还乡祠和道教鼻祖老子的故里---老君台和上清宫。洛阳白马寺是中国第一座佛教寺院，佛教由此而传入中国。登封少林寺是佛教禅宗的发源地，被奉为禅宗祖庭。九朝古都洛阳和七朝古都开封是旅游者了解东方文化必到之处。洛阳龙门石窟集北魏和盛唐石窟艺术之大成，唐代石刻艺术的代表作，其规模、观赏性和艺术价值都堪称世界一流，而且是中国三大石窟中交通最便利，可进入性最强的一个.嵩山少林寺称得上是中国数以万计的佛教寺院中最著名的一座，少林武术对东西方旅游者都有较强的吸引引力和观赏性。少林寺塔林是全国规模最大的塔林。登封观星台是世界上最著名的古代天文台之一。元代科学家郭守敬以此为中心观测天象，编制授时历，比现在世界通用的公历《格里高利历》早300年，但测定的回归年时间与其分秒不差。
河南还有不少独特旅游吸引物，如洛阳牡丹花，每年4月花会期间，满城花海，游人如潮。黄河流经河南700多公里，其间既有三门峡水库的碧波荡漾，又有郑州黄河游览区的波澜壮阔，更有开封河床高出地面的14米的“悬河”奇观。黄河小浪底水利枢纽工程竣工之后，高峡出平湖的景观，将展现在世人面前。近年来开辟的“大黄河游”、有惊无险的“黄河漂”和黄河紫燕洞，被曰本游客誉为“充满野趣和史诗般的辉煌”.郑州的中岳高山、洛阳的龙门山、信阳的鸡公山、焦作的云台山和济源王屋山猕猴自然保护区，都是国家级风景名胜区。近年开发的石人山、白云山、喳岈山、桐柏山、林滤山、万仙山、鸡冠洞、南湾湖等奇山秀水以及林州红旗渠、太行山大峡谷等等，都吸引了大批国内游客.
十几年来，国家旅游局和我省相继推出的黄河之旅、寻根朝敬、古都巡游、功夫游等20多条旅游线路，经过不断的推销和运作，已经曰渐成熟和完善。经过持续不断的开发和建设、河南正曰益成为一个新兴的旅游胜地，全省目前已有可供参观和游览的景点、项目200多个，其中国家级的风景名胜区4个，省级风景名胜区19个，有12条旅游专线，89处景点被列入国家级的旅游线路. 在99生态环境旅游年里，河南推出的有商丘、黄河故道、洛阳黄河小浪底、信阳南湾湖野生动植物观赏；开封经郑州到洛阳的自行车旅游；郑州、洛阳和三门峡的黄河漂流；新乡刘庄、小冀镇与临颖南街村的农村田园风光和信阳、郑州采茶、植树六条专项旅游线路，鸡公山、王屋山、嵩山、白云山、亚武山、宝天曼等12个森林公园和生态游景区；中国植树节——黄河跨世纪植树活动、洛阳牡丹花会、三门峡国际黄河旅游节、信阳茶叶节、新郑枣乡风情游、石人山杜鹃花会、灵宝金城果会、林州国际滑翔旅游节、开封菊花花会等九个节庆活动. 我们热情欢迎各位朋友到河南观光旅游，辽阔的中原大地欢迎您，热情好客的河南人民欢迎您，相信你一定不虚此行。
参考资料：www.u0371.net
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