初中英语句子结构及作用

初中英语句型结构~

基本句型一： S+V （主＋谓）
基本句型二： S+V+P （主＋谓＋表）
基本句型三： S+V+O （主＋谓＋宾）
基本句型四： S+V+o+O （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
基本句型五： S+V+O+C （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）

基本句型 一
此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。
这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
S+V （不及物动词）
1. The sun │was shining.
2. The moon │rose.
3. The universe │remains.
4. We all │breathe, eat, and drink.
5. Lucy and Mary │get up early every morning.
6. What he said │does not matter.
7. They │had talked for half an hour when I came in.
8. His parents │have worked in the factory for more than ten years.
基本句型 二
此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。
S+V（是系动词）+ P
1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary.
2. The dinner │smells │good.
3. He │fell │in love.
4. Everything │looks │different.
5. He │is growing │tall and strong.
6. The trouble │is │that they are short of money.
7. Our well │has gone │dry.
8. His face │turned │red.
附：
联系动词（Link Verb）本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语，例如：
He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。（fell是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。）
He fell off the ladder. 他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词，单独作谓语。
1）状态系动词
用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：
He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）
2）持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：
He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
3）表像系动词
用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：
He looks tired. 他看起来很累。
He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。
4）感官系动词
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：
This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。
This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。
5）变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。
She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。
6）终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如：
The rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。
The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。
His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）

基本句型 三
此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。
S+V（及物动词）+O
1. Who │knows │the answer?
2. She │smiled │her thanks.
3. He │has refused │to help them.
4. He │enjoys │reading.
5. They │ate │what was left over.
6. He │said │"Good morning."
7. I │want │to have a cup of tea.
8. He │admits │that he was mistaken.
基本句型 四
此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。
通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，这一介词往往被省略。
S +V（及物）+o（多指人）+O（多指物）
1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress.
2. She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal.
3. He │brought │you │a dictionary.
4. He │denies │her │nothing.
5. I │showed │him │my pictures.
6. I │gave │my car │a wash.
7. I │told │him │that the bus was late.
8. He │showed │me │how to run the machine.
基本句型 五
此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。
S+V（及物）+O（宾语）+C（宾补）
1. They │appointed │him │manager.
2. They │painted │the door │green.
3. This │set │them │thinking.
4. They │found │the house │deserted.
5. What │makes │him │think so?
6. We │saw │him │out.
7. He │asked │me │to come back soon.
8. I │saw │them │getting on the bus.
但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。下面以基本句型五为例：
We found the hall full. 我们发现礼堂坐满了。
We found the great hall full of students and teachers. 我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师。
We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report.
我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听一个重要报告。
We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by a comrade from the People's Daily on current affairs in East Europe.
我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听人民日报的一位同志作有关东欧局势的重要报告。
不同的动词使用的句型也不尽一样，因此在学习动词时，应掌握动词的类型。以 get 为例：
He's getting angry. (S V C)
He got through the window. (S V M)
You'll get a surprise. (S V O)
He got his shoes and socks wet. (S V O C)
He got himself into trouble. (S V O M)
He got her a splendid present. (S V 0 O)
在句子中词类和词的位置也影响句子的句型和意思:
I found the book easily.我很容易地找到了这本书。（S V O M）
I found the book easy. 我觉得这本书很容易。 （S V O C）
I have to do something. 我得做点事。
I have something to do. 我有点事做。

1. 主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物。
The sun rises in the east （名词） He likes dancing. （代词）
Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词）
To see is to believe.（不定式） What he needs is a book.（主语从句）
It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.
（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）
(一）指出下列句中主语的中心词
① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
② There is an old man coming here.
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
2. 谓语（predicate）：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。
We study English. He is asleep.
(二). 选出句中谓语的中心词
① I don't like the picture on the wall. A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall
② The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer
③ Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus
④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon
⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast
3. 表语（predicative）：系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。
He is a teacher. （名词） Seventy-four! You don’t look it. （代词）
Five and five is ten. （数词） He is asleep. （形容词）
His father is in.（副词） The picture is on the wall. (介词短语)
My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词）
The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）
（常见的系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）, remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感觉）……
It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange.
Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.
The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.
The door remains open. Now I feel tired.
(三) 挑出下列句中的表语
① The old man was feeling very tired. ② Why is he worried about Jim?
③ The leaves have turned yellow. ④ Soon They all became interested in the subject.
⑤ She was the first to learn about it.
4. 宾语：1）动宾表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如：
I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词）
How many do you need? We need two. （数词）I enjoy working with you. （动名词）
I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句）
2） 介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾
Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks.
3） 双宾语-----间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）
He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.
(四) 挑出下列句中的宾语
① My brother hasn't done his homework.
② People all over the world speak English.
③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
④ How many new words did you learn last class?
⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?
5. 宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。
We elected him monitor. （名词） We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. （名词）
We will make them happy. （形容词） We found nobody in. ( 副词 )
Please make yourself at home. （介词短语） Don’t let him do that. （省to不定式）
His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带to不定式）
Don’t keep the lights burning. （现在分词） I’ll have my bike repaired. （过去分词）
(五) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
② He asked her to take the boy out of school.
③ She found it difficult to do the work.
④ They call me Lily sometimes.
⑤ I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.
⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?
6. 定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。
Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词） He is our friend. （代词）
We belong to the third world.（数词） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）
The man over there is my old friend.(副词)
The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)
The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）
The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词）
I have an idea to do it well.（不定式） You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）
(六) 挑出下列句中的定语
① They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name.
② What is your given name?
③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
7. 状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。（以下例句按上述顺序排列）
I will go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meeting room.
The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well.
He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much.
If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike.
Though he is young, he can do it well.
(七) 挑出下列句中的状语
① There was a big smile on her face.
② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.
④ The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.
⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
(八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语
① Please tell us a story.
② My father bought a new bike for me last week.
③ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.
④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.
⑤ Did he leave any message for me?

参 考 答 案
(一) ① teacher ② man ③ dictionary ④ To do
(二) ① B ② A ③ C ④ A ⑤ C
(三) ① tired ② worried ③ yellow ④ interested ⑤ first
(四) ① his homework ② English ③ your pronunciation ④ new words ⑤ to go swimming
(五) ① to read newspapers and books in the reading-room ② to take the boy out of school
③ Lily ④ get on the bus ⑤ playing football on the playground
(六) ① family ② given ③ third ④ some ⑤ downstairs
(七) ① on the face ② Every night ③ when he was eleven ④ fast ⑤ off
(八) ① us, 间接宾语 a story, 直接宾语 ② me, 间接宾语 a new bike, 直接宾语
③ us, 间接宾语 history, 直接宾语 ④ Tom, 间接宾语 it, 直接宾语
⑤ me, 间接宾语 message, 直接宾语

句子的基本结构
一、句子的基本成分
句子的基本成分有以下几种：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语、同位语。

1、主语：句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由名词、代词、不定式、动名词或从句担当，位于句首。
The boy needs a pen.
Smoking is bad for you.

2、谓语：说明主语的动作或状态。由动词或系动词加表语担任，常置于主语后。
The train leaves at 6 o’clock.
She is reading.

3、宾语：表示动作的对象。一般由名词或代词担当，常置于谓语后。
He won the game.
He likes playing computer.

4、表语：用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。一般由名词或形容词担任，置于系动词之后。
He is a student.
We are tired.
注意：除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，
1)表感官的动词: feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。
2)表转变变化的动词: become, get, grow, turn, go等。
3)表延续的动词: remain, keep, hold, stay, rest等。

5、定语：对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子。
The black bike is mine.（形容词）
The boy in blue is Jim.（介词短语）
I have nothing to do today.（动词不定式）
注意：1、当定语修饰不定代词如：nothing , anything , everything , something 等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语。例如： I tell him something interesting.
2、不定式、短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。例如：
The boys who are in the room are playing games.

6、状语：用以修饰adj. /v. /adv.及全句，位置灵活。
1、修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；
I am very sorry.
2、表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首。
In order to cheer him up, I told him the truth.
They are writing English in the classroom.
3、一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。
We often help him.
He is always late for class.

7、补语：补充说明宾语的情况。由n./adj./介宾/分词/不定式等担任。常位于宾语后。
He made me sad.（形容词）
She asks me to take an umbrella.（不定式）
The war made him a soldier.（名词）
I find him at home.（介词短语）
I saw a cat running along the wall.（分词）

8、同位语：同位语是句子成分的一种, 它位于名词、代词后面, 说明它们的性质和情况, 它可以由名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。
Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy.
I myself will do the experiment.
She is the oldest among them six.

二、句子的基本分类
1、按使用目的，句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
1）陈述句：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如：
Light travels faster than sound. 光比声传播速度快。（说明事实）
The film is rather boring. 这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）
2）疑问句：提出问题。有以下四种：
a. 一般疑问句：
Can you finish the work in time?
b. 特殊疑问句：
Where do you live?
c. 选择疑问句：
Do you want tea or coffee?
d. 反意疑问句：
He doesn't know her, does he?
3）祈使句：提出请求，建议或发出命令。例如：
Don't be nervous!
4）感叹句：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。例如：
What good news it is!

2、按其结构，句子可以分为以下三类：
1）简单句：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句。例如：
She is fond of collecting stamps.
2）并列句：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。例如：
The food was good, but he had little appetite.
3）复合句：包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导。例如：
The film had begun when we got to the cinema.

三、句子的基本结构
1、简单句
1. Things changed.
2. Trees are green.
3. We don’t like children.
4. He gave his sister a piano.
5. I found the book interesting.

2、并列句
This is me and these are my friends.
They must stay in water, or they will die.
It’s not cheap, but it is very good.
It was late, so I went to bed.

四、句子的扩写
1. The children played.
Lots of lovely children from China played happily in the park this morning.
2. The boy lent me a book.
The kind boy in blue coat lent me a very interesting book several days ago, and I love it so much.

句子的基本结构综合训练
一、指出下列划线部分的基本成分。
1. Our school is not far from my home.
2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you
3. All of us considered him honest.
4. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.
5. Her job is to look after the babies.
6. We need a place twice larger than this one.
7. He goes to school by bike.
8. The man over there is my old friend.
9. What he needs is a book.
10. I must leave right now.

二、指出下列句子属于哪种基本句子结构。
1. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.
2. He broke a piece of glass.
3. He asked us to sing an English song.
4. We will make our school more beautiful.
5. Trees turns green in spring.
6. He came finally last night.
7. Her voice sounds sweet.
8. The meeting will be held in the meetingroom.
9. Mary handed her homework to the teacher.
10. He made it clear that he would leave the city.

三、写出下列句子。
1、她学习很努力。
2、我昨天早上遇见了Lily。
3、五年前我住在北京。
4、你必须在两周以内看完这些书。
5、布朗夫人看起来很健康。
6、这个主意听起来很有趣。
7、我爸爸上个月给我买了一辆崭新的自行车。
8、他的父母给他取名为John。
9、这个学校有一名音乐老师和一名美术老师。
10、我认为他聪明又有趣。

四、扩展下列句子。
1. I went to school.
2. I got a book.
3. He left.

句子的基本结构
一、句子的基本成分
句子的基本成分有以下几种：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语、同位语。

1、主语：句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由名词、代词、不定式、动名词或从句担当，位于句首。
The boy needs a pen.
Smoking is bad for you.

2、谓语：说明主语的动作或状态。由动词或系动词加表语担任，常置于主语后。
The train leaves at 6 o’clock.
She is reading.

3、宾语：表示动作的对象。一般由名词或代词担当，常置于谓语后。
He won the game.
He likes playing computer.

4、表语：用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。一般由名词或形容词担任，置于系动词之后。
He is a student.
We are tired.
注意：除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，
1)表感官的动词: feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。
2)表转变变化的动词: become, get, grow, turn, go等。
3)表延续的动词: remain, keep, hold, stay, rest等。

5、定语：对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子。
The black bike is mine.（形容词）
The boy in blue is Jim.（介词短语）
I have nothing to do today.（动词不定式）
注意：1、当定语修饰不定代词如：nothing , anything , everything , something 等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语。例如： I tell him something interesting.
2、不定式、短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。例如：
The boys who are in the room are playing games.

6、状语：用以修饰adj. /v. /adv.及全句，位置灵活。
1、修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；
I am very sorry.
2、表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首。
In order to cheer him up, I told him the truth.
They are writing English in the classroom.
3、一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。
We often help him.
He is always late for class.

7、补语：补充说明宾语的情况。由n./adj./介宾/分词/不定式等担任。常位于宾语后。
8、同位语：同位语是句子成分的一种, 它位于名词、代词后面, 说明它们的性质和情况, 它可以由名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。

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