求英译汉，不要直译！！！！！！！！！！！！

求高手翻译~!! 不要直译的~~~!~

请专职翻译吧。

Equally the funding may be public or private （often on a ‘charitable basis’）or a combination of both where there is free access. Today many public facilities exist not because they are provided by the public authorities, nor indeed because of any notion of public spiritedness on the part of the private sector，but rather as part of a bargaining process whereby the public authorities extract economic rent from land-use and other developers in the form of the latter providing citizens with a range of facilities that they would not provide if standard commercially criteria were applied。
相等的，资金也许来自公家或私人（通常以慈善方式）或对于免费进入的，两者兼有。现今许多公共设施的存在不是政府当局所提供的，也不是来自于私营部门的任何公益意识，而是政府部门与使用土地及其他的开发商交易过程的一部分，前者要求后者为公民提供一系列的设施取代前者收取的租金，而这些设施按标准商业考虑是不会提供的。

For example，a land-use developer may feel it commercially desirable to leave some open spaces and provide parks to increase the value of the properties that are being developed；the planning authorities ，taking a wider social perspective，may insist，however，on more open space and landscaped parks at the expenses of fewer houses or offices. The private sector is thus encouraged to fund public facilities because of the external benefits conferred，but at the expense of rent maximization. Since there are few reasons on public goods grounds to think that many public facilities would not be provided by the private sector，a more fruitful approach is to consider the demand side。
例如：一个土地开发商可能觉得按商业利益有必要留出一块空地作为公园以提升正在开发的房地产价值；然而，规划当局从更广阔的社会角度，可能坚持减少房屋或办公室数量以便获得更多的空地及美化的公园。鉴于外在利益的授予，私营机构被鼓励为公共设施提供经费，但却要牺牲租金的最大化。既然基于公共物品的角度，没有太多理由相信私营机构会提供许多公共设施，对需求方面多加考虑是较有成果的方法。

Public facilities offers large and pervasive external social benefits that markets do not adequate capture。Perhaps a more useful economic approach to public facilities is，therefore，through the notion of ‘need’. The authorities，for a variety of criteria that are often only partially articulated，feel that there is a social need for many types of public facilities. This ‘need’ to keep the violent tendencies of citizens appeased by having ‘games’ in public stadiums，a function perhaps of modern soccer grounds that get public planning permission and often funding. State religion，and the desire to meet the spiritual ‘needs’ of individuals，led to the planning of religious buildings and ceremonies within and around them..
公共设施所提供的巨大及遍布的外在社会效益，市场尚未充分的捕捉。因此，通过利用‘需求’的观念也许是对公共设施更有用的经济方案。根据当局只部分表达的各式各样的判断尺度，他们觉得多种公共设施有社会的需求。这种‘需求’，像在体育场举办‘比赛’以安抚平息公民的暴力倾向，也许一个现代化足球场的作用能获得公共规划的许可，通常还能得到资金。国家宗教想要满足个人的精神‘需求’而导致宗教建筑的规划，以及在里面与周边举行的仪式。

Many of today’s ‘needs’are perhaps somewhat different.。In some cases there is seen to be an economic‘need’to protect natural resources or provide public spaces or facilities such as museums and art galleries to sustain tourism in an area and meet the employment demands for a city or region. There are also distributional aspects to‘need’.For social reasons there is seen to be a ‘need’for basic Law and order，for adequate education，for leisure facilities，and for health services irrespective of income.
现今的许多‘需求’也许有所不同。在某些情况，有人会认为保护天然资源是因为经济的‘需求’，或提供公共场所或设施如博物馆及美术馆来维护一个地区的旅游业，以及满足一个城市或区域的就业要求。‘需求’也有涉及分配方面的；从社会视角，被看作有‘需求’的是治安、足够的教育、休闲设施及医疗服务，无论人民的收入是多少。

Public facilities are in effect often being provided as a transfer of resources from the wealthier parts of society to meet the needs of the poorer；seen in the work of Bigman and ReVelle amongst others，trade-offs between efficiency and equity are major concerns when planning public facilities.
实际上，公共设施的提供通常是从社会较富有的部分将资源转移以满足较贫穷部分的需求；从Bigman与ReVelle 的研究来看，规划公共设施时的主要关注点，是效率与效益之间的折衷。

The term of public facilities is a vague and elastic one .It is also one that is not specifically used in many countries ,or if it is used ,then only in ways that are not necessarily the subject material of this volume.
公共设施是一个模糊与弹性的术语；它也不被特别用于许多国家，或者如被使用，也只能是属于本文主题以外的方面。
Here we are essentially concerned with public access facilities that are sense they include things like parks, waterfronts, and wildlife areas where the general public have access. But here they are seen as embracing a rather larger range of facilities such as sports arenas, zoos, theatres, art galleries, museums, and similar facilities where entry payments are ofen made for access. They may also include public hospitals and public schools that play a significant role in the welfare of a community. Strictly one could extend the definition to include defense and national security, although we do not go that far here.
我们在这探讨的是关于有景色的公共使用设施，这些一般公众可以去的地方，包括像公园、滨水区及野生动物区。然而，它们却被涵盖于更大范围的公共设施，如体育场、动物园、剧院、美术馆、博物馆及其他通常公众都需要买票才能入场的类似设施。它们可能还包括在社会福利中扮演重要角色的政府医院及公立学校。再严格一点，甚至可以将定义延伸到国防及国家安全，不过我们在此不扯得这么远。

In some cases in the past，public facilities were confused whit the economic notion of ‘public goods’. There may be a few instances where this may be so; defense and certain forms of public health are possible examples although some would dispute even these. Since the seminal work of Coase，however ，it has been recognized that in practice，although facilities may be provided by local or central government，these goods and services seldom exhibit the strict economic features of a public good；they are lagerly neither non-rival （for example，public parks get congested and fire-services can easily be over-extended），nor are they non-excludable （whilst it is easy to stop people getting into a public park， fire services in the past were regularly only provided to those who paid the companies fees）. It is more a public perception that goods or services provided by a public agency are inevitably public goods，but in practice most of these goods and services deviate considerably from any technical notion of a public good.
在过去，有时公共设施与‘公共物品’的经济观念被混淆了；将两者认为是一样的观念在几个例子中可能是对的，如国防及某些形式的公共医疗，虽然连这些也有人会提出异议。不过，自从科斯的巨大影响著作面世后，已被公认的是，虽然设施是由地方或中央政府所提供，但在实践中，这些物品与服务很少显示一个公共物品严格的经济特点；它们多数不是非竞争性的（比如，公园的拥挤和消防服务的过度扩展），也不是非排他性的（阻止公众进入公园不难，同时，过去的消防服务时常只为缴费者提供服务）。由公共机构提供的物品或服务必然就是公共物品，这只是一种公众意识，实际上，这些物品及服务与公共物品的任何技术概念差之甚远。

The funding of many public facilities also often militates against the public goods view. The institutional structure under which public facilities are provided varies enormly between countries，and often between sub-jurusdictions （for example，cities or states） within countries.
In some cases museums have free entry and the publicly provided，while in others there is payment even if they are public enterprises，although often only on a part cost recovery basis.
对许多公共设施投放的资金也对公共物品的观念产生不利的影响。国与国之间所提供公共设施的体制结构差距很大，而国家内的管辖分区（如市或州）通常也是一样有差别。
有些博物馆是免费对公众开放，而也有些属于公营企业的却要收费，虽然通常只是按部分成本价收取。

注：对公共物品的界定标准不是它的非排他性(non-exclusive)，而是它的非竞争性(non-rival)。对这个概念的混淆有可能会影响我们对公共物品属性作用的看法。
按照上面这种标准的划分，我们可以区分四种类型的商品：
1，exclusive, rival：大部分的私人产品－－房子，汽车，面包和私人书籍，等等。
2，non-exclusive, rival: 权利难以清晰界定，没有（很少）外部性的产品－－公海里的鱼，北极冰层下面的石油。
3，exclusive, non-rival：可以界定权利，但有外部性的产品－－私人住宅小区内的绿地，游泳池和有线电视频道。
4，non-exclusive, non-rival: 无法界定权利，有外部性的产品－－清洁的空气，国防安全和法治环境。

公共设施的任期是一个模糊的，富有弹性的。也是一个不专门用于在许多国家，或者用它，然后才的方式不一定是本书的问题的材料。
在这里，我们主要涉及公用设施是感觉他们inclde公园，海旁的东西，和野生动物的地区，一般市民使用。但在这里，他们被看作是拥抱，如体育场馆，动物园，剧院，美术馆，博物馆的设施相当大的范围，以及类似的设施，进入支付奥芬为access.They，可能也包括公立医院和公立学校的作用在一个community.Strictly一个可以扩展的定义，以包括国防和国家安全的社会福利的重要作用，尽管我们不走那么远这里。
过去在某些情况下，公共设施被搞糊涂，圣灵降临节的'公共物品'。可能有这种情况可能是这样，对公众健康国防和某些形式的例子，虽然有些可能会质疑这些少数情况下，即使经济的概念。自从科斯开创性的工作，但已在实践中认识到，尽管设施可以由地方或中央政府提供，这些商品和服务很少表现出了严格的经济具有公益，他们既不是lagerly非竞争性（例如，让拥挤的公共公园和消防服务可以很容易地在扩展的），也不是他们的非排他性（虽然可以很容易地阻止人们进入公园，在过去的消防服务得到了经常只提供给这些公司谁支付的费用）。这更是一个公众的看法，货物或由公共机构提供的服务必然公共物品，但实际上这些商品和服务的最偏离任何公益相当的技术概念。
许多公共设施的资金也常常中避免公共物品的看法。体制结构下的公共设施提供不同国家之间，常常在分jurusdictions（例如，城市或州内的国家）。
在某些情况下可以免费进入博物馆和政府提供的，而在另一些付款，即使他们是公共企业，但往往只有部分收回成本的基础。

---

东明县18298659108： 汉译英,比较简短的一段话,求大虾帮忙翻译,不要在线直译的.拜谢~! 在线等! - ？
黄胀莱琪： Hi,Dennis,1. Shawn and I are from a hunting company instead of Avaya HR department.2. It was Jae Choi(supposedly he will be the person you report to) who called you this morning. He gave me feedback through phone that he had a quite pleasent...

东明县18298659108： 帮忙汉译英,专业一点,不要软件和机器直译的,拜托 - ？
黄胀莱琪： From 2006, we introduce the first generation of automatic grinding machine, Beijing company since staff unremitting efforts, through the experiment many times, and improve the updated annually generation of r&d speed, to meet customer demand ...

东明县18298659108： 英语 汉译英 不要直译 - ？
黄胀莱琪： When commanding the traffic, the police need to use their body language. Moreover, the umpire on the playground and the people who are guessing the riddle need it,too.

东明县18298659108： 翻译句子,汉译英!不要软件直译的. - ？
黄胀莱琪： ＂I have been awarded the Institute of Electronics Information and...

东明县18298659108： 求汉译英翻译,请不要用翻译器直接翻译,谢谢？
黄胀莱琪：As the school continues to expand the scale of the number of students increased year by year, the student information management are becoming increasingly complex, this is indeed an effective information management system to introduce ...

东明县18298659108： 英语翻译不要直译.要翻译的出彩一点. - ？
黄胀莱琪：[答案] 这句话应该是赞美一个人 ＂把所有艺术家都带给你＂,推理下去就是”所有艺术家都为你陪衬“ 所以我觉得应该翻译成: 【世界有你更精彩.】 欢迎追问,

东明县18298659108： 求英译汉神翻译这些？
黄胀莱琪： Lijiang, scenic who only know how to HealthLijiang is such a place: here was forgotten, or forgotten; anyone here Aventure case, the case of the city, in case of heart; began to stray from here or termination of stray ..From people found Lijiang all love...

东明县18298659108： 求专业人员翻译几个句子(汉译英) 不要机器翻译 求准确？
黄胀莱琪： 1. It's a difficult issue to protect personal privacy on internet. 2. Reforming, opening up and development of economy should move on gradually.3. It's hard to imagine that he made such a concession. 4. it's still too early to draw a conclusion to this ...

东明县18298659108： 求专业人员翻译句子(汉译英) 不要机器翻译! 求准确.？
黄胀莱琪： 1 she is always absent from the meeting,which makes manager so angry 2 auto-production lightened the workers' burden 3 paying online leaves out the trouble when going to the business hall 4 morden communication technology brings ...