美国航天飞机的两次失事事件

美国两次航天飞机失事相隔多少年~

美国的这两次航天飞机失事，相隔了差不多17年时间。
1、1986年1月28日，挑战者号在进行代号STS-51-L的第10次太空任务时，因为右侧固态火箭推进器上面的一个O形环失效，并且导致一连串的连锁反应。在升空后73秒时，爆炸解体坠毁。机上的7名宇航员都在该次事故中丧生。
2、2003年2月1日美国东部时间上午9时，美国"哥伦比亚"号航天飞机在得克萨斯州北部上空解体坠毁，7名宇航员全部都遇难。

扩展资料：失事影响：
挑战者号的失事使美国的航天事业受到沉重打击，航天飞机在以后的3年中停止了飞行。但是，在总结了挑战者号的教训之后，人类对太空的探测仍在继续。从航天飞机恢复飞行至今，已执行了76次飞行任务，包括组建国际空间站。挑战者号的宇航员是人类航天事业的先驱。
哥伦比亚号的失事使得航天飞机为国际空间站运送宇航员和物资这一主要作用也暂时被搁置，太空和军事政策智囊团公司的主任约翰-佩克表示航天飞机本来预计的使命并非仅仅是为国际空间站运送物资，而这却成了主要任务，而且用航天飞机给国际空间站运货成本太高，合计下来每磅货物的运输成本高达2万美元。
航天飞机本来的主要任务有三，分别是NASA进行太空科学实验、发射间谍卫星并为军方测试设备以及为私营企业提供卫星发射服务。当初NASA计划每年进行24次航天飞机发射。但是，NASA实际上发射航天飞机的频率并没达到预计的目标，而且发射成本较之预想高得多。
在这次事故之后，调查人员得出结论认为，每78次发射就有可能出现一次空难 。
而且“挑战者”号航天飞机的爆炸使航天飞机的用途受到压缩。在“挑战者”号空难之后，美国军方重新恢复使用一次性火箭发射卫星。在商业领域，当时的美国总统里根下令NASA放弃商业卫星发射业务。这意味着航天飞机可以执行的任务大大减少。
虽然NASA后来选择用航天飞机发射自己的科研卫星，而且还为“哈勃望远镜”提供太空服务，但是航天飞机在太空中进行各种科研实验的成本却格外高昂。
NASA如果使用一次性火箭向国际空间站运送物资可以大大节约成本而且更加安全，利用一次性火箭不仅成本低得多而且也可以实现相同的目标。此外，航天飞机系统非常复杂，这注定了航天飞机的发射要冒风险。但是一向以创新为荣的NASA却并不愿意再使用一次性火箭将人送往太空 。
参考资料来源：百度百科-挑战者号航天飞机
百度百科-哥伦比亚号

挑战者号航天飞机灾难。
指挑战者号航天飞机于美国东部时间1986年1月28日上午11时39分（格林尼治标准时间16时39分）发射在美国佛罗里达州的上空。
挑战者号航天飞机升空后，因其右侧固体火箭助推器（SRB）的O型环密封圈失效，毗邻的外部燃料舱在泄漏出的火焰的高温烧灼下结构失效，使高速飞行中的航天飞机在空气阻力的作用下于发射后的第73秒解体，机上7名宇航员全部罹难。挑战者号的残骸散落在大海中，后来被远程搜救队打捞了上来。

文化影响
由于新罕布什尔州的一名教师克丽斯塔·麦考利夫是挑战者号的乘员，这引起了一些媒体的兴趣，在发射的现场进行实况直播，不过只有CNN提供了全国性的直播。不过，在事故发生后的一项研究中，有17%的答复者表示他们观看了航天飞机的发射，剩下的85%则表示他们在一小时内得知了事故的发生。
据报告的作者写到：“只有两项事故的新闻传播得更为快速。”（其中一项是约翰·肯尼迪总统在得克萨斯州达拉斯被刺杀的新闻；另一项是在肯特州立大学的学生间传播的富兰克林·罗斯福总统的死讯。）另一项研究提到，“即使在事故发生时没有看电视的人，也几乎肯定能在事后几天的电视台几无中断的报道中看到事故重放时的图像”。

Spaceflight fatalities
The history of space exploration has been marred by a number of tragedies that resulted in the deaths of the astronauts or ground crew. As of 2007, in-flight accidents have killed 18 astronauts, training accidents have claimed 11 astronauts, and launchpad accidents have killed at least 71 ground personnel.[dated info]
About two percent of the manned launch/reentry attempts have killed their crew, with Soyuz and the Shuttle having almost the same death percentage rates. Except for the X-15 (which is a suborbital rocket plane), other launchers have not launched sufficiently often for reasonable safety comparisons to be made.
About five percent of the people that have been launched have died doing so (because astronauts often launch more than once). As of November 2004, 439 individuals have flown on spaceflights: Russia/Soviet Union (96), USA (277), others (66).[citation needed] Twenty-two have died while in a spacecraft: three on Apollo 1, one on Soyuz 1, one on X-15-3, three on Soyuz 11, seven on Challenger, and seven on Columbia. By space program, 18 NASA astronauts (4.1%) and four Russian cosmonauts (0.9% of all the people launched) died while in a spacecraft.[dated info]
In total, Shuttle accidents have claimed the lives of fourteen.
Soyuz accidents have claimed the lives of four. No deaths have occurred on Soyuz missions since 1971, and none with the current design of the Soyuz. Including the early Soyuz design, the average deaths per launched crew member on Soyuz are currently under two percent. However, there have also been several serious injuries, and some other incidents in which crews nearly died.
NASA astronauts who have lost their lives in the line of duty are memorialized at the Space Mirror Memorial at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex in Merritt Island, Florida. Cosmonauts who have died in the line of duty under the auspices of the Soviet Union were generally honored by burial at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis in Moscow. It is unknown whether this remains tradition for Russia, since the Kremlin Wall Necropolis was largely a Communist honor and no cosmonauts have died in action since the Soviet Union fell.
There have been four fatal in-flight accidents on missions which were considered spaceflights under the internationally accepted definition of the term, plus one on the ground during rehearsal of a planned flight. In each case all crew were killed. To date, there has never been an incident where an individual member of a multi-member crew has died during (or while rehearsing) a mission.
1967 April 24: parachute failure: Soviet cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov died on board Soyuz 1. His one-day mission had been plagued by a series of mishaps with the new type of spacecraft, which culminated in the capsule's parachute not opening properly after atmospheric reentry. Komarov was killed when the capsule hit the ground.
1971 June 30: crew exposed to vacuum of space: The crew of Soyuz 11, Georgi Dobrovolski, Viktor Patsayev and Vladislav Volkov, were killed after undocking from space station Salyut 1 after a three-week stay. A valve on their spacecraft had accidentally opened when the service module separated, which was only discovered when the module was opened by the recovery team. Technically the only fatalities in space (above 100 km).
1986 January 28: structural failure after lift-off: The first U.S. multiple in-flight fatalities. The Space Shuttle Challenger was destroyed 73 seconds after lift-off on STS-51-L. Analysis of the accident showed that a faulty O-ring seal had allowed hot gases from the shuttle solid rocket booster (SRB) to weaken the external propellant tank, and also the strut that held the booster to the tank. The tank aft region failed, causing it to begin disintegrating. The SRB strut also failed, causing the SRB to rotate inward and expedite tank breakup. Challenger was thrown sideways into the Mach 1.8 windstream causing it to break up in midair with the loss of all seven crew members aboard: Greg Jarvis, Christa McAuliffe, Ronald McNair, Ellison Onizuka, Judith Resnik, Michael J. Smith, and Dick Scobee. NASA investigators determined they may have survived during the spacecraft disintegration, while possibly unconscious from hypoxia; at least some of them tried to protect themselves by activating their emergency oxygen. Any survivors of the breakup were killed, however, when the largely intact cockpit hit the water at 200 mph (320 km/h). See Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.
2003 February 1: structural failure during re-entry: The Space Shuttle Columbia was lost as it reentered after a two-week mission, STS-107. Damage to the shuttle's thermal protection system (TPS) led to structural failure in the shuttle's left wing and, ultimately, the spacecraft broke apart. Investigations after the tragedy revealed the damage to the reinforced carbon-carbon leading edge wing panel had resulted from a piece of insulation foam breaking away from the external tank during the launch and hitting shuttle's wing. Rick D. Husband, William McCool, Michael P. Anderson, David M. Brown, Kalpana Chawla, Laurel B. Clark, and Ilan Ramon were killed. See Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.
There has also been a single accident on a flight which was considered a spaceflight by those involved in conducting it, but not under the internationally accepted definition:
1967 November 15: control failure: Michael J. Adams died while piloting a North American X-15 rocket plane. Major Adams was a U.S. Air Force pilot in the NASA/USAF X-15 program. During X-15 Flight 191, his seventh flight, the plane first had an electrical problem and then developed control problems at the apogee of its flight. The pilot may also have become disoriented. During reentry from a 266,000 ft (50.4 mile, 81.1 km) apogee, the X-15 yawed sideways out of control and went into a spin at a speed of Mach 5, from which the pilot never recovered. Excessive acceleration led to the X-15 breaking up in flight at about 65,000 feet (19.8 km))[1]. Adams was posthumously awarded astronaut wings as his flight had passed an altitude of 50 miles (80.5 km) (the U.S. definition of space).

在太空探索的历史，并导致其中一个悲剧，在航天员或地面人员造成的死亡人数。截至2007年，在飞行中意外死亡18宇航员，训练事故已造成11个宇航员，并启动事故已造成至少71名地勤人员。日消息] [
约百分之二的载人发射/再入企图杀死他们的船员和联盟号航天飞机与具有几乎相同的死亡百分比率。除了在X - 15（这是一个亚轨道火箭飞机），其他发射器没有足够的启动往往比较合理的安全需要作出。
约5个已发起民众死亡这样做（因为宇航员经常开展一次以上）。截至2004年11月，439人已经出动了上太空飞行：俄罗斯/前苏联（96），美国（277），其他（66）。[编辑] 22人死亡，而在航天器：在阿波罗1号，1 3在联盟1号，在X - 15 - 3，联盟11号3，对挑战者七个，七宗在哥伦比亚。由太空计划，美国航天局宇航员18（4.1％）和4（0.9％的人所有的发射）死亡时，在航天器。[日消息]俄罗斯宇航员
整体而言，航天飞机事故已造成14死亡。
联盟事故已造成4的生命。无死亡病例发生在联盟特派团自1971年以来，与该联盟目前的设计没有。包括早期联盟的设计，每推出机组人员对联盟目前正在死亡的平均百分之二。不过，也有过几次严重受伤，其中一些接近死亡船员的其他事件。
美国宇航局谁失去了在执行公务而捐躯的宇航员是在太空镜上奏纪念在肯尼迪航天中心参观的梅里特岛，佛罗里达情结。谁在执行任务时死在苏联的支持下宇航员一般荣幸葬在克里姆林宫墙墓地在莫斯科举行。目前还不清楚这是否仍然对俄罗斯的传统，因为克里姆林宫墙墓地，主要是一个荣誉，没有共产党的宇航员在行动中死亡，因为苏联下跌。
目前已有4人死亡上审议航天飞行术语下，国际公认的定义，以及在有计划的飞行排练地上一任务的飞行事故。在每一种情况下，所有船员被打死。迄今为止，从来没有一个地方是一个多机组成员个别成员死亡时（或在排练）特派团的事件。
1967年4月24日：降落伞失败：前苏联宇航员弗拉基米尔科马罗夫死亡船上联盟1。他1天的任务已经困扰了事故的航天器，它在太空舱的降落伞最终再入大气层后，不能正确打开新类型系列。科马洛夫被打死时，胶囊撞到地面。
1971年6月30日：暴露于真空宇航员：该联盟11号，格奥尔基Dobrovolski，尤Patsayev和弗拉季沃尔科夫船员被杀害后，从空间站礼炮1号脱开后三个星期的逗留。关于他们的航天器阀门不小心打开时，服务舱分离，这是该模块时，才发现是由回收队打开。在空间技术上的唯一死亡人数超过100公里（）。
1986年1月28日：结构失败后剥离：一是美国的多个飞行中死亡。挑战者号航天飞机被摧毁73秒后剥离在STS - 51 - L的。事故分析表明，一个错误的O形圈密封曾允许从航天飞机固体火箭助推器（SRB）之热气体削弱外部推进剂贮箱，也是支撑这举行的助推器的坦克。坦克尾部区域的失败，导致它开始瓦解。国家储备局支撑也没有，造成储备局向内旋转坦克和加速解体。挑战者将被抛出侧身1.8马赫导致它在空中打破了同船上7名船员全部损失：格雷格贾维斯，克丽斯塔麦考利夫，罗纳德捷，埃利森鬼冢，朱迪思雷斯尼克，迈克尔J ·史密斯，迪克斯科比Windstream的。美国宇航局的研究人员确定他们可能在飞船解体存活，而可能是由缺氧昏迷，至少其中一些试图保护他们的紧急氧气通过激活自己。任何生还者的解体被打死，但是，当大部分完好无损驾驶舱打击200英里每小时（320公里/小时）的水。见挑战者号航天飞机灾难。
2003年2月1日：结构故障在重返大气层：哥伦比亚号航天飞机失去了，因为它经过两个星期的使命重返，执行STS - 107。损坏航天飞机的热防护系统（TPS）的失败导致了结构性航天飞机的左翼，最终，飞船解体。惨剧发生后的调查揭示了在钢筋混凝土中碳碳机翼前缘面板的损害已经造成破坏的绝缘距离从外部燃料箱在发射过程中一块泡沫材料击中航天飞机的机翼。里克四丈夫，威廉麦库尔，迈克尔P.安德森，大卫布朗，研究员Kalpana Chawla的，乙劳雷尔克拉克，和宜兰拉蒙被杀害。见哥伦比亚号航天飞机灾难。
同时也出现了一对被认为是由那些参与开展航天飞行单一事故，但不属于国际公认的定义：
1967年11月15日：控制失败：迈克尔J.亚当斯去世时驾驶一北美国X - 15火箭飞机。亚当斯是美国主要的空军在美国航天局/美国空军X - 15的试验计划。在X - 15的飞行191，他的第七次飞行，这架飞机第一次有一个电子故障，继而在其飞行远地点控制问题。该试验还可能迷失方向。在从二六六零零零英尺（50.4英里，81.1公里）远地点再入中，X - 15 yawed侧身失控，变成了一个旋转的马赫5，从这些试验没有恢复的速度。导致过度加速的X - 15在飞行中打破了约65,000英尺（19.8公里））[1]。亚当斯被追授为他的翅膀飞行宇航员已经通过了50英里（80.5公里）（美国定义的空间）的高度。

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