直接引语和间接引语什么意思??
1、释义:间接引语又叫间接引述,只用在表述 意见的动词之后的一种从句,这种从句并非由主语直接叙述出来,而是通过第三人转述的。实际上 间接引语大都是 宾语从句,当 直接引语为 祈使句, 陈述句, 疑问句被转换成间接引语时,句子的结构, 人称, 时态, 时间, 时间状语和 地点状语等都要 发生 改变。间接引语其实就是我们所说的第三人称转述。
2、直接引语变间接引语:
1)直接引语中的第一人称,一般转换为第三人称,如:
He said,“I am very sorry.”
——>He said that he was very sorry.
2)直接引语中的第二人称,如果原话是针对转述人说的,转换为第一人称,如:
“You should be more careful next time,” my father told me.
——>My father told me that I should be more careful next time.
3)直接引语中的第二人称,如果原话是针对第三人称说的,转换成第三人称。如:
She said to her son, “I'll check your homework tonight.”
——>She said to her son that she would check his homework that night.
4)人称的转换包括人称代词、反身代词、物主代词等,如:
He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon?”
——>He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.
总之,人称的转换不是固定的,具体情况,具体对待,要符合逻辑。
5) 为了方便记忆 有个口诀:一随主,二随宾,第三人称不更新。
另有:一随主,二随宾,三不变。指的都是从句(间接引语)人称的变化。
引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”.直接引用别人的原话,两边用引号“ ”标出,叫做直接引语;用自己的语言转述别人的话,不需要引号这叫做间接引语,实际上间接引语大都是宾语从句(其中由祈使句转换的间接引语除外,其转换后是不定式).那么直接引语为陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和祈使句,转换为间接引语时,句子的结构,人称、时态、时间状语和地点状语等都要有变化,如何变化呢?
1、人称的转变
1)直接引语中的第一人称,一般转换为第三人称,如:
He said,“I am very sorry.” ——>He said that he was very sorry.
2)直接引语中的第二人称,如果原话是针对转述人说的,转换为第一人称,如:
“You should be more careful next time,” my father told me.——>
My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.
3)直接引语中的第二人称,如果原话是针对第三人称说的,转换成第三人称.如:
She said to her son, “I'll check your homework tonight.” ——>
She said to her son that she would check his homework that night.
4)人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等,如:
He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon?” ——>
He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.
总之,人称的转换不是固定的,具体情况,具体对待,要符合逻辑.
关键要掌握下列“三要素”。
要素一:陈述句的间接引语——连接词用that,在口语中可省略。引述动词用said, told, ,等。例如:
1) He said: “I’ve left my book in my room.”→
He told me that he had left his book in his room.
2) She said: “He will be busy.”→
She said that he would be busy.
要素二: 疑问句的间接引语。一般疑问句后连接词用if或whether,而引述选择疑问句时只能用whether,引述动词用asked,没有间接引语的可以加一个间接宾语me, him等,例如:
She said to Tom, “Can you help me?”→
She asked Tom if /whether he could help her.
1) She asked, “Is this book yours or his?”→
She asked me whether that book was mine or his.
2) 特殊疑问句用原句中的疑问词作连接词,改为陈述语序。例如:
The teacher asked, “how did you repair it?” →
The teacher asked me how I had repaired it.
要素三:祈使句的间接引语——采用“动词+宾语+不定式”结构。
told
即 asked sb. (not) to do sth.
ordered
warned
注意:引语中的呼语可改成宾语。引语中的please 去掉,动词改为 ask
1) The teacher said to the students, “Don’t waste your time.” →
The teacher told the students not to waste their time.
2) The mother said, “Tom, get up early, please.”→
The mother asked Tom to get up early.
“五不变”
在直接引语变间接引语时,还要注意以下五种不变的特殊情况。
1. 直接引语如果是客观真理,谚(习)语,变间接引语时时态不变。例如:
The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.”→
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
My father said, “Practice makes perfect.”→
My father said practice makes perfect.
2. 直接引语中被引述的部分是反复出现的,习惯性的动作或说话时情况仍然存在的,变间接引语时,时态保持不变,例如:
The boy said to us, “ I usually get up at six every day.”→
The boy told us he usually gets up at six every day.
He said, “We are still students.’→
He said they are still students.
3. 直接引语如果有明确的表示过去的时间状语,时态不变。例如:
He said to me, “I was born in 1978.”→
He told me that he was born in 1978.
The engineer said, “I was at college in 1967.”→
The engineer said he was at college in 1967.
4.直接引语中凡有When, since,while 引导的从句,在变为间接引语时,只改变主句时态,从句的时态不变。例如:
He said, “I have studied English since I was a boy.” →
He said he had studied English since he was a boy.
She said, “I read the book while I was waiting for a bus.→
She said she had read the book while she was waiting for a bus.
Mr. Green said to them, “Joe told me all about his story when he asked for a job.”→
Mr. Green told them Joe had told him all about his story when he asked for a job.
5.如果直接引语中引述部分含有insist, suggest, demand等引导的虚拟宾语从句,变间接引语时,引语中的主从句时态都不变。例如:
He said, “We insisted that she start immediately.→
He said they (had) insisted that she start immediately.
She said, “He demanded that the girl leave at once.”→
She said he demanded that the girl leave at once.
另外,如果说话人转述自己的话,人称则可不变. 例如:
I said to him, “I have finished it.”→I told him I had finished it.
如果就在当地转述, here不必变为there,come不必改为go,如果就在当天转述,则today, yesterday, tomorrow等状语也不必变化。例如:
She said to us, I’ll come here tomorrow.”→
She told us she would come here tomorrow.
直接引语和间接引语什么意思?
直接引语是直接引述别人的原话,原话用有引号,而间接引语是引述别人的话,不用引号。间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。直接引语改为间接引语时,引述动词是现在时,则间接引语中的动词、时间、时态的形式不变。关键要掌握下列“三要素”。要素一:陈述句的间接引语——连接词用that,在口语中可省略。
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