英语动词不定式 有哪些
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to + v就是动词不定式
不定式定义:由to+动词原形构成。不定式是一种非限定性动词(也叫非谓语动词)。而非限定动词是指那些在句中不能单独充当谓语的动词,可分为不定式,动名词,现在分词和过去分词。“动词不定式”由动词+不定式构成。动词不定式在句中可以作句子除谓语之外的任何句子成分。动词不定式的被动形式除了一般形式外还有其完成式和进行式。
四类
实意动词
,系动词,助动词,情态动词
动词不定时:
动词不定式除了谓语不能做,其他成分都可以。如:我想学好英语。I
want
to
learn
English
well.
to
learn
就是动词不定式做宾语。我有很多作业要做。I
have
a
lot
of
homework
to
do.
to
do
就是动词不定式做定语。To
say
is
easy,
to
do
is
hard.
to
say,
to
do
就是动词不定式做主语。My
job
is
to
clean
the
street.
to
clean
就是动词不定式做表语
cost(花费) cost cost
cut(割) cut cut
hit(打) hit hit
hurt 伤害) hurt hurt
let(让) let let
put(放) put put
read (读) read read
(2) AAB型(动词原形与过去式同形)
beat(跳动) beat beaten
(3) ABA型(动词原形与过去分词同形)
become(变成) became become
come(来) came come
run(跑) ran run
(4) ABB型(过去式与过去分词同形)
dig(挖) dug dug
get(得到) got got
hang(吊死) hanged hanged
hang(悬挂) hung hung
hold(抓住) held held
shine(照耀) shone shone
sit(坐) sat sat
win (赢) won won
meet(遇见) met met
keep (保持) kept kept
sleep(睡) slept slept
sweep(扫) swept swept
feel(感觉) felt felt
smell(闻) smelt smelt
leave(离开) left left
build(建设) built built
lend(借出) lent lent
send (传送) sent sent
spend(花费) spent spent
lose (丢失) lost lost
burn (燃烧) burnt burnt
learn(学习) learnt learnt
mean(意思是) meant meant
catch(抓住) caught caught
teach(教) taught taught
bring(带来) brought brought
fight (战斗) fought fought
buy(买) bought bought
think(想) thought thought
hear (听见) heard heard
sell(卖) sold sold
tell(告诉) told told
say(说) said said
find(找到) found found
have/has(有) had had
make(制造) made made
stand(站) stood stood
understand明白understood understood
(5) ABC型(动词原形、过去式与过去分词三者不同形)
begin(开始) began begun
drink(喝) drank drunk
ring(铃响) rang rung
sing (唱) sang sung
swim(游泳) swam swum
blow(吹) blew blown
draw (画) drew drawn
fly(飞) flew flown
grow(生长) grew grown
know(知道) knew known
throw(投掷) threw thrown show(出示) showed shown
break(打破) broke broken choose(选择) chose chosen
forget(忘记) forgot forgotten (forgot)
speak(说,讲) spoke spoken
wake(醒) woke woke
drive(驾驶) drove driven
eat(吃) ate eaten
fall(落下) fell fallen
give(给) gave given
rise(升高) rose risen
take(取) took taken
mistake(弄错) mistook mistaken
ride(骑) rode ridden
write(写) wrote written
do(做) did done
go(去) went gone
lie(平躺) lay lain
see(看见) saw seen
wear (穿) wore worn
be ( am, is, are )(是)was, were been
与动词原形相对应的是动词不定式,动词ing和动词的过去式以及过去分词
至于你说的不定式就是to do啊..
而动词的过去式及过去分词在各个英语词典的附录上一般都会有的
英语中动词的主要功能是做谓语,而动词不定式不能作谓语,所以叫动词的非谓语形式。动词不定式有两种形式,一是带to的不定式,一是不带to的不定式,后者都由动词原形构成。
不定式有动词的性质,有语态和时态。如:
一般式主动语态:to
write
被动语态:to
be
written
进行式:to
be
writing
完成式:to
have
written
完成式被动语态:to
have
been
written
动词不定式的动词性质还表现在可带宾语和状语组成不定式短语。例:Bill
asked
me
not
to
say
his
name
aloud.
(比尔要我别大声叫他的名字。有宾语和状语。)
不定式也有名词的性质,表现在可以在句中做主语、宾语、表语等。如:
To
be
content
with
little
is
true
happiness.知足常乐。(主语)
She
wants
to
improve
her
biology.她想提高她的生物学水平。(宾语)
He
was
the
right
man
to
marry
Jane.
他正是要娶简的人。(定语)
动词不定式在句子中非常活跃,除了谓语之外所有的成分都能担当,位置往往灵活多变,要根据句子来具体分析,这大概是称为“不定”的原因吧。
关于现在完成时,现行教材着重处理了“已完成用法”和“未完成用法”。无论哪种用法都强调一点,即过去动作给现在带来的结果或对现在造成的影响。因此现在完成时不是属于过去时,而是属于现在时的范畴。但在高考复习中,还应该注意一些相关的问题才能对此时态有一个全面的把握。
一、
“已完成用法”是针对瞬间动词(即非延续性动词)而言的,动词通常可以表示在说话之前已经完成,而后果或影响至今仍存在。这些瞬间动词常用的有:start,finish,turn
off / on,lose,become,leave,open,close,join等。例如:
Li Ming has just turned off the light. 李明刚把灯关上。
I’ve finished my homework now. 现在我已经做完作业了。
I have lost my pen. 我把笔弄丢了。
She has become a teacher. 她已经当了一名老师。
表示“已完成用法”的对应时间状语只能是表示时间点的词,如just, now, already, yet, not ...
yet,或者干脆不带时间状语,如上述例句中的后两个。
但是瞬间动词与时间段状语如for a week / three
days连用时,并非指瞬间动词的动作延续了多久,而是包含下述两层意思:①谓语动作已完成,②接续动作要持续多久。例如:
He has come here for three days. 他来了,准备待三天。
He has left Shanghai for New York for two years.
他已离开上海去纽约,要在那里住两年。
显然若把上述两句理解成“他已来了三天”和“他已离开上海去纽约两年了”都是错误的。
二、
“未完成用法”是针对延续性动词而言的,主要表示从过去开始的动作已持续到现在,而且还会继续下去。动词多为work,study,live,know等,所带的时间状语也是持续性的,如lately,these
days,since 2 days ago,since 1991,for a long time,so far,up to
now等。例如:
I have studied English since 1995. 我从1995年起开始就学习英语。
He has lived here for two years. 他住在这儿已经两年了。
但是延续性动词的完成时不带时间状语则不是说明“过去开始的动作已持续到现在,而且还会继续下去”,而是说明“动作已经结束,而影响还留在现在”。例如:
She has been a teacher. 她当过教师。(含义:她现在不是教师了,在干别的工作。)
(比较:She has been a teacher for three years.
她当教师已有三年。——现在还是教师。)
三、
按英语语法规律,瞬间动词不能和表示时间段的状语连用,但是汉语里,却可以这样,因此英汉两种语言在转换时必然有障碍。在这里,只要抓住转换规律,矛盾就会迎刃而解。现把中学阶段由瞬间性转为延续性的若干对动词列举于下面:
die → be dead
go out → be out
open → be open
begin / start → be on
buy / get → have / keep
get up → be up
arrive in / come to / get to / reach → be in
close → be closed
fall / become → be
marry → be married to
get to know → know
finish / end → be over
leave / move → be away / be out of
join → be in
borrow → keep
catch → have
come back → be back
put on → wear / have on
wake → be awake
此外还须记住一些由瞬间动词转换为延续性动词的常用句型:
1) 瞬间动词的过去时 + ... ago → 延续性动词的现在完成时 + for + 一段时间。例如:
他参军三年了。
He joined the army three years ago. → He has been a soldier
for three years.
电影已开始十分钟了。
The film started ten minutes ago. → The film has been on for
ten minutes.
2)使用句型“It is / has been + 一段时间 + since +瞬间动词的一般过去时”。例如:
他父亲已去世两年了。
It is / has been two years since his father died.
从上述几点可以看出,在英语学习中,建立起延续性动词和非延续性动词的概念对我们是非常重要的。
四、 正确理解since引导的时间状语从句。
since引导时间状语从句有三种情况:
1) “since + 瞬间动词的过去时”。其从句中的动作已在过去完成,这是我们熟知的句型。例如:
We’ve been friends since we met at school. 我们自从在学校认识以来一直是朋友。
2) “since +
延续性动词的过去时”。它的要点是:时间从延续动词结束后计算,这与瞬间动词的计算不同,现行教材基本没有讲到。例如:
It is three years since he smoked. 他戒烟已经三年了。(= It is three
years since he stopped smoking.)
3) “since + 延续性动词的现在完成时”。其从句的动作或状态延续至今。例如:
They have the deepest affection for the old professor since
they have worked with him.
自打同这位老教授一同工作以来,他们就对他怀有最深切的感情。(他们和教授现在仍然一起共事)
五、 注意以下几个完成时的句型在含义上的区别。
1) have gone to somewhere表示“去了某地(说话时当事人不在场)”,用于第三人称。例如:
He (They) has (have) gone to Beijing. 他(们)去了北京。(现在仍在北京)
不能说:I / We / You have gone to Beijing.
2) have been to
somewhere“去过某地(现在已经回来了)”,可用于各种人称。所要求的时间状语是与倍数相关的词,如once,ever,never,twice,several
times,many times等。例如:
I have never been to the Great Wall. 我从未去过长城。
How many times have you been there this year? 今年你去过那里多少次?
3) 在“It / This is the first / second time ...
that从句”中,that从句部分要用现在完成时。例如:
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
这是我第一次到这座城市。
This is the second time that they have finished the work ahead
of time. 这是他们第二次提前完成工作。
4) “This is the + 形容词最高级 + 名词 + that从句”结构中,that从句要用现在完成时态。例如:
This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
六、 瞬间动词的完成时的肯定式一般不与一段时间状语连用,但是它的否定式和被动式常与一段时间状语连用。例如:
We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. 我们很久都没有收到简的来信了。
七、介词短语如in the past years,in the last few years,over the last
century,during the past ten years以及since two years
ago等,虽然含有明确的过去时间,但句子仍然要用现在完成时。(现在完成时就是动词不定式)
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