什么是明喻和暗喻

~ 明喻和暗喻都是修辞手法，用于比喻或象征。
1. **明喻：** 是一种直接陈述或比较，通过直截了当地表达两个不同事物之间的相似性。例如，"他是一位狮子般的领导"，这里直接用"狮子"来形容领导的特质。
2. **暗喻：** 是一种含蓄、间接的比喻，通常通过暗示或象征手法来传达。读者或听众需要通过一定的联想来理解。例如，"他的心是一片荒凉的沙漠"，这里没有直接使用"像"或"如同"，而是通过描述沙漠来暗示他的心境。
总的来说，明喻直截了当地表达相似性，而暗喻则更加间接，需要读者或听众通过一些隐含的线索来理解。

1. Simile明喻，直喻

[定义] It is a comparison between two distinctly diferent things and the comparison is indicated by the word as or like.

e.g.That man can’ t be trusted . He’s as slippery as an eel .

2. Metaphor暗喻

[定义]It is the use of a word which originally denotes one thing to refer to another with a similar quality . It is also a comparison , but the comparison is implied , not expressed with the word as or like .

e.g.He is the soul of the team .

3. Personification拟人

[定义]It is to treat a thing or an idea as if it were human or had human qualities.

e.g.This time fate was smiling to him .

4. Metonymy转喻

[定义]It is substituting the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated .

e.g. The White House praised volunteers for their eforts . I studied Dickens at university .

5. Synecdoche提喻

（部分代替整体，整体代替部分）

[定义] when a part is substituted for the whole  or the whole is substituted for a part ,  synecdoche is applied

e.g.The poor creature could no longer endure her sufferings .

6. Euphemism委婉语

[定义]It is the substitution of a mild or vague expression for a harsh or unpleasant one.

e.g.

Old people - senior citizens

Mad - emotional disturbed

Dustman - sanitation worker

Invasion , raid - military action

7. Irony讽刺

[定义]It is the use of words which are clearly opposite to what is meant , in order to achieve a special effects.

e.g.  Suppose you planned an outing on a certain day , expecting it to be fine ; but when the day came it was raining heavily. If you said ,“ What fine weather for an outing !” you were speaking ironically.

8. Overstatement and understatement

夸张和轻描淡写

[定义] In overstatement the diction exaggerates the subject , and in understatement the words play down the magnitude or value of the subject . Overstatement is also called hyperbole . Both aim at the same effect : to make the statement or description impressive or interesting.

e.g. It took a few dolars to build this indoor swimming pool. "He is realy strange,"  his friends said when they heard he had divorced his pretty and loving wife.

9. Transferred Epithet 转移修饰语

[定义]

An epithet is an adjective or  descriptive  phrase that serves to characterize    somebody or  something. A transfered epithet is one that is shifted from the noun it logicaly modifies to a word associated  with that noun.

e.g. She was so worried about her son that she spent several sleepless nights.

10. Oxymoron 矛盾修饰法

[定义]In oxymoron apparently contradictory  terms are  combined to produce a special effect.

e.g. The president was conspicuously absent on that occasion. She read the long-awaited letter with a tearful smile .

11. Alliteration 头韵

[定义] It refers to the appearance of the same initial consonant sound in two or more words.

e.g. p roud as a p eacock

b lind as a b at

W ild W est w ind

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