引导定语从句的引导词

定语从句所有引导词（详解）~

英语中，将在复合句中作定语，修饰主句中的名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词，放在定语从句之前。
引导定语从句的引导词（也叫关联词）可以是关系代词（that, which, who, whom, whose）或者关系副词（when, where, why）。
引导词通常位于先行词和定语从句之间，它既起联系作用，又充当从句中的某个句子成分。
定语从句的基本结构是：先行词 + 引导词 + 定语从句。
定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类别：
1. 限制性定语从句是先行词必不可少的定语，与主句关系十分密切，如果被删去，则主句的意义就1不完整甚至失去意义，书写时主从句之间不可用逗号分开。
2. 非限制性定语从句是对先行词附加的文字说明作用，与主句关系不是很密切，如果被删去，也并不影响逐句的意思和完整性，书写时主从句之间往往用逗号分开。
一、判断定语从句引导词的一般规律：
（一）关系代词
1. that既可用来指代人也可用来指代事物，在从句中充当主语或宾语。
Who’s the boy that is reading a book?
正在看书的这个男孩是谁？(指人，作主语)
The man that you talked to is my uncle.
和你说话的那个人是我叔叔。(指人，作宾语)
The train that has just left is for Shanghai.
刚发车的这趟列车是去上海的。(指物，作主语)
Show me the photo (that) you like best.
把你最喜欢的照片给我看看吗。(指物，作宾语)
2. whose既可用来指代人也可用来指代事物，在从句中充当定语。
This is the girl whose math book is lost.
这就是丢了数学书的女孩。（指人，作定语）
The house whose windows are closed is mine.
窗户都关着的这栋房子就是我家。(指物,作定语)
3. which用来指代事物，在从句中作主语或宾语。
Look at the kites which are flying in the sky.
瞧瞧那些在空中飞舞的风筝。（指物，作主语）
The pen (which) I’m using is pretty good.
我正在用的这支笔相当好。（指物，作宾语）
4. who用来指人，在从句中作主语或宾语。
Could you recognize the thief who stole your things?
你能认出偷了你的东西的那个小偷吗？(作主语)
The man (who) you want to meet has come.
你要见的人来了。（作宾语）
5. whom用来指人，在从句中作宾语。
I’d like to make friends with the girl whom you are talking to.
我想和与你说话的女孩交朋友。(作介词宾语)
The man (whom) you want to meet has come.
你要见的人来了。（作动词宾语）
（二）关系副词
1. when表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
Could you still remember the time when the train left?
你还记得列车发车的时间吗？
I’ll never forget the date when I joined the League.
我绝不会忘记我入团的日期。
2. where表示地点，在从句中作地点状语。
Is this the shoe factory where your father works?
这是你父亲工作的鞋厂吗？
Please show me the place where the accident happened.
请带我到事故发生的现场去。
3. why表示原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，其先行词通常是reason一词。
Do you know the reason why he was late for school?
你知道他上学迟到的原因吗？
Please tell me the reason why you won’t come.
请告诉我你不能来的原因。
二、关系代词的省略问题
1.who，whom，that，which在从句中作宾语时，往往被省略，尤其是在口语和非正式文体中。
2.关系代词who，whom，that，which在从句中作介词宾语时，不可省。
3.关系代词who，that，which在从句中作主语时，不可省。
4.关系代词whose在任何情况下都不能省略。
三、只能用that作引导词的定语从句
1.先行词指物时，只能用that作引导词的定语从句：
1）先行词是指物的all, little, few, much, any, anything, something, everything, nothing, none, the one时。
All that I can do has been done. 我能做的都已经做了。
He won’t tell you anything that he has heard about it.
他不会告诉你他所听到的有关它的任何情况。
2）先行词前有all, little, few, much, any, every, no等修饰时。
There is little work that is fit for you. 没什么工作适合你做。
I have eaten all the food that is left. 我把剩下的食物都吃了。
3）先行词为what或which时，为避免重复，多用that。
Which is the house that caught fire yesterday? 昨天失火的是那座房子？
4）先行词是there be 句型中的主语，且指物时。
There are some apples on the table that are nice and sweet.桌子上有些非常甜的苹果。
5）先行词作主句的表语时。
It’s a book that will help you a lot. 这是一本对你有很大帮助的书。
2. 先行词指人时，只能用that作引导词的定语从句:
主句是以who开头的特殊问句时。
Who’s the man that the teacher is talking to? 和老师谈话的这个人是谁？
3. 不管先行词指人还是指物, 只能用引导词that的定语从句：
1）先行词被序数词以及last, next等修饰时。
It’s the last bus that you can catch. 这是你可以赶上的末班车。
He stopped the fourth thief who was running away.
他把准备逃跑的第四个小偷拦截下来了。
2）先行词是名词化的最高级形容词，或者先行词被最高级形容词修饰时。
You can choose the best that you think. 你可选你认为最好的。
This is the best film that I have seen. 这是我看过最好的影片。
He’s the finest men that I have ever worked with.他是我共事过的最好的人。
3）先行词是数词时。
---I have two smart birds.我养了两只可爱的鸟。
---Are they the two that you bought last week? 是你上星期买的这两只吗？
4）先行词被the only, the very，the last, the just, the same 等修饰时。例如：
You’ve the only person that I met here.
你是我在这儿遇见的唯一的一个人。
This is the very shirt that I am looking for.
这正是我一直在寻找的衬衫。
5）引导词为从句的表语时。例如：
She’s not the girl that she used to be.
她不再是过去的她了。
6）先行词同时包括人和物时。例如：
We often talk about the people and the things that we are interested in.
我们常常谈论我们感兴趣的人和事。
四、先行词指事物时，只能用which做引导词的定语从句
1. 引导先行词为事物的非限制性定语从句时。
My dog ,which is now very old, became ill yesterday.
我家的狗昨天病了，它已经非常老了。
The pen, which writes very well, cost me RMB 20.
这支笔花了我20元，它非常好写。
2. 关系代词前有介词时。
This is the classroom in which we studied last year.
这是我们去年在里面学习的教室。
Have you ever been to a farm on which there is a small zoo?
你曾经到过有个小动物园的农场吗？
五、先行词指人时，只能用who作引导词的定语从句：
1、关系代词在从句中作主语时，通常用who。
The boy who helped you is my younger brother.
帮你忙的那个男孩是我弟弟。
Is the woman who rides a red bike every day your aunt?
每天都骑着一辆红色自行车那个女人是你姑姑吗？
2、先行词为指人的all, one，ones，someone，anyone, everyone，no one等代词时。
One who doesn’t work hard will never get happiness. 不努力工作的人，永远得不到幸福。
Do you know anyone who can mend locks? 你认识会修锁的人吗？
3、先行词是there be句型中的主语，且指人时。
There is a stranger who wants to see you.
有个陌生人想要见你。
Once there was king who was very silly.
从前，有个非常愚蠢的国王。
4、在非限制性定语从句中。
His father, who was ill in hospital for a year, died yesterday.
他父亲住了一年的院，昨天过世了。
I know the woman very well，who often wears a red T-shirt.
我非常了解那个妇女，她经常穿着一件红体恤衫。
5、在被分隔的定语从句中。
I know the woman very well who often wears a red T-shirt.
我对经常穿着一件红体恤衫那个妇女非常了解。
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
教你们德语的新老师明天就会来。

引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that；关系副词：where, when, why, as。定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的判断，关键看从句中是否成分残缺，如果从句缺少主语，宾语或者定语，则选择关系代词；如果从句缺少状语，则选择关系副词。 1）that 可以指人也可以指物，指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在从句中作主语、宾语或是表语。 2）which 多指物，在从句中作主语或宾语。作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。 3 ) who指人，在从句中作主语和表语。口语中，who可代替whom在从句中作宾语。 4）whom指人，在从句中作宾语。它可以作动词的宾语，也可以作介词的宾语。 5）whose可以指人也可以指物，在从句中作定语，意为“……的”，后面紧跟名词。当它指物时, 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样。 when（指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语 )，where（指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语），why（指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语）, as ( 引导非限制性定语从句 )。

引导词定语从句的引导词分关系代词和关系副词。先行词在从句中做状语时用关系副词引导，其余的都用关系代词。
关系代词who， whom，whose，which，that， as；
关系副词when， where，why。

1．定语从句中缺主语，修饰人时用who ／that，修饰物时用which ／that引导。如：

Is this the factory which ／that makes TV sets？

The man who ／that visited our school is from Australia．

2．从句中缺宾语，修饰人时用 who ／whom ／that或省略引导词；修饰物时用which ／that或省略引导词。如：

Gone are the days which ／that we spent together in the village．

He is the man who ／whom ／that I think to be worthy of our praise．

3．从句中缺时间状语，用when或介词＋which引导。如：

The day finally came when ／on which I was given a job．

We'll put off the outing until next week，when we won't be so busy．

4．从句中缺地点状语，用where或介词＋which引导。如：

Please put the letter on the desk where ／on which he can easily find it．

5．从句中缺原因状语或先行词是 reason时，引导词用why ／for which ／ that。如：

This is the reason why ／for which ／ that he didn't come to the meeting．

6．从句中缺定语，人和物都用 whose引导。如：

A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan．

Please pass me the dictionary whose cover is black．

7．当先行词是way时，其定语从句的引导词用in which ／that。如：

The way in which ／that he looks at problems is wrong．

二、引导词as可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句。

1．在固定词组the same．．．as，such．．．as中，as引导限制性定语从句。如：

He is not such a fool as he looks．

I've bought the same dress as she is wearing．

2．当先行词是整个主句时，可用 as ／which引导非限制性定语从句。引导词as和which的区别在于：

①as引导的非限制性定语从句可放于主句前、主句中、主句后，而which引导的非限制性定语从句一般放于主句后或句中。

②as常与从句中的know，see， hear，expect等动词连用，也常用于as often happens，as is often the case（常有的事）等句子中；而which一般不用于以上情况。

③as有“正如”的含义，which没有此含义。如：

As is well known，Shanghai is a big city．

Some of the roads were flooded， which made our journey more difficult．

三、关系代词who，whom，whose， which和as能引导非限制性定语从句，而that不能；非限制性定语从句中即使缺宾语，引导词也不能省略；关系副词when，where能引导非限制性定语从句，而why不能。如：

Abraham Lincoln，who led the United States through the Civil War years，was shot on April 14，1865．

四、先行词是物时，其引导词可用 which也可用that，通常情况下二者可互换，但在有些情况下不能。

1．用which不用that引导定语从句的三种情况：

①非限制性定语从句用which，不用that引导。如：

Football，which is a very interesting game，is played all over the world．

②先行词为that时，为了避免重

复，定语从句用which不用that引导。如：

That which you borrowed from me wasn't a real diamond necklace．

③介词后用which不用that引导。如：

The method with which you solved the problem is very good．

2．用that不用which的七种情况：

①先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时，用 that不用which引导。如：

This is the best place that I have ever visited．

The second question that is asked is why we don't fall off the earth．

②先行词为little，much，all，none，few，（the）one， something，everything，nothing，anything等不定代词时，用that引导。如：

There is nothing in the world that can frighten him．

③先行词既有指人的名词又有指物的名词时，用 that引导。如：

He told us about the people and the cities that he had visited．

④先行词前有any，all，no，few，every，some，little， much，（the）very，（the）only，（the）last等词修饰时，用 that引导。如：

This is the very coat that I need．

Is oxygen the only gas that helps fire burn？

⑤先行词为which时，为了避免重复，用that引导。如：

Which is the book that you bought yesterday？

⑥先行词在从句中作表语时，常用that引导。如：

Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be in the 1930's．

⑦当主句是There be．．．句型时，用that引导。

There are two tickets for the film that are for you two．

五、在“one of＋复数名词＋定语从句”结构中，从句的谓语动词应与复数名词保持一致；当one前有the only修饰时，从句的谓语动词应与the only one保持一致。如：

He was one of the students who were late for class．

He was the only one of the students who was late for class．

六、引导词前有介词或短语介词时，修饰人只能用 whom，修饰物只能用which引导。如：

My glasses，without which I was like a blind man， fell to the ground and broke．

The man，by whom the wolf was shot，is called Jackson．

参考资料：http://attach.etiantian.com//ett20/study/question/upload/2003/5/30/1056973122130.doc

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1 that 。
2 as
3 which
4 when
5 where
没有8个吧。。

that,what,who,when,where,why,whom,which

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