分词做状语与分词独立结构意义上有什么区别?

~ 分词作状语,可以表示时间,原因,理由,条件,让步,连续等,相当于一个状语从句.
1. 时间状语（相当于时间状语从句）：如：
He went out shutting the door behind him.他出去后将门随手关上.
Stepping carelessly off the pavement,he was knocked down by the bus.他不小心离开了人行道,被公共汽车撞倒了.
2. 原因状语（相当于原因状语从句）：如：Being a shy man, Einstein did not attend the public celebration on his fiftieth birthday.爱因斯坦没有参加公众为他举行的50岁生日庆祝会,因为他腼腆.
Being sick I stayed at home.我因病待在家中.
Gone from home so long, they joyously embraced their mates of boyhood.他们久离家乡,高兴地拥抱他们儿时伙伴.
Born and bred in the countryside, he was bewildered by the big city. 他生长在乡下,对这座大城市感到迷惑.
3．方式、伴随或附加说明,有时前面可加连词as if .如：
The lichens came borne by storms.这些地衣是由暴风雨带来的.(表示方式)
Holding the note in his hand, he stood there, dumb founded.他站在那里目瞪口呆,手里拿着那张支票.（表示伴随）
He stood as if remembering something.他站着,好象想起了什么.
4.条件状语（相当于条件状语从句）如：
Considered form this point of riew, the question will be of great importance.从这个角度看,此问题很重要.United, we stand, divided, we fall.团结则存,分裂则亡.
He will not e unless invited.如果不请他,他是不会来的.
5.结果状语：如：The child fell, striking his head against the door and cutting it.那孩子跌到了,头碰在门上碰破了.
He dropped the plate, breaking it into a hundred pieces.他把盘子掉了,打成了碎片.
He said that the leaves of his ja *** ine plant had turned yellow. He thought that it was due to a water shortage so he applied more water, only making things worse.他说他的茉莉花的叶子变黄了.他想是缺水所致,于是多浇了水,结果反而更遭.
6.程度状语：如：
His plans failed, raving mad.他的计划失败了,疯狂的很.
7.目的状语：如：He use to go swimming every morning during the summer vacation.过去暑假时,他每天早晨都去游泳.
8.让步状语：如：
Mocked at by everyone, he had my sympathy.人人都嘲笑他,我却同情他.
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.他们尽管了解这一切,还是要我们赔偿损失.
说明：如果分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语,须在分词前面加上它自己的主语,但这种结构叫独立主格结构,其作用相当于状语从句；或用with复合结构（with+宾语+宾补）作状语.如：
Her tea finished, she went on with her work.喝完茶后,她继续工作.
This done, we went home.做完此事,我们就回家了.
She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast.她凝视着,双手叉在胸前.
All our saving gone, we started looking for jobs.积蓄全部花完了,我们就开始找工作.
With the fire burning all the night, she had a sound sleep. 尽管大火烧了一夜,她还是睡的很香.
分词的独立结构大多情况下表示伴随的动作或状况、时间、方式、原因、条件等.
当复合句中的从句的主语与主句的主语不一致时,将从句转换成分词结构时可保留从句的主语,以区别于主句的主语.这种带有自己的逻辑主语的分词结构叫做分词的独立结构（absolute construction）.至于分词独立结构中的动词是用其现在分词-ing形式还是过去分词-ed形式,只需将分词独立结构转换为其深层结构——从句,分析从句中的主谓关系,我们就能得出动词分词的正确形式.
一、表示伴随的动作或状况：一般由“with（without）＋分词”构成.如：
1．Birds also can sleep with both hemispheres resting at once．鸟也能在两个脑半球同时休息时睡觉.
2．She walked with her head held high．她走路时头抬得高高的.
3．The soldiers went up the street with their bayonets flashing in the winter sunlight．战士们在街上行走,刺刀在冬天的阳光下闪闪发光.
二、表示时间.如：
1．The football match being over,the players shook hands with each other．足球比赛结束后,队员们相互握手.
2．This task being pleted,he took up a new one．这项任务完成后,他又承担一项新的任务.
3．His paper work having been finished,he left the office．文书活干完后,他离开了办公室.
三、表示方式.如：
1．She stood at the end of the village, her eyes gazing steadily into the distance．她站在村尾,眼睛直视前方.
2．She is staring straight ahead,her muscles contracting slightly．她眼盯着前方看,脸上的肌肉在微微颤抖.
四、表示原因.如：
1．There being a political report in the afternoon,we shall put off our class．因为下午有政治报告,我们将取消上课.
2．Her mother having fallen ill,the girl had to do the housework by herself．母亲生病了,这女孩得自己做家务.
3．The weather being fine,we visited the factory．因为天气好,我们去参观了工厂.
五、表示条件.如：
1．Weather permitting,we shall have an outing tomorrow．如果天气好的话,明天我们去郊游.
2．All things considered,this novel is the best of its kind．如果考虑所有因素的话,这部小说是该类中最好的.
3．Time permitting,I'm determined to learn more．如果时间许可的话,我决定去深造学习.
值得一提的是,在分词的独立主格结构中,being ＋ adj．（adv．）结构中的分词being可省略.如：
The lecture（being）over,we left the hall．

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