英语中虚拟时态是怎样的

虚拟时态的用法？~

动词的语气——虚拟语气(The Subjunctive Mood)
一、语气的定义和种类
l、语气：语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。
2、语气的种类：
(1)陈述语气: 表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：We are not ready. 我们没准备好。What a fine day it is!多好的天气啊!
(2)祈使语气: 表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如: Open the door, please。请打开门。
(3)虚拟语气: 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如: If I were you, I should study English. 如果我是你，我就学英语了。May you succeed! 祝您成功！
二、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法
条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件句。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。如: If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果明天不下雨，我们就去公园。
如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如: If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天见到你，他会问你这件事的。(事实上他昨天没见到你，因此也未能问你这件事。)
在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下:

与现在事实相反: 从句: 动词的过去式（be的过去式一般用were）
主句:would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形
与过去事实相反 : 从句 :had + 过去分词
主句 :would/ should/ could/ might + have + 过去分词
与将来事实相反 : 从句:动词过去式，should + 动词原形，
主句 :were to + 动词原形 would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形
注: 主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should可用于各种人称。
l、表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如: If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 要是我哥哥在这儿 ，一切都没问题了。
2、表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如: If you had taken my advice，you wouldn't (couldn’t) have failed in the exam. 如果你按照我的建议去做，你一定不会(不可能)考试不及格。
3、表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如: If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should (would，could，might) go to see my grandmother. 如果明天是星期天，我就 (可能)去看望我奶奶。If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out. 如果今晚下雪，他们将不出去了。
4、有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致（表示错综时间的虚拟语气），这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如: If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now. 如果你当初听了医生的话，身体现在就好了。(从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在)
5、虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式:
(l)省略连词if。在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had 或 should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。例如: Should he come (If he should come), tell him to ring me up. 他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. 我要是你，就不做这事。
(2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来，而是通过介词短语来表示。如: Without air (If there were not air), there would be no living things. 如果没有空气的话，就不会有生物了。But for your help (If it hadn’t been for your help) I couldn’t have done it. 要是没有你的帮助，我就不可能完成这件事。
假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。如: I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them. (If I hadn’t been busy that day, I would have gone there with them.) 我那天很忙，否则，我就和他们一起去那儿了。(如果我那天不忙的话，我就……)；I would have finished the work, but I have been ill. (If I hadn’t been ill, I would have finished the work.) 我本来该完成这项工作的，但我生病了。(如果我没生病的话，我就会完成……)
6、省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。
(1)省去条件从句。如: You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去了"If you had wanted to")(事实是:你自己没洗衣服，因为你不想洗。)
(2)省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。如: If my grandmother were with me! 如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世。)；If only she had not left! 如果她没走就好了!(事实是:她已经走了。)
三、虚拟语气的其他用法
l、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：在"It is important (strange，natural，necessary)that…"这类句型里，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “should+动词原形”结构，表示某事是"重要"、"奇怪"、"自然"、"必要"等意义。如: It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules. 重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。
2、虚拟语气在宾语从句中用法：
(1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。1)表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be动词一般用were)。如: I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道)；2）表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词常用"had+过去分词"。如: I wish (wished) I hadn’t spent so much money. 我后悔不该花那么多钱。(实际上已经花掉)；3)表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为"would+动词原形"。此时要注意，主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动物名词除外)。如: I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止；I wish you would come soon. 但愿你立刻来。
(2)在suggest，demand，order，propose，insist，command，request，desire等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。如: I demand that he (should) answer me immediately. 我要求他立刻答复我。
3、虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法
(1)在带有even if/ even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如: Even if he had been ill, he would have gone to his office. 即使生了病，他都去办公室。
(2)由as if或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be用were)或 “had+过去分词”。如: He treated me as if I were a stranger. 他那样对待我，好像我是陌
生人似的。She talked about the film as if she had really seen it. 她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。
注:如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。
(3)在in order that或so that引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词多用 “could或might（有时也用should）+ 动词原形”。如: Mr green spoke slowly so that his students could (might) hear clearly. 格林先生说得很慢，好让学生听清楚。
4、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法：在"It is time (that) …"句型中，定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来，动词形式一般用过去式，意思是"该干某事的时候了"。如: It’s (high) time we did our homework. 我们该做作业了。
5、虚拟语气在简单句中的用法
(1)情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌，或委婉的语气，常见于日常会话中。如: It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 你最好别太晚睡觉。
(2)在一些习惯表达中。如: I would rather not tell you. 我宁愿不告诉你。
(3)用“may + 动词原形”表示"祝愿"、"但愿”，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。如：May you be happy!祝你快乐！May good luck be yours.祝你顺利。 “would+have+done”虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是“本来会做”。

1. I would have told you all about the boy's story, but you didn't ask me. 我本来会告诉你这个小男孩的故事，但是你没有问我。

2. Without your help, I wouldn't have achieved so much. 没有你的帮助，我是不会取得如此大的成绩。


“could+have+done”是虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是本来能够做某事而没有做。

He could have passed the exam, but he was too careless. 本来他能够通过考试，但是他太粗心。
请看相关知识点：



一、 “must+have+done”表示对过去事情的肯定推测，译成“一定做过某事”，该结构只用于肯定句。

1. It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. 昨晚一定下雨了，因为地面还是湿的。

2. You must have been mad to speak to the servant. 你和仆人说话，一定是发疯了。

二、 “can't+have+done”表示对过去事情的否定推测，译成“不可能做过某事”。

1. Mr. Smith can't have gone to Beijing, for I saw him in the library just now. 史密斯先生不可能去北京了，我刚才还在图书馆见过他。

2. Mary can't have stolen your money. She has gone home. 玛丽不可能偷你的钱，她回家去了。

三、 “can+have+done”表示对过去行为的怀疑，用于疑问句，译成“可能做过……吗？”。

1. There is no light in the room. Can they have gone out? 屋里没有灯，他们可能出去了吗？

2. There is nowhere to find them. Where can they have gone? 到处找不到他们，他们可能到什么地方去呢？

四、 “could+have+done”是虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是本来能够做某事而没有做。

He could have passed the exam, but he was too careless. 本来他能够通过考试，但是他太粗心。

五、 “may+have+done”表示对发生过的事情的推测，意思是“可能已经”或“也许已经”，用于肯定句中。

—What has happened to George?

—I don't know. He may have got lost.

—乔治发生了什么事？

——我不知道，他可能迷路了。

六、 “might+have+done”表示对过去事情的推测，might与may意思相同，但可能性更小。多用于虚拟语气结构中。

1. He might have given you more help, even though he was busy. 他或许会多给你一些帮助，即使他很忙。

2. She might have achieved greater progress, if you had given her more chances. 如果你多给她点机会，她可能已经取得更大的成绩。

七、 “would+have+done”虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是“本来会做”。

1. I would have told you all about the boy's story, but you didn't ask me. 我本来会告诉你这个小男孩的故事，但是你没有问我。

2. Without your help, I wouldn't have achieved so much. 没有你的帮助，我是不会取得如此大的成绩。

八、 “should+have+done”意思是“本来应该做某事，而实际没做。” “shouldn't+have+done”表示本来不应该做某事，而实际做了。含有指责对方或自责的含意。

1. Tom, you are too lazy. The work should have been finished yesterday. 汤姆，你太懒惰了，这项工作本来应该昨天就做完的。

2. Look, Tom is crying. I shouldn't have been so harsh on him. 看，汤姆哭了，我本来不应该对他如此严厉。

九、 “ought to+have+done”表示过去应该做而实际并没有做，译成“理应做……”，往往表示遗憾。与“should+have+done”用法基本一样。

I ought to have gone home last Sunday. 我理应上星期日回家。

You ought not to have given him more help. 你不应该帮助他那么多。

十、 “need+have+done”表示本来需要做某事而没有做。“needn't+have+done”则表示“本来不需要做某事而做了”。

I needn't have bought so much wine—only five people came. 我本来没有必要买这么多酒，只来了五个人。

He need have hurried to the station. In that case, be wouldn't have missed the train. 他本来需要快点去车站，那样的话，他就不会误了火车。


would like to have done sth 本打算做某事

I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.


would rather +have done 当时宁愿做了 或没做
I would rather have refuse his offer

谈谈虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)(一)

如果你看到下列的句子，你会认为它们是正确的还是错的呢？

1. I wish I were a bird.
2. We request that you be here tomorrow.

也许你会说:"哈哈，第一句的 I were 错了，应该是 I was；而第二句中的 you be
是什么东东呀？不是 you are, 也不是 you will be, 什么 you be?!"

其实上面的句子都是一种称为 Subjunctive 类型的句子。Subjunctive Mood 有的书译
为"假设语气"，虽不很贴切；但在相当大的程度上，告诉我们这种句子的特点。
Subjunctive Mood中文译作"虚拟语气"，似乎不及"假设语气"那么容易明白。它是一种
动词形式，表示说话人的某种假设、愿望、怀疑、猜测、建议等含义。

基本上，虚拟语气可分为虚拟现在(Subjunctive Present)和虚拟过去(Subjunctive
Past)两种；但它们和时态(Tenses)上所指的现在时态(Present Tense)和过去时态
(Past Tense)是有所不同的。

一、虚拟现在(Subjunctive Present):

虚拟现在的句子，在任何时候都要用动词的原形(root form)，就算是第三人称(he,
she, it)也是如此。如：

1.1 现在时态(Simple Present): (右边为虚拟语气)

I work ---- I work
you work ---- you work
he works ---- he work (注意到了吗，是 work，不是 works)
she works ---- she work (不是 she works 喔）
it works ---- it work (同样不是 it works 喔)
we work ---- we work
they work ---- they work

1.2 现在进行时态(Present Continuous):(右边为虚拟语气）

I am working ---- I be working (注意用的是 be，怪怪的!)
you are working ---- you be working
he is working ---- he be working
she is working ---- she be working
it is working ---- it be working
we are working ---- we be working
they are woring ---- they be working

1.3 现在完成时态(Present Perfect):(右边为虚拟语气)

I have worked ---- I have worked
you have worked ---- you have worked
he has worked ----- he have worked (用的还是have喔)
she has worked ---- she have worked
it has worked ---- it have worked
we have worked ---- we have worked
they have worked ---- they have worked

1.4 现在完成进行时态(Present Perfect Continuous):(右边为虚拟语气)

I have been working ---- I have been working
you have been working ---- you have been working
he has been working ---- he have been working (是 he have, 不是 he has )
she has been working ---- she have been working
it has been working --- it have been working
we have been working ---- we have been working
they have been working ---- they have been working


嘘，暂时休息一会儿。下回再谈虚拟过去的动词有什么不同。如何，你喜欢她吗？

谈谈虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)（二）

二、虚拟过去(Subjunctive Past)

虚拟过去的动词无论在什么情况之下都要用过去复数形式。如：动词 be，在虚拟过去
中要用 were。

2.1 过去时态(Simple Past):(右边为虚拟语气)

I worked ---- I worked
you worked ---- you worked
he worked ---- he worked
she worked ---- she worked
it worked ---- it worked
we worked ---- we worked
they worked ---- they worked

2.2 过去进行时态(Past Continuous):(右边为虚拟语气)

I was working ---- I were working （注意是 I were）
you were working ---- you were working
he was working ---- he were working (是 he were 喔)
she was working ---- she were working
it was working ---- it were working
we were working ---- we were working
they were working ---- they were working

2.3 过去完成时态(Past Perfect):(右边为虚拟语气)

I had worked ---- I had worked
you had worked ---- you had worked
he had worked ---- he had worked
she had worked ---- she had worked
it had worked ---- it had worked
we had worked ---- we had worked
they had worked ---- they had worked
(耶，全部都用 had ! )

2.4 过去完成进行时态(Past Perfect Continuous):(右边为虚拟语气)

I had been working ---- I had been working
you had been working ---- you had been working
he had been working ---- he had been working
she had been working ---- she had been working
it had been working ---- it had been working
we had been working ---- we had been working
they had been working ---- they had been working
(全部都是 had been 喔）


看来很简单，是吧？下回我们就要谈到她的本领了。再见了！

谈谈虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)（三）

虚拟语气在语法里算得上是个难点。让我们就从最简单的开始吧。

三、简单的祝愿和命令：

3.1 祝愿
1. May you be happy. (注意那个 be ) 祝你幸福。
2. May you have a good time.
3. May the friendship between us last long,
4. Have a good journey! 祝你旅途愉快！

3.2 命令
注意：1.命令虚拟语气只能用在第二人称(you)，而且通常省略主语(也就是you)。
2.句子尾通常加上感叹号：！
3.虚拟语气动词用一般现在时态(Simple Present)，如：work, be , go
4.否定形式的命令语气，可用助动词 do，加上 not。

1. Work !
2. Work harder !
3. Be more alert ! (虚拟语气动词 Be)
4. You go out !
5. Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虚拟语气)
6. Don't be afraid. (口语中常用don't 代替 do not)

这回就谈这么多，不会嫌少吧。

谈谈虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)(四)

四、在现在时态句里，用情态动词(Modal Verb)的过去时态
(could,might,should,would)表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼、委婉等：

1. Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office.
(情态动词 would,表示客气有礼)

2. It would be better for you not to stay up too late.(表示委婉)

五、虚拟语气在宾语从句(Subordinate Clasue)中的用法：

5.1 在wish后的虚拟语气宾语从句(可省略它的that)：
表示：a.和现在的事实相反；
b.和过去的事实相反；
c.对将来的主观愿望。

5.1.1 现在情况的虚拟，从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)：

1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.
(wish, 动词过去式 knew)
我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道)

2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.
(wish, were)
但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能)

3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)
但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能,难道是鸟人？呵呵)

4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.
(wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家)

5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.
(wishes,过去虚拟动词understood)
现在他在中国，他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂)

6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.
(will wish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起)

5.1.2 过去情况的虚拟，从句动词用"had + 过去分词"（时间上较前):

1. I wish (that可省略，下同)I hadn't wasted so much time.
我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了)

2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance.
他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去)

3. We wished he had spoken to us.
(wished，had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲)

4. I wish you had called earlier.
(wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了)

5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner.
(will wish,had + listened)(事实上并不如此)

5.1.3 将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望)，从句动词用"would/should/
could/might + 动词原形"(时间上较后):
(请注意：主句和从句的主语不相同喔)

1. I wish it would stop raining.(虚拟动词would+动词原形stop)
我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢)

2. I wish you would be quiet.(would + be)
我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢)

3. You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive)
你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到)

4. I wish she would change her mind.(would + change)
我希望她会改变主意。(呵呵，女孩子可没那么容易就改变主意喔)

5. He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join)
(只是希望我们和他在一起，实际上还没在一起)


为了这个wish的部份，可花了我不少时间喔。I wish you would appreciate my work.
hi hi……

谈谈虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)(五)

5.2 除了wish之外，下列各动词(如 suggest)的后面的虚拟语气宾语从句，其谓语用
：
"should + 动词原形"表示建议(suggest)、坚持(insist)等虚拟语气：

* suggest (建议), recommend (推荐), advise (劝告), propose (建议)
* insist (坚持), consent (允诺)
* decide (决定), order (命令)
* request (要求), demand (要求), desire (期望), ask (要求)
* maintain (主张), urge (催促)

1. I suggest that we (should 可省略,下同) start the meeting at once.
(suggest, should + start) (表示建议立即开会)

2. The doctor suggested that he (should ) try to lose his weight.
(suggested, should + try) (表示建议你应该减肥喔)

3. He insisted that all of us (should) be there on time by any mains.
(insisted, should + be) (表示坚持,无论如何都要准时到那儿。你再讲也没
用哩！)

4. He insisted that we (should) tell him the news.
(insisted, should + tell) (表示非要你告诉他不可)

5. He ordered that the students (should) wash the clothes every week by
themselves.
(ordered, should + wash) (表示命令学生们每周自己洗衣服)


六、虚拟语气在表语从句、同位语从句中的用法：

下列名词后的表语从句或同位语从句，也用"should + 动词原形" 表示虚拟语气：

* demand (要求), desire (请求),requirment (要求)
* advice (劝告), recommendation (建议),suggestion (建议)
* order (命令)
* necessity (必要地), preference (优先)
* proposal (计划), plan (计划), idea (办法)

1. The advice is that we (should 可省略，下同) leave at once.
(名词advice，should + leave) (表示加以劝告)

2. My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.
(idea, should + get) (表示做出主意)

3. I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
(proposal, should + hold) (表示做出计划)


虚拟语气之类的语法真是错综复杂，不是一时半刻就能弄清楚的。再会。

谈谈虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)(六)

七、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法

句型：It is (或was) + 形容词(或过去分词) + that …… +should + 动词原
形……
句子：It is natural that she should do so. (形容词natural, should+动词原
形do)

常用的形容词：
* natural (自然的), appropriate (适当的),advisable (合适的), preferable (更
可取的), better (更好的)
* necessary (必须的), important (重要的), imperative (急需的), urgent (急迫
的), essential (本质的), vital (必不可少的)
* probable (很可能的), possible (可能的)
* desirable (极好的)

常用的过去分词(Past Participle):
* required (需要的), demanded (要求), requested (被请求的), desired (要求)
* suggested (建议), recommended (推荐)
* orderd (命令)

1. It is necessary that we (should 可省略,下同）have a walk now.
(necessary, should + have) (表示有需要去散步)

2.It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time.
(necessary, should + make) (表示有必要事先做好准备)

3. It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.
(required, should + smoke) (表示要求不要在此抽烟)

4. It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand the
rule of school.
(important, should + be) (表示重要的是学生都能了解校规)

5. It's important that we (should) take good care of the patient.
(important, should + take) (表示重要的是照顾好病人)


我们学习英文语法是为了在日常应用英语时能够更加得心应手。让我们一起学习，一起
进步吧。下回见！

谈谈虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)(七)

八、虚拟语气在条件从句(Protasis)中的用法：

条件从句有两类：（1）真实条件句；（2）虚拟条件句。
如果假设情况有可能发生的，就是"真实条件句"。如：
1. If time permits, we'll go fishing together.
(如果有时间的话，我们就一起去钓鱼。）

如果假设的情况与事实相反，则为"虚拟条件句"。如：
1. If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.
（如果昨天下雨的话，我们就会留在家里。）

这回我们要谈的就是关于"虚拟条件句"的一些句型。
* 这种句子一般由"从句"（Subordinate Clause)和"主句"(Main Clause)组成。如上
例：
If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.
"If it had rained yesterday" 就是"从句"；"we would have stayed at home" 则
为"主句。

* 无论"从句"或"主句"的谓语都要用虚拟语气。它们所用的动词有三种时态
(Tenses)，就是：
现在时态、过去时态、将来时态。

* 句型：

8.1 与现在事实相反的假设(事情的发生都在同一时间内):

从句：if + 主语 + 动词的过去式(be 用 were) + ……
主句：主语 + would (should, could , might) + 动词原形 + ……

1. If I were you, I would go with him.
(从句 If I were you, 主句 I would go with him.)

2. If I were you, I should buy it.
(从句用过去式动词were，主句用动词原形 buy)

3. If I had time, I would study French. (如果有时间，我会学习法文。）
（从句用过去式动词had，主句用动词原形 study）

4. If she knew English, she would not ask me for help. (如果她懂英文，她就
不必要我帮了。)
(从句用过去式动词knew, 主句用动词原形ask)

注意：如果动作在进行中，主句要用："主语 + would be + 进行式动词 + ……"

5. If they were here, he would be speaking to them now.
(从句用过去式动词were, 主句用 would be speaking)

8.2 与过去事实相反的假设(假设从句的事实为过去的事)：

从句：If + 主语 + had +过去完成式动词 + ……
主句：主语 + would (should, could, might) + have +过去完成式动词 +……

1. If you had studied harder last term, you could have passed exam.
(从句动词用had studied, 主句动词用have passed)
如果你在上个学期用功一些，你就会在考试中过关了。

2. If you had taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the exam.
(从句动词用had taken, 主句动词用have failed)
如果你当时听从我的劝告的话，你就不会在考试中失败了。

3. If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train.
(从句动词用had got up, 主句动词用 have caught)
如果你起身得早一点，你就会赶得上火车了。

4. If it had snowed, I would have skied in the park.
(从句动词用had snowed, 主句动词用 have skied)
如果下雪的话，我就可在公园里滑雪了。


注意：如果动作在进行中，主句要用："I主语 + would + have + 完成进行式动词
+……

5. If they had been here, he would have been speaking to them.
(从句动词用had been, 主句动词用 have been speaking)

8.3 与将来的事实可能相反(对将来的事实实现的可能性不大)：

从句：If + 主语 + should (或were) + 动词原形 +……
主句：主语 + would (could, should, might) + 动词原形 +……

1. If it should rain, the crops would be saved.
(从句动词用should rain，主句动词用 be)
如果天下雨，庄稼可能就收获了。

2. If he were to go fomorrow, he might tell you.
(从句动词用were to, 主句动词用 tell)
如果明天他走的话，他可能会告诉你。

3. If he were here, I would give him the books.
(从句动词用 were, 主句动词用 give)
如果他在这儿，我可能会把书给他。


注意：如果动作在进行中，从句(不是主句喔)要用："If + 主语 + 过去进行式动词
+……"

4. If she were staying here now, I would let her ride my horse.
(从句动词用 were staying, 主句动词用 let)
如果她现在留在这儿，我可能会让她骑我的马。

8.4 从句的 If 有时可省略，那么从句中的动词(were, had, should)就得移到主语前
面：

1. 原句：If she were younger, she would do it.
去If：Were she younger, she would do it. (把动词were移到主语she的前面)

2. 原句：If he had tried it, he could have done it.
去If：Had he tried it, he could have done it.(把had移到主语he的前面)

8.5 有时虚拟条件句的从句或主句都可以省略其中一个：

1. I could help you. (只有主句）

2. If I had time. (只有从句）

3. She should have come to the meeting. (只有主句)

4. If he had much more money. (只有从句)

8.6 有时虚拟条件句的从句和主句地动词动作时态会不一致：

8.6.1 从句表示过去，主句表示将来：

If they had started the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.

8.6.2 从句表示将来，主句表示过去：

If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, I
would have gone to see the film with you last night.

8.6.3 从句表示过去，主句表示将来：

If we hadn't made adequate preparations, we shouldn't dare to do the
experiment next week.

8.6.4 从句表示将来，主句表示现在：

If we shouldn't have an exam this afternoon, I would go shopping now.


你们在学习中有什么心得，欢迎告诉我：peng2100315@sina.com 再会！

谈谈虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)(八)

九、其他虚拟语气在句子中的应用：

9.1 用as if (或 as though 好象) 的状语从句，表示与事实相反：

1. He pretends as if he didn't know the thing at all, but in fact he knows
it very well.
（用过去式表示与现在事实相反的假设）
他假装好象完全不懂那事，其实他对那事非常了解。

2. The old man looked at the picture, he felt as though he had gone back
to time 20 years ago.
(用过去完成式表示与过去相反的事实)
那老人看着照片，他觉得仿佛回到20年前的时光。

3. They talked and talked as if they would never meet again.
(would + 原形动词meet，表示与将来事实相反)
他们谈了又谈，仿佛他们不会再相见的样子。

9.2 用 had hoped 表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情。
其宾语从句的谓语要用"would + 动词原形"：

1. I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said
she liked to stay in China. 我原本希望她到美国去念书，但她说她喜欢留在中
国。

9.3 用 without / but for / in the absence of 表示"要不是"、"如果没有"，表
示条件虚拟句：

1. Without air, nothing could live.
要是没有空气，什么也不能生存。

2. But for your assistance, we could not accomplish it.
要不是你的帮忙，我们是难有成就的。

3. In the absence of water and air, nothing could live.
如果没有水和空气，什么也不能生存。

是虚拟语气，不是虚拟时态。
一、虚拟语气的使用范围：
虚拟语气用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。该语法主要用于if 条件状语从句中，也可用于主语从句、表语从句和宾语从句等。

二、虚拟语气的判断：
1. if 条件状语从句中虚拟语气的判断。if 条件状语从句有真实条件句和非真实条件句。假设条件可以实现的句子为真实条件句，反之为非真实条件句，要用虚拟语气。其形式分为以下三种：
(1) 与过去事实相反的假设。结构为：从句的谓语动词用“had + 过去分词”，主句用“should (would, could, might) + have + 过去分词”。例如：
If it had not rained so hard yesterday, we could have played tennis. 如果昨天没有下大雨，我们就能玩网球了。
(2) 与现在事实相反的假设。结构为：从句的谓语动词用过去式，系动词用were，主句的谓语用“should (would, could, might) + 动词原形”。例如：
If I were in your position, I would marry her. 如果我是你，我就娶她为妻。
(3) 与将来事实相反的假设。结构为：从句的谓语动词用“should (were to) + 动词原形”，主句用“should
(would, could, might) + 动词原形”。 例如：
If you should miss the chance, you would feel sorry for it. 如果你错过了这次机会，你会难过的。
2. 宾语从句中的虚拟语气。
(1) wish后接宾语从句中的虚拟语气：根据从句的意义来判断。
A: 表示与现在和将来事实相反的愿望，从句谓语动词用过去时态。例如：
I wish they were not so late. 要是他们来得不是这么晚就好了。
B: 表示与过去事实相反的愿望，从句谓语动词用过去完成时态。例如：
I wished he hadn't done that. 我真希望那件事不是他做的。
(2)
表示“要求、建议、命令”等动词后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气。用于此结构的动词有：advise, direct, agree, ask,
demand, decide, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose, request,
suggest等。从句的谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”，其中should 可以省去。例如：
I insisted that he (should) go with us. 我坚持让他和我们一起去。
注意：当insist 表示“坚持认为”、suggest表示“表明，显示”时，不用虚拟语气。例如：
He insisted that she was honest. 他坚持认为她是诚实的。
3. 主语从句中的虚拟语气。
(1) It be + 形容词 + that...
(should)...。用于该句型的形容词有：necessary, good, important, right, wrong, better,
natural, proper, funny, strange, surprising等。例如：
It's natural that he should feel hurt. 他感到疼是很正常的。
(2) It be + 过去分词 ＋ that... (should)...。用于该结构中的过去分词是表示“建议、请求、命令”等词的过去分词。如： desired, suggested, requested, ordered, proposed等。例如：
It is desired that the building of the house be completed next month. 真希望这所房子在下个月前就能竣工。
(3) It is time (about time / high time) that... + (过去时或should + 动词原形)...。例如：
It is high time I went home now. = It is high time I should go home. 我该回家了。
(4) 表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气。在suggestion, proposal,
order, plan, idea, advice, decision等需要具体内容解释的名词后要使用虚拟语气，其谓语动词为：should +
动词原形，连接从句的that不能省略。例如：
My suggestion is that we should go there at once. 我的建议是我们应该马上去那儿。
4． 省略形式。有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if 省去，而将had, should, were 等词提到主语之前，即用倒装结构。这时，如果出现not等否定词时需放在主语后面。例如：
If she had been here five minutes earlier she
would have seen her old friend. → Had she been here five minutes earlier
she would have seen her old friend. 如果她早到五分钟，她就会看见她的老朋友了。

---

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毋磊运泰： 虚拟语气的三种时态表格如下图所示:资料扩展: 英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气、疑问语气和感叹语气五类.虚拟语气是说话者用来表示假设,或难以实现的情况,而非客观存在的事实,所陈述的是一个条件,不一定是事...

长丰县15791007705： 有没有人记得,高中课本里英语虚拟语态的三种时态的那个表格???急需,谢谢 - ？
毋磊运泰： 01.表示与现在事实相反的假设 从句: if+主语+were或动词过去时 主句:主语+ should/would/could/might+动词原形02.与过去事实相反的假设 从句: if+主语+had+过去分词 主句: 主语+ should/would/could/might+have+过去分词03.表示与将来事实相反的假设 从句 if+主语+should/ were to/动词过去时 主句 主语+ should/would/could/might+动词原形希望对你有帮助:)