英语定语从句的讲解，详细一点再有点典型例句难一点，(九年级)

英语定语从句讲解（详细一点的）和好题（难一点的）（九年级的）~

定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
定语从句功能及位置
　　功能：定语从句相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。
　　位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后。
　　例：Those who are willing to attend the party , sign your names here please.
定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。(定语从句的概念:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句.被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面.）
关系词:
　　引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，绝对没有what；关系副词有where, when, why,how等。关系词常有3个作用：
　　①连接作用，引导定语从句。
　　②代替主句中的先行词，甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整个主句。
　　③在定语从句中充当一句子成分。
　　注：关系代词有主语、宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。关系代词在从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语等，关系副词在从句中作地点状语，时间状语，原因状语等。
先行词:
　　被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。如The man The book
关系代词引导的定语从句举例
　　关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1,who, whom, that
　　这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，who作主语指人，whom作宾语指人，that既可作主语又可作宾语（作宾语可以省略），可以指人也可以指物。在从句中所起作用如下：
　　(1) Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他是那个想见你的男人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
　　(2) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
　　（3）The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher 你刚刚说话的那个男人是我们的英语老师
2,Whose 用来指人或物
　　(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换，指人的时候也可以用of whom 代替）
　　(1) They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
　　(2) Please pass me the book whose color (the color of which) is green.　请递给我那本绿皮的书。
　　(3) The man whose son is a doctor is our professor. 那个儿子是医生的男人是我们的教授。
3,which, that
　　它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，作宾语时可以省略，例如：
　　(1)Prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在从句中作主语）
　　(2) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿那个包裹快要散开了。(which / that在从句中作宾语）
　　4,as
　　as 可以做主语，也可以作宾语，作宾语时一般不省略，指人或者物。常与such as,the same as等短语连用。
　　5，as与which的区别
　　①as可以放在句首，而which不行
　　②as表示主观，which表示客观事实
　　③as引导非限制性定语从句
关系副词引导的定语从句
when指时间
　　在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用
　　(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
　　(2) The time when we got together finally came.
where指地点
　　在定语从句中做地点状语
　　(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.
　　(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
why指原因
　　在定语从句中做原因状语
　　(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
　　(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
　　注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
　　(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
　　(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
先行词和关系词
　　1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.　(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
　　2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替)
　　但这两句句子已经不是定语从句了，是名词性从句。因为定语从句一定要有先行词，而名词性从句没有。将“Whoever”、“what”分别用“Anyone who”、“all that”代替后，才是定语从句，先行词分别是“Anyone”、“all”。
　　由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。　
　　As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.　
　　The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.　
　　典型例题
　　1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
　　A. it　B. that　C. which　D. he　
　　答案C。
　　此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。
　　2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
　　A. what　B. which　C. that　D. it　
　　答案B。
　　which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。
　　3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
　　A. that　B. which　C. as　D. it　
　　答案B。　　
　　as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：　
　　(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。　
　　(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。　
　　在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。
　　As 的用法例
　　1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。　
　　I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
　　例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。　
　　As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.　
　　As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.　
　　As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；
　　例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。
　　一、“as / which” 特殊定语从句的先行成分
　　1. 形容词或形容词短语作先行成分, 具有形容词意义的介词短语也可以充当先行成分，如：
　　My grandmother’s house was always of great importance to me, as my own is.
　　在一定的语言环境里，有些名词可以具有形容词的性质。这些名词主要是那些表示人的身份、职业、状态的名词。值得一提的是，在这些具有形容词性质的名词之后，引导定语从句的关系代词不能用who / whom.
　　2. 动词短语先行成分。
　　这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如果是动态动词短语，它们在从句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词do和as / which一起代替。do可以出现，也可以不出现，但不能用其它动词代替。
　　3. 句子作先行成分。
　　这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句。有时是连续几个句子，有时甚至可以是一个完整的故事。
　　二、“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置
　　由于先行成分的构成成分不同，“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几种情况：
　　1. 形容词做先行成分时：形容词或形容词短语（含具有形容词性质的名词）作先行成分，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。
　　2. 动词短语作先行成分时：动词短语作先行成分时，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。但是，当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时，“as”特殊定语从句可以移至句子之首。
　　3. 句子作先行成分时：“as”特殊定语从句的位置较灵活，可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引语，“as”特殊定语从句多在先行成分之前。如果先行成分是否定句，“as”特殊定语从句与否定词的相对位置不同可以使它产生不同的意义。由于“as”特殊定语从句具有这一特点，所以有时它的位置不能随便移动。在非正式的文体里，“which”特殊定语从句可以出现在先行成分之中。
　　三、“as/which”特殊定语从句的语义功能
　　一般说来，as与which的语义功能相同，可以相互替换。但先行成分为句子时，它们的语义功能则有差异。
　　1. 表示结果
　　表示结果的特殊定语从句与其先行成分之间存在着一定的因果关系，从句中往往使用有结果意义的词，如动词result, make, enable, cause和形容词interesting, surprising, delightful, disgraceful等。
　　2. 表示评注
　　表示评注的特殊定语从句对其先行成分所述事实的正确性有肯定的倾向，它通常与那些表示客观事实，普遍真理或某种习性的先行成分连用；从句中则常用一些表示“合乎自然规律”、“众所周知”或“经常发生”等意义的词语，如natural, known to all, usual等。
　　3. 有无状语意义
　　“as”特殊定语从句具有状语意义（主要是方式状语意义），而“which”特殊定语从句则无状语意义。“as”特殊定语从句的状语意义要求它在语义上与其先行成分的语义保持一致，“which”特殊定语从句则不受这种限制。
　　四、关系代词as与which的句法功能
　　1. as / which 在特殊定语从句中作主语。
　　as作主语时，谓语动词常为连系动词（主要是be, seem），主语补语为usual、 a rule、 a matter of fact等时，系动词be习惯经常省略。行为动词作“as”特殊定语从句的谓语时一般用于被动语态（其中助动词be常略），不及物的行为动词在“as”特殊定语从句中作谓语的极少，常见的有happen一词。如：
　　Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference.
　　Which作主语时，谓语动词不限，主动被动皆可，只是谓语动词为被动语态时助动词be省略。
　　2. as和which都可以在特殊定语从句中宾语。
　　3. as和 which在特殊定语从句中作补语。如：
　　We thought him a gentleman, as/which he could never be.
　　“as”特殊定语从句中可以主谓倒装，“which”从句中则不能主谓倒装。
　　如果先行成分不是主语补语或宾语补语，关系代词用which而不用as。如：
　　He talked like a native, which/as he hardly was.
　　4. which在特殊从定语句中作定语。
　　which可以在特殊定语从句中作定语，修饰fact, matter, thing 等名词。这些名词代表先行成分表达的意义，有时将其略去句义仍然完整。as不能作定语。如：
　　I was told to go not by train but bus, which advice I followed.

定语从句
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。
被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which，as 。
关系副词有：when, where, why ,how 。
关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。
定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。
定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
1 、关系代词引导的定语从句
1）who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换),
例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.
3)which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.（which / that在句中作宾语）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (which / that在句中作宾语)
关系代词that和which 都可以指物，that 和Who 都可以指人，其用法区别：
1）不用that的情况
a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时
(错) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介词后不能用
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
c)多用who 的情况
①关系代词在从句中做主语
A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend .
②先行词为those , people 时
Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth .
③先行词为all, anyone , ones , one 指人时
One who doesn’t work hard will never succeed in his work .
④在There be句型中
There is a stranger who wants to see you .
⑤在被分隔的定语从句中
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German .
⑥在有两个定语从句的句子中，其一用who,其二用that,但若先行词后接两个以上的并列定语从句时，后一个必须重复前一个关系代词。
The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard .
There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does .
2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a) 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
b) 先行词有the only, the very, the just修饰时，只用that。
He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water .
c) 先行词为序数词(the last)、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.
The first English book that I read was “The Prince and the Pauper” by Mark Twin .
d) 先行词既有人，又有物时。
He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited .
e)当主句是以who 或which 开始的特殊疑问句时，用that 以避免重复。
Who is the person that is standing at the gate .
f)关系代词在从句中做表语
He is not the man that he used to be .
2 、关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点、方式或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1)when, where, why，how
关系副词when, where, why,how的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
I’m surprised the way how (by which) he works out the problem .
注意：
①在非限制性定语从句中，"介词+ which"结构不能代替关系副词。
如：They set up a state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves .
②含有介词短语的动词一般不能拆开，介词仍放在动词后面。
Is this the book which (that) she was looking for ?
3、名词/数词/代词 /形容词最高级 + 介词 + 关系代词引导定语从句
She has written a book , the name of which I have forgotten .
There are fifty-five students in our class , all of whom are working hard .
There are five continents in the world , the largest of which is Asia .
4、 as, which 引导非限定性定语从句的差别：
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'的意思。
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
用法区别：
(1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
As we all know , he never smokes .
(2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。
(3)非限定性定语从句中出现expect , think , suppose 等表示猜测、想象、预料等时。
She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected .
(4)As 的用法 the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I should like to use the same tool as is used here .
We should have such a dictionary as he is using .

一.定语从句及相关术语
1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词
关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；
关系副词有where, when, why等。
关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。
二.关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who指人，在从句中做主语
(1) the boys who are playing football are from class one.
(2) yesterday i helped an old man who lost his way.
2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。
(1) mr. liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
(2) mr. ling is just the boy whom i want to see.
注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。
(3) the man who/whom you met just now is my friend.
3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略
(1) football is a game which is liked by most boys.
(2) this is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
4. that指人时，相当于who 或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。
(5) the number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.
(6) where is the man that/whom i saw this morning?
5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语
(1) he has a friend whose father is a doctor.
(2) i once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.
whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替
(3) the classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
(4) the classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
(5) do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
(6) do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导
(1) the school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.
(2) the school in which he once studied is very famous.
(3) tomorrow i will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.
(4) tomorrow i will bring here a magazine for which you asked.
(5) we'll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.
(6) we'll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等
(1) this is the watch which/that i am looking for. (t)
(2) this is the watch for which i am looking. (f)
2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose
(1) the man with whom you talked is my friend. (t)
(2) the man who/that you talked with is my friend. (f)
(3) the plane in which we flew to canada is very comfortable. (t)
(4) the plane in that we flew in to canada is very comfortable. (f)
3.“介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词
(1) he loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
(2) in the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
(3) there are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
解答"介词+关系代词 "类型的定语从句题时，关键在于分析定语从句中的谓语动词（该动词是不及物动词）习惯上常与什么介词搭配使用。这就需要同学们在平时学习时要注重某些不及物动词和介词惯用的情形，并要灵活运用。例如：
in the dark street, there wasn't a single person ________ she could turn for help.
a. that b. who c. from whom d. to whom
简析:本题定语从句中的turn 与介词 to 构成固定短语"turn to sb. for help (向某人求助）"。所以，d是正确选项。

四．关系副词引导的定语从句
1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语
(1) i still remember the day when i first came to the school.
(2) the time when we got together finally came.
2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语
(1) shanghai is the city where i was born.
(2) the house where i lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语
(1) please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
(2) i don't know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
(1) the reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
(2) from the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
(3) great changes have taken place in the city in which/where i was born.
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如：
there are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
beijing is the place where (in which) i was born. 北京是我的出生地。
is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
五．限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句举例：
(1) the teacher told me that tom was the only person that i could depend on.
(2) china is a country which has a long history.
非限制性定语从句举例：
(1) his mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.
(2) china, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.
要注意区分以下几个句子的不同
(1) his brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.
他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥）
(2) his brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college.
他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。（他只有一个哥哥）
难点分析
（一）限制性定语从句只能用that 的几种情况
1．当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some 等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等修饰时
(1) have you taken down everything that mr. li has said?
(2) there seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.
(3) all that can be done has been done.
(4) there is little that i can do for you.
注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who
(4) any man that/.who has a sense of duty won't do such a thing.
2. 当先行词被序数词修饰
(1) the first place that they visited in london was the big ben.
3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
(1) this is the best film that i have seen.
4. 当形容词被the very, the only修饰时
(1) this is the very dictionary that i want to buy,
(2) after the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.
当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who
(3) wang hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting/
5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时
(1) who is the man that is standing there?
(2) which is the t-shirt that fits me most?
6. 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时
(1) can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?
（二）关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句
as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：
1．as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。
(1) he married her, as/which was natural.
(2) he was honest, as/which we can see.
2. as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思
(1) as is known to all, china is a developing country.
(2) he is from the south, as we can see from his accent.
(3) john, as you know, is a famous writer.
(4) he has been to paris more than several times, which i don't believe.
注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which
(5) tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.
3. 当先行次受such, the same修饰时，常用as
(1) i have never heard such a story as he tells.
(2) he is not such a fool as he looks.
(3) this is the same book as i lost last week.
注意：当先行次由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as 所引导的定语从句意思不同
(4) she wore the same dress that she wore at mary's wedding.
她穿着她在mary婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。
(5) she wore the same dress as her young sister wore.
她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。
（三）以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以省略。
(1) the way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.

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