give me a research topic about england
personally, the model for market price-definition is very nice.
你可以到www.yahoo.com英文版上面去搜索england。本打算给你发链接的，但是百度说有广告成分，禁止。也只能复制这些了。我的是在维基百科上面找到的。
England
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This article is about the country. For other uses, see England (disambiguation).
England
Flag Royal Coat of Arms
Motto: Dieu et mon droit (French)
"God and my right"
Anthem: None officially specific to England; the anthem of the United Kingdom is "God Save the Queen". See also National anthem of England.
Location of England (orange) in the United Kingdom (camel)
Capital
(and largest city) London
51°30′N, 0°7′W
Official languages English1
'Ethnic groups (2005
[1][2]) 90% White
5.3% South Asian
2.7% Black
1.6% Mixed race
0.7% Chinese
0.6% Other
Demonym English
Government Constitutional monarchy
- Monarch Queen Elizabeth II
- Prime Minister Gordon Brown MP
Legislature Parliament of the United Kingdom
Unified
- by Athelstan AD 927
Area
- Total 130,395 km²
50,346 sq mi
Population
- 2006 estimate 50,762,9002
- 2001 census 49,138,831
- Density 388.7/km²
976/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2006 estimate
- Total $1.9 trillion[citation needed]
- Per capita US$38,000[citation needed]
GDP (nominal) 2006 estimate
- Total $2.2 trillion[citation needed]
- Per capita $44,000[citation needed]
HDI (2006) ▲ 0.940 (high)
Currency Pound sterling (GBP)
Time zone GMT (UTC0)
- Summer (DST) BST (UTC+1)
Internet TLD .uk3
Calling code +44
Patron saint St. George
1 English is established by de facto usage. Cornish is officially recognised as a Regional or Minority language under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.
2 National population projections (PDF) from the Office for National Statistics.
3 Also .eu, as part of the European Union. ISO 3166-1 is GB, but .gb is unused.
England [ˈɪŋglənd] (help·info) is a country, which is part of the United Kingdom.[3][4] Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population,[5] whilst its mainland territory occupies most of the southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain. England shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west and elsewhere is bordered by the North Sea, Irish Sea, Celtic Sea, Bristol Channel and English Channel. The capital is London, the largest urban area in Great Britain, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most, but not all, measures.[6]
England became a unified state in the year 927 and takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled there during the 5th and 6th centuries. It has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world[7] being the place of origin of the English language, the Church of England and English law, which forms the basis of the common law legal systems of many countries around the world. In addition, England was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution[8] being the first country in the world to become industrialised.[9] It is home to the Royal Society, which laid the foundations of modern experimental science. England is the world's oldest parliamentary democracy[10] and consequently many constitutional, governmental and legal innovations that had their origin in England have been widely adopted by other nations.
The Kingdom of England (including Wales) continued as a separate state until 1 May 1707, when the Acts of Union, putting into effect the terms agreed in the Treaty of Union the previous year, resulted in political union with the Kingdom of Scotland to create the united Kingdom of Great Britain.[11]
Etymology and usage
See also: British Isles (terminology)
England is named after the Angles, the largest of the Germanic tribes who settled in England in the 5th and 6th centuries, and who are believed to have originated in the peninsula of Angeln, in what is now Denmark and northern Germany.[12] (The further etymology of this tribe's name remains uncertain, although a popular theory holds that it need be sought no further than the word angle itself, and refers to a fish-hook-shaped region of Holstein.)[13]
The Angles' name has had various spellings. The earliest known reference to these people is under the Latinised version Anglii used by Tacitus in chapter 40 of his Germania,[14] written around 98 AD. He gives no precise indication of their geographical position within Germania, but states that, with six other tribes, they worshipped a goddess named Nerthus, whose sanctuary was situated on "an island in the Ocean".
The early 8th century historian Bede, in his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (Ecclesiastical History of the English People), refers to the English people as Angelfolc (in English) or Angli (in Latin).[15]
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first known usage of "England" referring to the southern part of the island of Great Britain was in 897, with the modern spelling first used in 1538.[16]
The word "England" is often used colloquially – and incorrectly – to refer to Great Britain or the United Kingdom as a whole.[17] There are many instances of this usage in history, where references to England are actually intended to include Scotland and Wales as well.[18] The term is widely used; the usage is problematic and can cause offence.[citation needed]
England is officially defined as "subject to any alteration of boundaries under Part IV of the Local Government Act 1972, the area consisting of the counties established by section 1 of that Act, Greater London and the Isles of Scilly."[19]
History
Main article: History of England
Stonehenge, a Neolithic and Bronze Age megalithic monument in Wiltshire, thought to have been erected c.2000–2500 BC.Bones and flint tools found in Norfolk and Suffolk show that Homo erectus lived in what is now England about 700,000 years ago.[20] At this time, England was joined to mainland Europe by a large land bridge. The current position of the English Channel was a large river flowing westwards and fed by tributaries that would later become the Thames and the Seine. This area was greatly depopulated during the period of the last major ice age, as were other regions of the British Isles. In the subsequent recolonisation, after the thawing of the ice, genetic research shows that present-day England was the last area of the British Isles to be repopulated,[21] about 13,000 years ago. The migrants arriving during this period contrast with the other of the inhabitants of the British Isles, coming across lands from the south east of Europe, whereas earlier arriving inhabitants came north along a coastal route from Iberia. These migrants would later adopt the Celtic culture that came to dominate much of western Europe.
By AD 43, the time of the main Roman invasion, Britain had already been the target of frequent invasions, planned and actual, by forces of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire. It was first invaded by the Roman dictator Julius Caesar in 55 BC, but it was conquered more fully by the Emperor Claudius in 43 AD. Like other regions on the edge of the empire, Britain had long enjoyed trading links with the Romans, and their economic and cultural influence was a significant part of the British late pre-Roman Iron Age, especially in the south. With the fall of the Roman Empire 400 years later, the Romans left the Province of Brittania, much of which later came to be known as England.
Government and politics
Main articles: Government of England and Politics of England
A mediæval manuscript, showing the Parliament of England in front of the king c. 1300There has not been a Government of England since 1707, when the Acts of Union 1707, putting into effect the terms of the Treaty of Union that had been agreed the previous year, joined the Kingdom of England with the Kingdom of Scotland to form the united Kingdom of Great Britain.[30] Prior to this, England was ruled by a monarch and the Parliament of England. However, following the establishment of devolved government for Scotland and Wales in 1999, England was left as the only country within the United Kingdom still governed in all matters by the UK government and the UK parliament in London.[31]
The Palace of Westminster, the seat of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.Since Westminster is the UK parliament but also legislates on matters that affect England alone, devolution of national matters to parliament/assemblies in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland has refocused attention on the anomaly called the West Lothian question. The "question" is why Scottish and Welsh MPs should continue to be able to vote on legislation relating only to England while English MPs have no equivalent right to legislate on devolved matters.[32] This constitutional arrangement resulted in the Labour government only winning a 2004 vote to impose higher tuition fees on students in England due to the support of Scottish Labours MPs.[33] This "question" is also exacerbated by the large number of Scottish MPs in the government, a group sometimes disparagingly called the Scottish mafia, and by having a Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, who represents a Scottish constituency that is unaffected by many of the policy decisions he takes.
Buckingham Palace, home to Queen Elizabeth II.There are calls for a devolved English parliament, such as by former minister Frank Field MP,[34] and there is opinion poll evidence of public support for the idea.[35] Some minor English parties go further, calling for the dissolution of the Union.[36][37] However, the approach favoured by the current Labour government was (on the basis that England is too large to be governed as a single sub-state entity) to propose the devolution of power to the Regions of England. Lord Falconer claimed a devolved English parliament would dwarf the rest of the United Kingdom.[38] The Conservative Party, on the other hand, are considering proposals to ban Scottish MPs from voting on English only legislation in Westminster.[39]
Today, therefore, England's affairs are managed by a combination of the UK government, the UK parliament and England-specific quangos such as English Heritage. A total of 529 of the current 646 MPs in the House of Commons represent English constituencies, which will rise to 533 out of 650 at the next general election. At the 2005 General Election, Labour won a majority of English constituencies, having 284 MPs elected, while the Conservative Party won more votes than Labour overall, but won just 194 MPs.[40]
Subdivisions and local government
Main articles: Administrative divisions of England and Counties of England
City Hall, London.The upper-tier subdivisions of England are the nine Regions of England or European Union government office regions.[41] A London referendum in 1998 on the question of having a directly elected assembly and directly elected mayor produced a large majority in favour and it was intended that other regions would also be given their own elected regional assemblies. However, a rejection by a referendum in 2004 of a proposed assembly in the North East region stopped this idea in its tracks.[42]During the campaign, a common criticism of the proposals was that England did not need "another tier of bureaucracy".[43] On the other hand, many said[citation needed] that the proposals were not decentralising enough, and amounted not to devolution but to little more than local government reorganisation with no real power or additional resources being transferred from central government to the regions as they would not even gain the limited powers of the Welsh Assembly let alone the tax-varying and legislative powers of the Scottish Parliament.
Below the regional level, London consists of 32 London boroughs and the rest of England has either county councils and district councils or unitary authorities. At the lowest level, much of England is divided into parishes though parishes are prohibited from existing in Greater London.
The operating situation of the stadiums in UK.
英国体育场馆的运营现状
research objective:
研究目标：
分析英国体育场馆的运营现状，在分析相关数据后，为这些体育场馆制订今后的发展路线。
research method:
研究方法：
首先，找到一些英国的体育场馆的相关数据。比如xx体育馆是在xxxx年建造的，曾举办了xxxx运动会或比赛,该场馆耗资xxxx英镑。
然后：这些体育场馆现在的运营状况。在这里要分析该场馆现在的用途，每年的收入，每年对硬件以及场馆本身的维修支出，该场馆的利用率。
第三：数据分析,有些场馆运营状况很好，每年收入很多。这样的场馆，可以继续按照自己的优势发展相关的业务，承办更多的比赛。有些场馆每年没有多少盈利，或者所得的收入与每年的支出相差无几。这样的场馆，如果利用率较高的话，可以寻找投资商，更新硬件或者发展热门项目来提高收入。如果一个场馆在办完一届比赛之后就基本上成了闲置的场馆，每年政府或相关部门需要投入资金来对该场馆进行维护，而该场馆本身的盈利能力很小。这样的情况可以考虑将该场馆外包，或者进行一定改建，然后再出租。
第四：数据统计
统计所研究的这些体育场馆里面有多少是经营现状很好的，有多少是待改善的，还有多少是需要被外包或者改建的。
Solutions
研究结论
如果大多数体育场馆经营状况都是很好的，这说明英国的体育场馆设计很合理，他们所要做的就是继续发展相关体育产业，保持场馆利用率。
如果大多数体育场馆是不盈利或者每年赔钱的，这说明：今后英国的体育场馆设计师在设计体育场馆的时候应该多考虑一下长期的目标。也就是说，在场馆完成重要的任务（举行比赛或运动会）后，如何提高体育场馆的利用率。如果该项目在英国普及率很低的话，就想办法把建筑改建，这样可以最大限度的收回成本。（当然，如果有些建筑实在是无法改建，而且每年的维护维修费用及人工费用很高且没有收入的话，可以考虑将其拆除。）
（其实，英国的体育建筑是很讲究的，而且利用率都是比较高的。所以你的研究结论在一般情况下应该是：大部分体育建筑运营情况良好，且可以依靠每年的相关收入支付硬件设施的维护维修费用以及人力资源费用。所带发展的是如何保持这样的场馆利用率，发展英国人喜爱的体育项目，扩大场馆的知名度，争取得到相关企业或组织的赞助，并承办更多，级别更高的比赛。）
about what?
write 5 pages?
maybe you can write about the music .
Reserch Untited Kingdom
自己看吧
England (pronounced IPA: /ˈɪŋglənd/) is a nation in northwest Europe and the largest and most populous constituent country of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total population of the United Kingdom,[1] whilst the mainland territory of England occupies most of the southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain and shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. Elsewhere, it is bordered by the North Sea, Irish Sea, Atlantic Ocean, and English Channel.
England was formed as a country during the 10th century and takes its name from the Angles — one of a number of Germanic tribes who settled in the territory during the 5th and 6th centuries. The capital city of England is London, which is the largest city in the British Isles, capital of the United Kingdom and one of the world's Global Cities.
England ranks as one of the most influential and far-reaching centres of cultural development in the world;[2][3] it is the place of origin of both the English language and the Church of England, was the historic centre of the British Empire, and the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution.
The Kingdom of England was an independent state until 1 May 1707, when the Acts of Union resulted in a political union with the Kingdom of Scotland to create the Kingdom of Great Britain.
England's National Day is St George's Day (Saint George being the patron saint), and it is celebrated annually on April 23rd.
[edit] History
Main article: History of England
Bones and flint tools found in Norfolk and Suffolk show that homo erectus lived in what is now England around 700 000 years ago. At this time, part of England was linked to Europe by a large land bridge. The current position of the English Channel was a large river flowing westwards and fed by tributaries that would later become the Thames and Seine.
Archeological evidence has shown that England was inhabited by humans long before the rest of the British isles because of its more hospitable climate. Tacitus wrote that there was no great difference between these people and and those in northern Gaul.
[edit] Roman conquest of Britain
Main article: Roman conquest of Britain
By AD 43, the time of the main Roman invasion of Britain, Britain had already frequently been the target of invasions, planned and actual, by forces of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire. Like other regions on the edge of the empire, Britain had long enjoyed trading links with the Romans and their economic and cultural influence was a significant part of the British late pre-Roman Iron Age, especially in the south.
[edit] Anglo-Saxon England
An Anglo-Saxon helmet found at Sutton HooMain article: History of Anglo-Saxon England
The History of Anglo-Saxon England covers the history of early mediaeval England from the end of Roman Britain and the establishment of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the 5th century until the Conquest by the Normans in 1066.
Fragmentary knowledge of Anglo-Saxon England in the 5th and 6th centuries comes from the British writer Gildas (6th century) the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (a history of the English people begun in the 9th century), saints' lives, poetry, archaeological findings, and place-name studies.
The dominant themes of the 7th to 10th centuries were the spread of Christianity and the political unification of England. Christianity is thought to have came from two directions—Rome from the south and Scotland and Ireland to the north and west.
Heptarchy is a term used to refer to the existence (as believed) of the seven petty kingdoms which eventually merged to become the Kingdom of England during the early 10th century. These included Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex, and Wessex.
The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms tended to coalesce by means of warfare. As early as the time of Ethelbert of Kent, one king could be recognized as Bretwalda, or "Lord of Britain". Generally speaking, the title fell in the 7th century to the kings of Northumbria, in the 8th to those of Mercia, and finally, in the 9th, to Egbert of Wessex, who in 825 defeated the Mercians at Ellendun. In the next century his family came to rule all England.
[edit] Kingdom of England
Main articles: Kingdom of England and List of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England
Originally, England (or Angleland) was a geographical term to describe the territory of Britain which was occupied by the Anglo-Saxons, rather than a name of an individual nation state.
The Kingdom of England was not founded until the separate petty kingdoms were unified under Alfred the Great King of Wessex, who later proclaimed himself King of the English after liberating London from the Danes in 886.
For the next few hundred years, the Kingdom of England would fall in and out of power between several West-Saxon and Danish kings. For over half a century, the unified Kingdom of England became part of a vast Danish empire under Cnut, before regaining independence for a short period under the restored West-Saxon lineage of Edward the Confessor.
The Kingdom of England continued to exist as an independent nation-state right through to the Acts of Union and the Union of Crowns. However the political ties and direction of England were changed forever with the arrival of the Norman conquest in 1066.
[edit] Norman conquest
The Bayeux TapestryMain article: Norman conquest of England
The Norman conquest of England was the conquest of the Kingdom of England by William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy), in 1066 at the Battle of Hastings and the subsequent Norman control of England. It is an important watershed in English history for a number of reasons. The conquest linked England more closely with Continental Europe and lessened Scandinavian influence. The success of the conquest created one of the most powerful monarchies in Europe, created the most sophisticated governmental system in Europe, changed the English language and culture, and set the stage for English-French conflict that would last into the 19th century.
The events of the conquest also paved the way for a pivotal historical document to be produced - the Domesday Book. The Domesday Book was the record of the great survey of England completed in 1086, executed for William the Conqueror. The survey was similar to a census by a government of today and is England's earliest surviving public records publication.
The Norman conquest, to this day, remains the last successful military conquest of England.
[edit] Medieval England
The arms of Henry IV of England, the traditional Coat of arms of England.
Ely Cathedral in Ely, Cambridgeshire, is a typical Mediaeval English Cathedral, in one of the smallest cities in England.The next few hundred years saw England as an important part of expanding and dwindling empires based in France, with the "King of England" being a subsidiary title of a succession of French-speaking Dukes of territories in what is now France. Only when English kings realised that their losses in France meant that England was now their richest and most important possession did they accept the same "nationality" and language as their subjects in England. They used England as a source of troops to enlarge their personal holdings in France for many years (Hundred Years' War); in fact the English crown did not relinquish its last foothold on mainland France until Calais was lost during the reign of Mary Tudor (the Channel Islands are still crown dependencies, though not part of the UK).
The Principality of Wales, under the control of English monarchs from the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284, became part of the Kingdom of England by the Laws in Wales Act 1535. Wales shared a legal identity with England as the joint entity originally called England and later England and Wales.
[edit] Reformation
Main article: English Reformation
The English Reformation was the process whereby the external authority of the Roman Catholic Church in England was abolished and replaced with Royal Supremacy and the establishment of a Church of England outside the Roman Catholic Church and under the Supreme Governance of the English monarch. The English Reformation differed from its other European counterparts in that it was more of a political than a theological dispute which was at the root of it.[6] The break with Rome started in the reign of Henry VIII.
The English Reformation ultimately paved the way for the spread of Anglicanism in the church and other institutions.
[edit] English Civil War
Main article: English Civil War
The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651. The first (1642 - 1645) and second (1648 - 1649) civil wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third war of (1649 - 1651) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651.
The Civil War led to the trial and execution of Charles I of England, the exile of his son Charles II and the replacement of the English monarchy with the Commonwealth of England (1649 - 1653) and then with a Protectorate (1653 - 1659): the personal rule of Oliver Cromwell. The monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship in England came to an end, and the victors consolidated the already-established Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland. Constitutionally, the wars established a precedent that British monarchs could not govern without the consent of Parliament although this would not be cemented until the Glorious Revolution later in the century.
Charles II was the restored House of Stuart King of England in 1660, shortly after Cromwell's death.
[edit] Great Britain and the United Kingdom
When the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland merged to form the unified Kingdom of Great Britain under the Acts of Union in 1707, both England and Scotland lost their individual political, though not legal, identities. This union has subsequently changed its name twice: firstly on the merger with the Kingdom of Ireland following the Act of Union in 1800 creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801, and then following the secession from the union of the Irish Free State under the terms of the Government of Ireland Act 1920, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Throughout these changes, England retained a separate legal identity from its partners, with a separate legal system from those in Northern Ireland and Scotland, and eventually the strong feelings of the Welsh were acknowledged when it was decided that the name would henceforth be "England and Wales". Wales gained even more of an identity when, like Scotland, it gained its own department within the UK government, the Welsh Office.
黎庄普特：[答案] 对,给我一秒钟,sec=second, 延伸为稍等
邵阳县18861003582： give me a sec 什么意思 - ？
黎庄普特： 对,给我一秒钟,sec=second, 延伸为稍等
邵阳县18861003582： 老外们击掌时,都会说一句话——“Give me ...”,这句话完整的怎么说? - ？
黎庄普特： 如果有人让你Gimme five!,那就赶紧举手跟他击掌.Gimme five!是Givc me five(fingers)的缩略形式,意指双方举手相互击掌,用来打招呼或表示庆贺.因为是举手击掌,所以亦称为high five.
邵阳县18861003582： give me a chance 中文歌词 - ？
黎庄普特： Always knew I have one it takes 我知道我曾经拥有All I ever had once I had 如果我曾经拥有的能够重来Ever knew I paid that what can Fade 我曾经付出的可能会褪色...I wanna be back there again 我希望再回到那里Life goes on 生命在继...
邵阳县18861003582： give me a kiss 与 give me kiss 有什么区别?平时都是用give me a kiss ,give me kiss 是同等意思吗?那give me five...又能不能说为give me A five - ？
黎庄普特：[答案] 后者都是语法有错误,give sb.sth.是固定搭配,意为给某人某物,某物属于名词,而不能用动词.而KISS可作名词也可做动词,作名词时属于可数名词,单数前要使用冠词.give me five意为击掌,表示庆祝胜利,加油.其中的five是指five fingers,也就...
邵阳县18861003582： 到底是＂give me a break ＂还是 ＂give me a brake＂?从书上看到give me a break,但解释break时说有刹车的意思,我觉得brake才有刹车的意思,不知道... - ？
黎庄普特：[答案] 是前者, 意思是:让我休息一下
邵阳县18861003582： Give Me A Sign 歌词 - ？
黎庄普特： 歌曲名:Give Me A Sign 歌手:Mayfly 专辑:Immersion Album: Dear Agony Title: Give Me A Sign Artist: Breaking Burnley Dead star shine Light up the sky I'm all out of breath My walls are closing in Days go by Give me a sign Come back to the ...
邵阳县18861003582： GIVE ME A BREAK的中文意思? - ？
黎庄普特： 在不同的场合有不同的解释.Give me a break可以解释为:你得了吧!!或者是:你算了吧!我们来举一个例子.下面是一个人在跟他的朋友争论: 例句1: You really think Jennifer is the prettiest girl in our class? Give me a break! There're ...
邵阳县18861003582： Give Me A Reason 歌词 - ？
黎庄普特： 歌曲名:Give Me A Reason 歌手:宇多田光 专辑:First Love Olny sixteen 今夜 矛盾けらけの自由に 追われながら走リ出す 何にも缚られたくなぃって叫ひながら 绊 求めてる HEY 守られるだけじゃなく 谁かをリたぃ Give me a reason to ...
邵阳县18861003582： 外国人常说的give me five 是什么意思? - ？
黎庄普特： 用于打招呼或者相互庆贺,Give me five是“give me five fingers”的缩略形式,意指双方举手相互击掌,也称为＂high five＂.一般为美式用法. 有以下意思: 1、击下掌,祝好运; 2、给我力量、勇气; 3、为我加油; 理解为“加油、打气” ...
