被动语态的详细讲解

被动语态求详细讲解~

被动语态分为一般时态被动语态，现在完成时的被动语，态含情态动词的被动语态

语态是动词的一种形式，它表示主语和谓语的关系。语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。如果主语是动作的执行者，或者是说动作是由主语完成的，要用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，或者是说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的，则用被动语态。 英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多，要普遍，许多课本乃至实际应用中都常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来，当强调动作承受者，不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时，多用被动式。须注意的是，许多地方与汉语不同。注意那些汉语中没有"被……"的意思，英语却应该用被动态。还要注意，英语的被动态往往由"by"引出，而有用介词"by"的短语往往又不是被动态，而是系表结构。还有些特殊现象，如：known to man(人类......所知)，on foot步行(美国人有时用by foot)，in carraige(乘四轮马车)等等。还有假主动，真被动的十几个常用词的用法，以及so heavy to carry而不用so heavy to be carried 等习惯用法。有关这类情况，做到心中有数对全面掌握被动态，准确无误地解答习题非常关键，被动态必须涉及的是动词的各种时态变化的问题。英语的时态本来很复杂，怎样记住各自的被动形式呢? 首先要明确"将来进行无被动，现在完成进行 同"。这两种时态无被动形式。 另外，不及物动词带有同源宾语的动词，反身代词的动词和系动词都无被动形式。即便如此，还有不定式，动名词，分词，以及它们的复合结构)的被动态，再加上情态动词，助动词以及它们的疑问式和否定式从中掺杂，真是令人头痛，眼花缭乱。下面口诀就以动词do为例，即do did过去式done过去分词，以口诀形式总结各种时态的被动态，一定对你有所启示。 被动语态（一般现在时） 主动语态变被动语态时，主动语态句中的宾语变成被动语态句中的主语，主动语态句中的主语成为被动语态句中的动作的发出者。 被动语态的口诀 一般现、过用be +过去分词，be有人称、时、数变。 完成时态have(has) done，被动将been加中间。 一般将来shall (will) do，被动变do为be done。 将来进行无被动，shall (will) be doing, 现在完成进行同，have (has) been doing。 现、过进行be doing, 被动be加being done。 情、助、有、是妥安排，一律随新主语变。 否定助后加not，疑问一助置主前。 主语恰是疑问词，直陈语序主在前。 一般情助加be done，双宾多将间宾变。 复合宾语宾变主，宾补、主补相应变。 1.一般现在时 is\am\are+P.P(过去分词) 2.一般过去时 was\were+P.P 3.一般将来时 will be+P.P 4.现在进行时 is\am\are+being(固定不变)+P.P 5.过去进行时 was\were+being(固定不变)+P.P 6.现在完成时 have\has been+P.P 7.过去完成时 had been+P.P 第二句"be有人称、时、数变"即be有人称、时态和单、复数的变化。"情助"是指情态动词和助动词must，may，can，shall，will等一律随新主语(多是主动句中的宾语)来变化。"疑问一助置主前"是说有两个助动词的话，应把主语放在第一助动词之后或把第一助动词置于主语之前。下面详细举例说明之。 一般现、过用be done, be有人称、时、数变 例：１、主动：The children gave the foreign guests a warm welcome. 被动：The foreign guests were given a warm welcome by the children. 孩子们热烈地欢迎外宾。 ２、主动：People regard him as brilliant. 被动：He is regarded as brilliant by people. 人们认为他很有才华。 以上两例都是一般时态用be done的例子，be有人称、时、数变，第三人称foreign friends是复数，时态一般过去时，所以"be done"就是were given，而People regard him as brilliant一句，被动后的"be done"就变成单数第三人称is regarded的形式了。 被动： This speech was delivered by comrade Wang. (was delivered即一般过去时的被动态) 这篇讲演是王的发言。 There was a serious train accident near the border. Two people were killed and twelve were injured. 边境发生非常严重列车事故，两人死亡，十二人受伤。 A person who is truly honest is called a straight arrow. 直言不讳的人才是真正诚实的人。 A note was passed up to the speaker. 有人给讲演者递上来一张纸条。 John was elected president of the class instead of Harry. 乔治被选为班长而代替了亨利。 Volcanoes are described as active, dormant or extinct. 火山被描述为活的，沉睡着的，或者死的。 The soldier was killed, but the train was saved. 这位战士牺牲了，然而列车得救了。 He was thought to be clever but dishonest. 他被认为很聪明但不诚实。（别人认为他很聪明但不诚实） The first zoological garden in the United States was established in 1874. 美国的第一个动物园是1874年建立的。 Families were often broken up; wives were taken away from their husbands and children from their parents. 家庭被拆散，妻儿被夺走。 The information is urgently needed. 急需这个资料。 Most environmental problems exist because adequate measures for preventing them were not taken in the past. 多数环境污染问题的存在，是因为过去没有采取适当的保护措施。 完成时态have done，被动将been加中间。 (过去完成时had done也包括在内)。 例：１、主动：We have studied English for 3 years off and on at the spare-time school. 被动：English has been studied for 3 years by us off and on at the spare-time school. (have随新主语变为has) 我们已经在夜校里断断续续地学了三年英语了。 ２、主动: They had produced 100 tractors by the end of last year. 被动: 100 tractors had been produced by the end of last year. 到去年年底我们已生产出一百台拖拉机。 ３、主动：They have set up a power station in their home town. 被动：A power station has been set up in their home town. 他们的家乡建立了一座发电站。 ４、主动：They have warned us to be careful of rats. 被动：We have been warned to be careful of rats. 他们已提醒我们要注意老鼠。 ５、主动：People have piled plastic bags full of rubbish in streets. 被动: Plastic bags full of rubbish have been piled in streets. 人们把装满垃圾的塑料袋子堆放在街上。 ６、主动：We have used nuclear energy to produce electricity. 被动：Nuclear energy has been used to produce electricity. 核能已用来发电。 ７、主动：No one has ever beaten him at tennis. 被动：He has never been beaten at tennis. 就网球来说还没有人是他的对手。 (No one涉及到全否定和部分否定问题，见否定一讲) The person who owns the gun may try to deny that he has used it. But anyone seeing the smoke knows the gun has just been fired. 有枪的人会极力否认他开了枪。但是任何看到枪烟(枪冒的烟)的人都会知道刚才开了枪。 Today is Cilia's wedding day, she has just been married to Bob 今天是西丽亚的新婚日，她刚刚和鲍勃结婚。 The subjects of these lectures have been announced by the lecture committee. 演讲委员会已宣布了这些讲演的题目。 过去完成时也是一样： 主动: Somebody had cleaned my shoes. 被动: My shoes had been cleaned by somebody. 有人早已把我的鞋子擦了。 When I returned I found that they had towed (toud) my car away, I asked why they had done this and they told me that id was because I had parked it under a "No Parking Sign". 被动：my car had been towed away. I asked why this had been done and told that ... it had been parked under a "No Parking Sign". 当我回来时，发现我的车被弄走了。我问他们为啥这么于。他们告诉我说因为我把车于停在"禁止停车"的禁区。 主动：They had build three ships by last December. 被动： By last December three ships had been built by them. 到去年年底他们已建造了三艘船。 Research had been centred on the improvement of natural building materials before synthetics were created. 合成材料造出之前，研究工作集中在改进天然建筑材料上。 He did not say if all those steel pipes had been examined. 他并没有说那些钢管都检验过没有。 After plastic had been created, engineers were given a much wide choice of materials. 塑料发明之后，工程师们在材料选择上有了更广阔的途径。 一般将来shall (will) do，被动变do为be done 即由shall do或will do变为shall done或will be done。 例：主动: We shall build several big modern power plants in our city next year. 被动：Several big modern power plants will be built in our city next year. 过年我市将建立几座大型现代化的发电厂。 (shall do中的shall要随新主语变为will, do为be done.) 主动：I shall send my second boy to school next September. 被动：My second boy will be sent to school next September. 过年九月我将送我次子去读书。 主动：In order to fool people cheaps and swindlers will make such bricks out of lead covering the "lead brick" with gold. 被动：Such bricks will be made out of lead covering the "lead brick" with gold by cheaps and swindlers. "铅砖"外面被设法骗钱的商人和骗子们镀上一层金来做这样的"金砖"。 主动：They will ask you a lot of strange questions. 被动: You will be asked a lot of strange questions. 他们将问你许多怪题。 被动句中的by引出的宾语，一般说来，如果是人称代词你、我、他等，均可省略，someone no one不由by来引出。如果是名词不能省略，但当今英语也都可省略了。 主动：The Chinese people will make more space explorations in the future. 被动：More space explorations will be made in the future by the Chinese people. 中国人民在将来将进行更多的空间探索。 同样 After a period of use, the batteries should be changed. 电池使用一段时间后，应该更换。 Usually, the electricity is on for 24 hours. But tomorrow it will be cut off in the day time. 通常是昼夜供电，明天白天将停电。 More peaceful uses will be found for nuclear explosives in the future. 在将来会发现更多的和平利用核爆炸的途径。 More hard work will be needed to make this wonder come true in a short time from now. 从现在起要使这些奇迹在短时间内成为现实还需要做更多的艰苦工作。 make...come true 使……成为事实; come true做宾补(见感使动词口诀)。 The machine will not be used again. 这机器不能再用了。 Will more gas be needed? 需要更多的煤气吗?

被动语态：
1：英语中语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。
语态的作用：语态是动词的一种形式，用来说明主语和谓语之间的关系。
语态的选用：如果主语是动作的执行者，谓语用主动语态。
例如：We clean the room every day.
如果主语是动作的承受者，或者说是动作的对象，谓语则是要用被动语态。
例如：The room is cleaned every day.
被动语态由“助动词be + 急务动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be 有人称、数和事态的变化，其变化规则与be 作为连系动词时完全一样。
2：被动语态的各种形式
1) am/is/are +done
eg1：I'm asked to take care of myself. Football is played all over the world.
eg2：Football is not played all over the world.
eg3: Is football played all over the world?
这些玩具是中国制造的。
这个小偷是在那家超级市场被抓住的。
2）has /have been done
eg1：This book has been translated (翻译) into many foreign languages.
eg2：This book has not been translated into many foreign languages.
eg3: Has this book been translated into many foreign languages?
那两把伞已经送给了我父母。
今天这首歌已经被唱了几次了？
3）am/is /are being done
eg1：A road is being built around the mountain.
eg2：A road is not being built around the mountain.
eg3: Is a road being built around the mountain?
我们不能搬进新房间因为它正在油漆。
4） was/were done
eg1：This house was built in 1958.
eg2：This house was not built in 1958.
eg3: Was this house built in 1958?
昨天上午这条裙子被卖走了。
我的书在哪里？刚才它被放在桌子上得。
5) was/were being done
eg1：Meeting was being held when I was there.
eg2：Meeting was not being held when I was there.
eg3: Was meeting being held when you were there?
6) shall/will be done
eg1：He will be taken to hospital tomorrow.
eg2：He will not be taken to hospital tomorrow.
eg3: Will he be taken to hospital tomorrow?
动物园的动物马上要喂养了。
3：练习
1). Put the following sentences into the passive voice (by phrase may be omitted)
1. People speak English in many countries.

2. We built this bridge last year.

3. The tiger in the zoo frightened the little girl.

4. Xiao Liu has invited you to a lunch party.

5. You must not take these magazines out of the reading-room.

6. We shall discuss the problem at tomorrow's meeting.

7. Has anybody fed the birds?

8. People will never forget the accident.

9. You may write this letter in pencil.

10.They are repairing the car in the garage.

11.Someone must have turned on the light without your notice.

12.They have found ways to make waste water clean.

13.Someone must take care of the children when we go out.

14.They won't hold the meeting until next Friday.

15.They gave him a medal for his wonderful work.

16.The doctor will ask the patient some questions before he gives her medicine.

17.They made (选举) the young man head of the volleyball team.

18.Someone will tell you how to prepare for the examination (考试).

19.They criticized me for something wrong that I had done.

20.Someone has taken the stranger (陌生人) to another hospital.

21.It surprised me to hear that they wouldn't give him a holiday after his hard work.

22.People will laugh at (嘲笑) you if you wear that dress.

23.I have told him that he didn't finish his homework yesterday..

24.We must finish the work by six o'clock this afternoon.

25.Do you often clean your room?

26.They are making this type of radios in shanghai.

27.Could you carry out (执行) the plan on time?

28.We must pay attention to (注意) such problems.

29.Someone is showing them how to operate (操作) the computers.

30.You should put forward (提出) the questions at the meeting.

31.He is sure to finish the job by then.

32.She is going to play the match today.

33.People are talking about the things all over the town.

34.We saw a bus running towards us at that time

35.They made her leader (领袖) of the group.

36.They had to put off (推迟) the sports meet because of the rain.

37.We don't have to write it in such a hurry.

2). Make the best choice:
38.Our house_____,
A. is getting paint B. is getting painted C. is got painted D. has got to paint
39.He arrived in Beijing, and he _____his friend there..
A. was met by B. was met C. was meeting D. met by
40.The mistakes (错误) in the exercises will _____the teacher.
A. cross B. be crossing C. be crossed by D. cross by
41.My brother and I have __________her birthday party.
A. been invited B. been invited for C. invited to D. been invited to
42.It_______this way
A. is had to do B. is had to be done C. had to be done D. has to do
43. _____Chaplin.
A. The child's name was called B. The child's name calls
C. The child calls D. The child is named
44.The sports meeting____ .
A. is put off B. is to put off C. is to be put off D. puts off
45.The story ______in China.
A. was taken place B. has been taken place
C. took place D. was happened
46.Great changes _____in our province (省). Many tall buildings.
A. have been taken place, have been set up B. have taken place, have been set up
C. have been taken place, have been set up D. were taken place, were set up
47. Some of the hotels in my hometown_________.
A. have now been rebuilding B. are now rebuilding
C. are now being rebuilt D. are rebuilt now
48. The flowers should ____ every morning.
A. water B. watered C. be watering D. be watered
49. Do you know what ____ in a hundred years?
A. happens B. is happened C. will happen D. will be happened
50. Where ___ the machines ___?
A. is; made B. are; made C. have; made D. do; make
51. The bridge ___ in three weeks.
A. will build B. is built C. will be built D. is being built
52. This kind of machine _____ well.
A. is sold B. sell C. sells D. are sold
53. Mrs. Green____ to work last week.
A. has been B. has gone C. went.
54. The maths problems are too hard _____
A. be done B. to do them C. to work out D. be worked out
55. The children ____ games under the tree .
A. were seen play B. saw playing C. were seen playing D. were seen to play
56. Many of the stars cannot ___ because they are too far away ____ us .
A. see , to B. be seen , from C. seen, for D. being seen, for
57. Where ___ your keys ____?
A. did find B. were founded C. were founded D. did founded
58. The umbrellas have _____ because of the heavy rain these days.
A. sold out B. sold over C. been sold off D. been sold out
59. They told us that the car _____ at that moment.
A. was repairing B. was being repaired C. being repaired D. was to repairing
60. Some advice _____ the pupils by the professor.
A. was given B. was gave to C. was being given D. was given to

被动语态二焦点
一、带双宾语的两种被动语态形式
1）用直接宾语作主语时在间接宾语前加介词“to”：
1．I'll give her a present for her birthday． （直接宾语） (give sth to sb)
A present will be given to her for her birthday by me．
2．She told me the news． （直接宾语） (tell sth to sb)
The news was told to me by her．
2）另一种一般用直接宾语作被动语态的主语，且须在间接宾语前加上介词“for”：
1．I've bought my little sister a sweater． （直接宾语） (buy sth for sb)
A sweater has been bought for my little sister by me．
2．Mother cooks some delicious food for me． （直接宾语） (cook sth for sb)
Some delicious food is cooked for me by Mother．
类似的动词有：read，draw，make，get等。
有时用间接宾语作主语讲不通，或不习惯，也须转用直接宾语作主语。如：
My girl friend writes me a letter every week．
I am written a letter by my girl friend every week．（错句）
A letter is written to me by my girl friend every week．
类似的动词有：return，send，pass，hand，sell，teach等。
二、许多不及物动词加上介词或副词而变为及物短语动词，这时同样可以有被动语态。但应注意短语的整体性，在变为被动语态时不应丢掉后边的介词或副词。
1�动词＋介词
a．The doctor has already been sent for．
b．The news has never been heard of before．
类似的短语动词有：call on，look after，talk about，look at，ask for，wait for．．．
2．动词＋副词
a．A new play will be put on (上演) next week．
b．The problem has been worked out．
类似的短语动词有：put off (推迟)，think over，take off (脱、取消)，look up (查询)，sell out，use up (用光)．．．
3．动词＋副词＋介词
a．The poor were looked down upon before liberation．解放前穷人被人瞧不起。
b．He was looked up to by everyone．他被人们所敬仰。
类似的短语动词有：get out of，look out of，get on with，get along with (与。。。相处)，catch up with (赶上)，keep up with (跟上)．．．
4．动词＋名词＋介词
a．Lin Fen can take good care of your children．
1）Your children can be taken good care of by Lin Feng．
2）Good care can be taken of your children by Lin Feng．
b．They never paid attention to (注意、关注) the matter．
1）The matter was never paid attention to．
2）Attention was never paid to the matter．
类似的短语动词有：make fun of，make use of，make friends with，take part in (参加)．．．

将下列句子改成被动语态
1. Lin Fen gives her little brother some orange juice.
2. He always asks the teachers some strange questions.
3. She has told the police what had happened.
4. What did your father buy for you?
5. The students are making that sick boy some paper cranes.
6. That artist drew the King a horse.
7. A postman sent you this letter just now.
8. I will get you this necklace as your birthday present.
9. They returned their teacher that book yesterday evening.
10. This term Mr Li is going to teach us physics.
11. Now some students are looking after that old lady.
12. Last week he called on his uncle.
13. As it is raining heavily, we have to out off the football match.
14. They have taken off the 5 a.m. train.
15. You can look up these words in your dictionary.
16. They have used up all their money.
17. Everyone in the class got on well with the twins.
18. The policeman soon caught up with the thief.
19. Now we can make use of the money we have.
20. He sometimes made fun of his classmates.
21. The teacher divided (分开) the class into four groups.

重点2. 被动语态

什么是被动语态呢？请先看下面两个例子：

I open the door. 我打开门。

The door is opened by me. 门被我打开。

哦！原来表示某物被某人怎么样的时候，我们可以用被动语态来表示。那么，被动语态是怎么构成的呢？

某物 + be 动词 + 动词的过去分词 + by + 某人

1．把主动态变成被动态的方法是把动词to be变成原来的主动态动词的时态，再加上主动态里动词的过去分词。

主动态： Bell invented telephones. 贝尔发明了电话机。

在这个主动态句子中，时态是一般过去时，所以，变成被动态时，首先要把to be 变成它的一般过去时形式，即：was / were。然后加上主动态里的动词的过去分词形式。于是就变成了：

Telephones were invented by Bell. 电话机被贝尔发明了。

注意进行时态的被动态。这种语态有时似乎难以使用，因为它要求用to be的现在进行时，这种形式在其他方面用得不多。

主动态：They are repairing the bridge.

他们正在修桥。

被动态：The bridge is being repaired by them.

桥正在被他们修理。

2． 主、被动时态对照表：

时态/动词形式
主动态
被动态

一般现在时
keeps
is kept

现在进行时
is keeping
is being kept

一般过去时
kept
was kept

过去进行时
was keeping
was being kept

现在完成时
has kept
has been kept

过去完成时
had kept
had been kept

一般将来时
will keep
will be kept

虚拟语气
would keep
would be kept

3. 本单元出现的被动语态

Who was it / were they invented by?

它（它们）是由谁发明的？

It was / They were invented by … + sb.

它（它们）是由……发明的。

When was it / were they invented by?

它（它们）是什么时候被发明出来的？

It was / They were invented … + time

它（它们）是……被发明出来的。

What is it / are they used for?

它（它们）有什么用途呢？

It is / They are used for + doing sth.

它（它们）被用来……。

http://www.52en.com/whbm/grammar/index.htm

be + 动词ed (还有不规则的分词)
时态改变时只有be动词变

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