求土木工程专业外语文章翻译

求 土木工程专业英语下册（苏小卒 ） 课文翻译~

WOOD BRIDGE FAILURE ANALYSIS

by
Charles C. Roberts, Jr.




There are many private bridges owned by insured's throughout the country. The maintenance of these bridges is typically the responsibility of the insured. From time to time, a vehicle traveling over the bridge will cause a collapse of the bridge, damage to the vehicle and possible personal injury. The owner of the bridge, the insured, is often accused of negligent maintenance of the structure. This may or may not be true. Factors regarding the loss that tend to implicate the insured are:

1. Deterioration of the wood bridge structure
2. Improper design of the bridge structure
3. Improper construction

Deterioration of the wood structure can be easily observed from failed wood members (see Claims, March 1991, Wood Failure Analysis). Dry rot, insect attack, and other decay related failure modes signal the weakening of the structure. Improper design can be assessed by looking at plans and determining the load capacity of the structure by calculation. Improper material selection such as not specifying treated wood at specific locations may be a design deficiency. Finally, improper construction, such as failure to install members or bolts can sufficiently weaken a structure.

The mere failure of a bridge, where the claimant gets "dumped in the creek" is not usually persuasive in assigning liability to the insured. Some examples of factors implicating claimants are:

1. Operating an overloaded vehicle
2. Impacting the structure causing failure
3. Traveling at a speed such that dynamic forces overload the structure






FIGURE 1


FIGURE 2


Overloading a construction vehicle to save trips to the rock quarry is not unheard of. Vehicular impact with a bridge structural member can cause failure. Dynamic forces, those caused by bouncing or swaying, can superimpose additional loads on the bridge, causing a failure. Figure 1 is a view of a large truck that attempted to back over a private bridge to dump a load of gravel. Immediately, when the rear dual axles of the truck were supported by the bridge, a collapse occurred, trapping the truck on the bridge. The truck was recovered and the bridge analyzed. Figure 2 shows a wood beam that had failed in a rotted area. The loss scenario is a classic failure to maintain.



FIGURE 3


FIGURE 4



Figures 3 and 4 are views of a private suspension footbridge over a small creek. The insured was in the habit of letting snowmobilers drive their sleds over the bridge between farm fields. While crossing the bridge, a sled and driver fell through the bridge into the creek. Failure analysis of the wood stringers showed a degree of rot, reducing the load carrying capacity. However, the bouncing of the snowmobile as it crossed the wood stringers added dynamic loading to the system resulting in the loss. Here a combination of wood rot and dynamic loading explains the failure.
When analyzing bridge failures, structural analysis of the bridge aids in the determination of load capacity. Computing or measuring the vehicle load determines the safety margin of the system, i.e., the difference between the bridge load capacity and the load carried. Finally, investigating deterioration, construction and design peculiarities further refines the cause of failure.

在朝派ruban和郊区areas径流水域公亩处理通过a系统的排水srructures引去参考向某样的人雨水道和他们的appurtenances.The排水问题存在增加在朝派这些areas主要对于两reasoms:the不能透过的本质的区域创造a非常高度runoff;and那里存在很少寄宿为天然的东西流泪courses它存在常常becessary向收取整个猛袭waterinto asysterm的管子和播送信号它剩余物相当大距离befor它罐被松开再次某样的人浮出水面径流这个脏的没有ponding因此消灭一些天然的东西存储和通过增加速度也高峰caues的更短工时,systen,就象涵洞和桥是was,是更对shortduration高强度降雨量雨水道敏感设计在经济和量的ponding上各种各样强度回程时期关系doponding的rof暴风雨的高峰径流被更迅速达到那个罐被容忍

Following final location,whether done in field or office,suffcient curvature,tangency,and other control points must be carefully referenced on the ground to permit easy location of the line dyring all phases of construction.在最后定位后，不管在现场进行还是在办公室进行，充分的曲率，切点以及其他控制点都必须仔细参照地基，以便在施工的所有阶段都能对线进行方便的定位。Likewise,benchmarks must be set at relatively close intervals and in positions free from disturbance by construction activities.同样，基准点必须以相对接近的间隔设定，而且设定的位置要不受施工活动的干扰。Also,directions of all property lines, distances to property corners,and the locations of buildings,fences,and other improvements must be established accurately. 而且，所有建筑红线、到地界角点的距离、以及建筑物、围墙和其他改进的定位都必须精确确定。On these will hinge the future property acquisitions and settlements made by the right-of-way agents. 由地段权政府代表做出的今后所有权的获得和结算都将依此而定。Large-scale topographic maps or other special surveys at bridge and structure sites are also needed.在桥梁和建筑物处的大规模地形图和其他专门勘测也是需要的。Soil survey and foundation exploration for structures will be made, probably by specially trained and equipped crews. 将要为建筑物进行土壤勘测和地基勘探，这恐怕要由专门培训和配备的人员进行。surbey party is called upon to bound steam basins and to gather other information from which steam flows can be predicted.勘测方被要求限制蒸汽池（steam basins——意思不很清楚，译注）并收集其他可以预测蒸汽流动的信息

最终位置后，无论是在外地工作或办公室，足够的曲率，相切，以及其他控制点必须小心地面参照允许的dyring各个阶段的construction.Likewise线容易的位置，必须在基准比较接近的间隔设置免受滋扰和阵地的建设activities.Also自由，所有财产线方向，财产角落的距离，和建筑物，围栏的位置，和其他的改善必须建立accurately.On这将取决于未来的房地产收购和定居点制造由-通行权代理。大型地形图或桥梁和其他特殊结构的网站还需要调查。土壤调查和基础结构，探索将，可能是由受过专门训练和装备船员。有时，一个字段surbey党的要求约束蒸汽流域和收集其他信息流动的蒸汽可以预测。

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斋苇红茴： About words of civil engineering English papers, and take the Chinese translation Browse The Times: times for points: 0 | from problems with 10 days over 15 hours | questioner: but for a floating clouds

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翁源县13649926949： 求一篇土木工程专业的外文翻译 - ？
斋苇红茴： building types and designA building is closely bound up with people,for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in .As classified by their use ,buildings are...

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斋苇红茴： Introduction to Civil Engineering Papers Civil Engineering for the development of a key role, first as a material foundation for the civil engineering construction materials, followed by the subsequent development of the design theory and construction ...

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