请总结一下中学英语中单复同形的名词、集合名词和总称的名词
单复数同形名词指的是一个单词的单数形式与复数形式相同，单数形式用a/an等来修饰，复数用many等来修饰，但名词不改变形式。集合名词就是本身表示许多的人或事物的意思，如people就是表示许多人，当然就不能再表示一个的a/an来修饰，可以用表示许多的many来表示，既然本身这个名词含有许多的意思，即表示该名词表示的事物是可数的。集合名词没有所谓单复数同形的概念，它只能用many等来修饰表示许多，不存在单数形式，复数形式。
英语中的集合名词是经常考查的一个考点，它主要涉及集合名词的可数性、单复数意义、主谓一致、恰当的修饰语等。为了便于理解和记忆，我们将一些常考的集合名词分为以下几类，并分别简述其有关用法特点：
第一类
形式为单数，但意义可以用为单数或复数
这类集合名词包括family (家庭)，team (队)，class (班)，audience (听众)等，其用法特点为：若视为整体，表示单数意义；若考虑其个体成员，表示复数意义。比较并体会：
His family is large. 他的家是个大家庭。
His family are all waiting for him. 他的一家人都在等他。
This class consists of 45 pupils. 这个班由45个学生组成。
This class are reading English now. 这个班的学生在读英语。
第二类
形式为单数，但意义永远为复数
这类集合名词包括cattle(牛，牲畜)，people(人)，police(警察)等，其用法特点为：只有单数形式, 但却表示复数意义，用作主语时谓语用复数；不与 a(n) 连用，但可与the连用(表示总括意义和特指)。如：
People will laugh at you. 人们会笑你的。
The police are looking for him. 警察在找他。
Many cattle were killed for this. 就因为这个原因宰了不少牲畜。
注：表示牲畜的头数，用单位词 head(单复数同形)。如：
five head of cattle 5头牛，fifty (head of ) cattle 50头牛
第三类
形式为复数，意义也为复数
这类集合名词包括goods(货物), clothes(衣服)等，其用法特点是：只有复数形式(当然也表示复数意义，用作主语时谓语也用复数)，但通常不与数词连用。如：
Clothes dry slowly in the rainy season. 衣服在雨季不易干。
Such clothes are very expensive. 那样的衣服很贵。
If goods are not well made you should complain to the manufacturer. 如果货物质量不好，则理应向制造商提出控诉。
第四类
形式为单数，意义也为单数
这类集合名词包括baggage / luggage(行李), clothing(衣服), furniture(家具), machinery(机器), poetry(诗), scenery(风景), jewelry(珠宝), equipment(设备)等, 其用法特点为：是不可数名词，只用单数形式，不用不定冠词(当然更不能用数词)，没有复数形式。如：
Our clothing protects us from [against] the cold. 我们的衣服可以御寒。
Have you checked all your baggage? 你所有的行李都托运了吗?
The thief stole all her jewelry. 小偷把她所有的首饰都偷走了。
The hospital has no decent equipment. 这家医院没有像样的设备。
The Tang Dynasty is thought of as the high summer of Chinese poetry. 人们认为唐朝是中国诗歌的全盛时期。
注：machinery, poetry, jewelry, scenery等相应的个体可数名词是 machine, poem, jewel, scene等。如：
a poem / a piece of poetry 一首诗
many machines / much machinery / many pieces of machinery 许多机器
第五类
补充几个常考的集合名词
除上面提到的四类集合名词外，以下几个集合名词也应重点注意(因为它们也是常考考点)：
1. hair(头发，毛发)
指全部头发或毛发时，为集合名词(不可数)；指几根头发或毛发时，为个体名词(可数)。如：
My hair has grown very long. 我的头发已长得很长了。
The police found two hairs there. 警察在那儿找到了两根头发。
2. mankind(人类)
是一个不可数的集合名词，不用复数形式，也不连用冠词。如：
This is an invention that benefits mankind. 这是一项造福人类的发明。
Mankind has its own problems. 人类有自己的问题。
注：mankind 表示“人(类)”时，虽不可数，但有时却可以表示复数意义，尤其是当其表语是复数时。如：
Mankind are intelligent animals. 人是理智的动物。
3. fruit(水果)
作为集合名词，它通常是不可数的。如：
He doesn’t eat much fruit. 他不大吃水果。
He is growing fruit in the country. 他在乡下种水果。
但是，当要表示种类时，它可视为可数名词，即a fruit 指一种水果，fruits 指多种水果。比较：
Some fruits have thick skins. 有些水果皮很厚。
The potato is a vegetable, not a fruit. 土豆是一种蔬菜，而不是一种水果。
集合名词作主语时，主谓一致关系是一个较为复杂的问题。对此类问题我们可以从“数”的角度分为四类。
1）单数—复数型。凡是有复数词尾变化形式的集合名词都属于此类。如：a class—classes; a family—families; a government—governments; an army—armies; a people—peoples; a group—groups; a crowd—crowds; a crew—crews等。这类集合名词强调的是整体性，即当作一个整体或多个整体来看待。属于这类集合名词的单数作主语时，谓语动词用单数；复数形式作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
【例如】
A big crowd often gathers on the square every morning.
The government has decided to pass the bill.
There are huge crowds in the streets on Sunday.
There are many English-speaking peoples in the world.
但应注意，这类集合名词的单数形式有时表示复数概念，所以这些集合名词的单数形式也可归为“单复同形型”中。
2）单数型。这类集合名词表示的是人或事物的整体，即把这类人或事物的全部包括在内，所以只有单数形式。如作主语，谓语动词常用单数。这类名词常见的有：humanity, mankind, proletariat等。
【例如】The proletariat is the greatest class in the history of mankind. In the fields of production and scientific experiment, mankind makes constant progress.
3）复数型。这类集合名词在形式和内容上是相互矛盾的，就是说它们只有单数形式，但表达的都是复数概念。它强调的是集体中的个体性。这类名词有：police, cattle, faculty, flock, machinery, vermin, personnel等。它们作主语时，谓语动词要用复数。
【例如】The police have caught the murder.
Our personnel are very highly trained.
The vermin are very dangerous.
4）单复同形型。这类集合名词的单数形式既可表示单数也可表示复数。作主语时，用单数动词或复数动词均可，有时意义区别不大。
【例如】The school teaching staff are （is） excellent.
The public is （are） requested not to litter in the park.
The teaching profession claim（s） to be badly paid.
这类集合名词常见的有：class, family, team, crew, board, herd, committee, party, jury, enemy, audience等。
根据说话人的心理意向若把这个集合名词所代表的人或事物看作一个整体，就认为是单数，用单数动词；若把它所代表的人或事物看作若干个个体的话，就认为其为复数，用复数动词。
试比较：The football team is playing well.
那个足球队打得非常漂亮。
The football team areshavingsbath and are then coming back here for tea.
足球队员们正在洗澡，然后来这里吃茶点。
The family is a very happy one.
那个家庭是一个非常幸福的家庭。
That family are very pleased about the news of William's success.
语法一致原则 (grammatical concord)
意义一致原则 (notional concord)
就近原则 (principle of proximity)
（一）语法一致原则
用作主语的名词词组中心词和谓语动词在单、复数形式上的一致，就是语法一致。也就是说，如果名词中心词是单数，动词用单数形式；如果名词中心词是复数，动词用复数形式。例如：
This table is a genuine antique.
Both parties have their own advantages.
Her job has something to do with computers.
She wants to go home.
They are divorcing each other.
Mary was watching herself in the mirror.
The bird built a nest.
Susan comes home every week-end.
（二）意义一致原则
有时，主语和谓语动词的一致关系取决于主语的单、复数意义，而不是语法上的单、复数形式，这样的一致关系就是意义一致。例如：
Democratic government gradually take the place of an all-powerful monarchy.
A barracks was attacked by the guerilla.
Mumps is a kind of infectious disease.
The United States is a developed country.
It is the remains of a ruined palace.
The archives was lost.
This pair of trousers costs fifty dollars.
（三）就近原则
有时，谓语动词的单、复数形式决定于最靠近它的词语。
例如：
Either my grandsons or their father is coming.
No one except his daughters agree with him.
Mary and her sisters are baking a cake.
Neither Richard nor I am going.
二、以集合名词做主语的主谓一致问题
有些集合名词，ommittee,council,crew,crowd,family,gang,government,group,mob,staff,team, union等，在意义上是复数，但在语法形式上是单数，这类名词作主语的主谓一致问题往往遵循“语法一致”或“意义一致”原则。例如：
The committee has/have decided to dismiss him.
A council of elders governs the tribe.
The present government is trying to control inflation.
The school staff are expected to supervise school meals.
（一）通常作复数的集体名词
包括police,people, cattle, militia, vermin等，这些集体名词通常用作复数。
例如：
The British police have only very limited powers.
The militia were called out to guard the borderland.
It seems the cattle on the sides of the dikes were the only living creatures in these desolate surroundings.
（二）通常作不可数名词的集体名词
通常作不可数名词的集体名词，包括poultry,foliage，machinery, equipment,furniture,
merchandise等,这类名词后的动词用单数形式。
例如：
Poultry is expensive at this time of year.
That green foliage was restful.
The merchandise has arrived undamaged.
All the machinery in the factory is made in China.
The suite of furniture he bought was of contemporary style.
The equipment of the photographic studio was expensive.
（三）可作单数也可作复数的集体名词
可作单数也可作复数的集体名词,包括audience, committee, crew, family, government,jury等。
例如：
The audience was/were enthusiastic on the opening night of the play.
The committee has/have decided to dismiss him.
The jury is/are about to announce the winners.
The government has/have discussed the matter for a long time.
三、a committee, etc of +复数名词的主谓一致问题
如果主语是由a committee of /a panel of /a (the) board of +复数名词构成，随后的动词通常用单数。
例如：
A committee of twelve men is to discuss the matter.
A panel of experts has considered the situation.
The board of managers is responsible for the firm.
四、以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题
英语可数名词的规则复数形式是在词尾加-s或-es，但是有一些以-s结尾的名词并不是可数名词。它们用法多样，造成了实际使用上的困难，以下详述了以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题。
（一）以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题
（二）以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语的主谓一致问题
（三）以-s结尾的地理名称作主语的主谓一致问题
（四）以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语的主谓一致问题
（五）其它以-s结尾的名词的主谓一致问题
（一）以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题
以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题,如：arthritis,bronchitis,diabetes,mumps,phlebitis,rickets,这类以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语时，谓语动词通常用作单数。
例如：
Arthritis causes great pain in the joints of the patient.
The diabetes is a kind of chronic disease.
Measles usually occurs in children.
Phlebitis is a swollen condition of the blood vessels.
（二）以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语的主谓一致问题
以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语时，谓语动词通常用作单数。
例如：
Darts is basically a easy game.
Marbles is not confined to children.
Skittles is not fashionable nowadays.
Draughts is not very difficult to learn.
但当Darts，Marbles等的意义为游戏器具而非游戏名称时，谓语动词通常用作复数。
例如：
Three darts are thrown at each turn.
All nine skittles were brought down by the good throw.
（三）以-s结尾的地理名称作主语的主谓一致问题
某些以-s结尾的地理名称，如果是国名，如the United States，the Netherlands等，因其是单一政治实体，所以谓语动词用作单数。
例如：
The United States was hit by the Great Depression in 1930s'.
In early January 1996 the Netherlands was hit by its worst storm since 1976.
但如果是群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名称作主语，谓语动词用作复数。
例如：
The West Indies are commonly divided into two parts.
The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant.
The Straits of Gibraltar have not lost their strategic importance.
The Niagara Falls are perhaps the most splendid waterfall in the world.
（四）以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语的主谓一致问题
某些以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语时，如physics,mathematics,mechanics, optics, acoustics, politics statistics, economics, linguistics, athletics等, 谓语动词通常用作单数。
例如：
Physics is a fundamental subject in science.
The third world economics is promising.
Acoustics studies the science of sound.
Mathematics is an interesting subject.
Athletics is a required course for students of all grades.
但如果这类名词表示学科以外的其它含义，可作复数用。
例如：
Athletics have been greatly encouraged at this college.
The acoustics of the new concert hall are perfect.
The economics of the project are still at issue.
（五）其它以-s结尾的名词的主谓一致问题
A.以-s结尾的由两部分组成的物体名称作主语
英语中有一些通常以-s结尾的由两部分组成的物体名词，如glasses, pincers,pliers,scissors, shorts,suspenders,trousers等，这类名词做主语，如果不带“一把”、“一副”等单位词，谓语动词通常用复数。
例如：
Mary's glasses are new.
John's trousers are black.
如果带有单位词， 则由单位词决定动词的单、复数形式。
例如：
One pair of pincers isn't enough.
Two pairs of scissors are missing from my tool box.
B.其他以-s结尾的名词
英语中还有一些以- s结尾的名词，如archives，arms,clothes, contents, eaves, fireworks, goods, minutes, morals, remains stairs, suburbs, thanks,wages这类名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。
例如：
The archives of the country are kept in the Department of Security.
The contents of the book are most amusing.
High wages often result in high prices.
My thanks are sincere.
五、如果句子的主语是并列结构，其主谓一致问题通常遵循以下原则：
（一）由and/both...and连接的并列主语的主谓一致问题
（二）由or/nor/either...or连接的并列主语的主谓一致问题
（三）主语 + as much as,etc的主谓一致问题
（一）由and/both...and连接的并列主语的主谓一致问题
由and/both...and连接的并列结构作主语，可根据主语的意义决定谓语动词的单、复数形式。
例如：
Pancakes and syrup is a tasty breakfast.
The number and diversity of British newspaper is considerable.
Good and bad taste are inculcated by example.
Fish and chips are getting very expensive.
A truck and a car were in the ditch.
Both Cathy and her daughter Lida have gone fishing in Canada.
当and连接的并列名词词组带有each，every,或者many a 等限定词时，谓语动词通常用单数。
例如：
Each man and each woman there is asked to help.
Every flower and every bush is to be cut down.
Every change of season, every change of weather, indeed every hour of the day, produces some change in the magical hues and shapes of these mountains.
Many a boy was disappointed after seeing the film.
（二）由or/nor/either...or连接的并列主语的主谓一致问题
由or,nor,either...or, neither...nor,not only...but also连接的并列结构作主语，随后的动词形式通常按照“就近原则”处理。
例如：
Neither Lucy nor Carol has any money left.
Neither sleet nor snow stops him from driving his new Mercedes-Benz.
Either Tina or Carol is sure to know the answer.
Neither my father nor my brothers are likely to be at theater.
Neither the Kansas coach nor the players were confident of victory.
Not only one, but all of us are hoping to be there.
Not only the switches but also the old wiring has been stolen.
（三）主语 + as much as,etc的主谓一致问题
当主语后面跟有由as much as, rather than , more than, no less than 等引导的从属结构，或跟有由as well as, in addition to ,with, along with, together with, except等引导的词组时， 其后的动词形式取决主语的形式。
例如：
The vessel, with its entire crew and cargo was lost.
The ocean, as well as the gulf and the bay, provides good fishing.
John, rather than his roommates, is to blame.
Hugh,as well as his two sisters, is vacationing in Wyoming this summer.
Some of the employees as much as the manager were responsible for the failure.
My husband,more than anyone else in the family, is longing to go there again.
Billy, together with his sisters, was wounded in the accident.
No one except two girls was late for school.
六、以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题
数量概念分两类：一类是确定数量，如 two years, five seconds,three kilos,等，另一类是非确定数量，如all of..., some of..., none of...。如果用这类表示数量概念的名词词组作主语，会产生主谓一致问题。
（一）以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题
（二）以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题
（一）以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语
当主语为表示确定数量的名词词组时，如果数量概念被看做一个整体，动词用单数，如果被看做组成该数量的个体，动词用复数。
例如：
The treasurer considered that twenty dollars was not too much to ask.
"Two months is too short a time," General manager warned, "we must hurry up."
Three weeks is needed to complete the task.
There were six silver dollars in each of the stockings.
Three pints is not enough to get him drunk.
A total of 50,000 new bicycles was registered in the year.
如果作主语的名词词组是由“分数/百分数+ of”词组构成，其动词形式 取决于of词组中名词的类别。
例如：
Two-thirds of the people present is against the plan.
Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is covered by sea.
Over twenty percent of the city was destroyed in the war.
Forty-five percent of the doctors were woman.
两数相减或相除，谓语动词用单数；两数相加或相乘，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数。
例如：
Sixty minus seventeen leaves forty-three.
Forty-two divided by six is seven.
Six and eight makes/make fourteen.
Six times eight is/are forty-eight.
如果主语由"one in/one out of + 复数名词" 构成，在正式语体中，动词用单数。
例如：
One in ten students has passed the examination.
One out of twelve bottles was left intact.
（二）以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题
如果主语由 "a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of +名词"或由“a kind/sort/type of, this kind/sort/type of+名词” 构成，谓语动词通常用单数。
例如：
A panel of us has decided to hire a boat and travel through Holland by canal.
A pile of apple logs was set beside the hearth.
A portion of reports is deceiving.
This kind of cars is rather expensive.
This type of women is dangerous.
That type of machines is up-to-date.
如果主语是由“many a +名词" 或“more than one +名词"构成，随后的动词遵循“语法一致”原则，用单数。
例如：
Many a person in these circumstances has hoped for a long break.
Many a man has his own responsibility.
More than one student has failed the exam.
More than one ship was lost this year.
如果主语是all of, some of,none of, half of, most of,lots of,loads of ,plenty of,等表示非确定数量的名词词组，谓语动词的单、复数形式根据 of词组中名词类别而定。
例如：
Most of the money was recovered by Deputy Player.
All of the cargo was lost.
Some of the books were badly torn.
None of my friends ever come to see me.
Half of the building was destroied during the war.
Half of the students are eager to leave now.
Lots of people are waiting outside.
Loads of apples have been distributed among the children.
Plenty of water was prepared for irrigation.
名词复数的单复同形
单复同形 如：
deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese
li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin
但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:
a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters
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帮忙总结一下中学英语所有的句子结构
enjoy doing sth have fun doing sth don't mind doing sth let sb not to do sth answer\/key to sth 哎呀妈呀,太多了,自己去网站看吧如:www.hongenzaixian.com
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爨朋三尖：[答案] fish鱼,deer鹿,sheep绵羊,works(工厂),means手段,clothes(衣服)、scissors(剪子)、scales(天平)、... 种类Japanese日本人trousers裤子、police警察、cattle牛、 head表示禽畜群中的头,单复数同形
方城县18713153066： 归纳单复数同形名词 - ？
爨朋三尖： 以下这些名词单复数同形: fish鱼,deer鹿,sheep绵羊,works(工厂),means手段,Swiss瑞士人,Chinese中国人只有复数形式的名词 trousers裤子,pants裤子,shorts短裤 glasses眼镜,compasses圆规,scales天平,pliers钳子,clips...
方城县18713153066： 英语中单复数同形的词有哪些 - ？
爨朋三尖： 1、某些动物名词2、某些表示人的名词3、craft及由-craft构成的名词4、某些表示数量的名词5、其他 antelope 羚羊,bison 野牛,buffalo 水牛,crab 螃蟹,deer 鹿,fish 鱼,reindeer 驯鹿,sheep 绵羊;Burmese 缅甸人,Cantonese 广东人,Chinese 中国人,counsel 法律顾问,kin 亲属,Japanese 日本人,Swiss瑞士人;aircraft 飞机,craft 飞机,spacecraft 太空船;brance 双,score 二十;series 系列;species种类;means方法
方城县18713153066： 初中英语名词单复数同型有哪些? - ？
爨朋三尖： deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese li,jin,yuan, mu,police、cattle
方城县18713153066： 单复数同形的单词一共有哪些? - ？
爨朋三尖： 单复数同形的单词:trousers(裤子)、chinese、japanese、police(警察)、cattle(牛)、deer(鹿)、sheep(羊)、fish(有时可以用作复数,说明鱼的种类)、people(有时可以用复数,表示种族)、means(方式方法)、clothes(衣服...
方城县18713153066： 初中英语名词单复数同型有哪些?？
爨朋三尖： people sheep fish(说几种鱼时用fishes)
方城县18713153066： 谁能告诉我全部单复数形式相同的名词? - ？
爨朋三尖： 英语中有些名词单复数同形,主要有以下几类: 1、某些动物名词 2、某些表示人的名词 3、craft及由-craft构成的名词 4、某些表示数量的名词 5、其他 以下这些名词单复数同形: antelope 羚羊,bison 野牛,buffalo 水牛,crab 螃蟹,deer 鹿,...
方城县18713153066： 归纳单复数同形名词谁可以归纳一下比较常见的单复数同形名词, - ？
爨朋三尖：[答案] 以下这些名词单复数同形: fish鱼,deer鹿,sheep绵羊,works(工厂),means手段,Swiss瑞士人,Chinese中国人 只有复数形式的名词 trousers裤子,pants裤子,shorts短裤 glasses眼镜,compasses圆规,scales天平,pliers钳子,clips剪子 ...
方城县18713153066： 英语中,有哪些单词是单复数同形的 - ？
爨朋三尖： 1、某些以-ese(-ss)结尾的表示国籍的名词. 如:Chinese(中国人);Burmese(缅甸人);Japanese(日本人); 例句:I'm a Chinese. 我是中国人. We Chinese are an industrious and hard-working people. 我们中国人是一个勤劳勇敢的...
方城县18713153066： 英语里哪些单词单复数是一样的？
爨朋三尖： deer, grouse, salmon, trout, carp, bison, sheep Chinses, Japanese, Portuguese, Swiss, Vietnamese barracks,corps,crossroads,gallows,headquarters,means,series,species,works aircraft, spacercarft, craft, offspring
