急需一篇关于中西方餐饮文化方面的文章

求中西方餐饮文化差异的文章~

　　4月2日 15:38 文化差异(Culture Difference):种族 National race

　　The whole question of the changing role of Blacks in American society as been the subject of newspaper articles around the world so frequently that visitors to the United States do not know what to expect when they arrive. They may be surprised when they see that Blacks and Whites work side by side in offices , factories , and schools across the country . The majority of Blacks in the United States, however, live in and around only a small number of American cities.

　　Many dark-skinned visitors arrive in the United States fearing personal attack or expecting various degrees of racial prejudice. Some forms of discrimination [1] still exist ,unfortunately, especially in the areas of the housing , schools , and jobs . The school equality is still more a dream than a reality. There are still too many areas of the country where Black Americans do not enjoy the same full opportunities as White Americans . However, the vast majority of American s are working , studying , and sharing public places together. This was not true even a few years ago in some parts of the country , but progress is steadily being made . You will be able to observe the improvement in race relations as soon as your plane lands . You will see it in the airport, in public buses and trains , in theaters , restaurants , rest room, in sops and libraries , in offices and factories . Close personal friendships between Blacks and Whites , full trust and social relationships are still not common , except in certain areas, However, even in this - the slowest area of progress-there has been change , especially among young people.

　　[1] discrimination n. 辨别, 区别, 识别力, 辨别力, 歧视

　　Excerpted from " A Guide to U.S.A. ", edited by Li Yang, Li Yi, published by Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.


　　Culture Difference
　　发表日期：2005-04-22 10:58:52 作者：洪恩在线

　　It is not a novel knowledge that culture difference exists between eastern and w
　　estern countries. But not until I heard the lecture given by a Chinese scholar,
　　who has been lived in Australia for several years, did I came to understand that
　　how different it is.

　　The scholar summarized that we, as Chinese, prefer to think in a spiral, casual
　　way, while western people, more often than not, are fond of a linear, business-i
　　s-business way. Supporting the idea, he named out examples he himself experience
　　d while staying in Australia. Here are some excerpts.

　　Firstly, line up matter. If you are in China, it is not rare to see that a crowd
　　of people throng in the supermarket, trying to get service first. People in Ch
　　ina do line up, the scholar said in a humorous tone, but they prefer to line up
　　at a horizontal way.

　　In contrast, in western countries, say, in Australia, people always line up, no
　　matter in a big bank or a small grocery store. And they take it for granted. Lin
　　ing up has long since become part of their life that they scarcely doubt it or g
　　row impatient while doing it.

　　Secondly, first come, first served. Though in words it is a normal principle her
　　e in China, it’s mostly not the case in reality. Take an example of what usuall
　　y happens in a bank. Here when we are in a middle-sized bank, and suppose we are
　　talking with the cashier, it always tends to have someone butt in, claiming tha
　　t his or her request takes only one second.

　　And it seems that we have already been accustomed to it. So has the cashier. But
　　in western countries, it never applies. It is always rude that you butt in whil
　　e the cashier is serving his customer. No matter how little time your request co
　　sts, the cashier, more often than not, is likely to turn you down. Only one cust
　　omer at a time is his principle.

　　Thirdly, change stuff. Suppose I am in a shopping mall and the stuff I purchase
　　cost me 142 RMB. While lining up at the casher’s and happening to check my wall
　　et, I find I have 200 RMB and two one-yuan coins. What will I do? To give the ca
　　shier 200 RMB, or give him 200 RMB and the two one-yuan coins so that he could r
　　eturn me 60 RMB, which is more convenient for both of us.

　　I think when the Chinese were in this situation, they would mostly choose the la
　　tter one. But the scholar said, in Australia, they won’t do so. He then told th
　　at he himself did try it once, and he thought it was self-evident to do so. But
　　the cashier did not understand.

　　So the scholar latter on summarized that western people are prone to lack of fle
　　xibility while doing their work. Then how about us in their eyes? They think we
　　Chinese have a tendency to make things complicate. What an interesting contrast!

　　Here I don’t intend to tell which is better and which is worse. What I try to s
　　ay is just that we might well be in conformity with the customs and be aware of
　　the culture differences while being abroad. Like the saying goes—while you are
　　in Rome, do as Romans do. If you don’t want to put yourself in the public, bear
　　ing all this in mind is perhaps the best policy.


　　Caroline


　　This article has been read by 276 persons.
　　Copyright: This article was written by caroline. and first posted in HongEn online. The author owns the copyright, and HongEn online owns the right of using it. Any other unit or individual should get the author's approval before using, repasting or quoting. The author will assume all the civil and penal responsibility, directly or indirectly caused by posting the article. The SYSOPs and board masters have the right to reserve or delete the article.


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　　Replied Articles
　　Title Author Size Post Time Grade
　　Re：Culture Difference tdeanxx(Tim) 1K 05.04.20 01:19


　　Dear Caroline,

　　I think your scholar friend spent several years in Australia and completely miss
　　ed the most important value represented in his examples. That value is egalitar
　　ianism. The principle that people should be treated equally.

　　When the bank teller insists on attending one customer at a time the principle i
　　s not "only one customer at a time" it is "this customer waited in line and so w
　　ill you, no matter how tall, how well dressed or how loud your voice." And you
　　can be sure if the customer is a poor working man and the impatient man is a wel
　　l dressed business man, the customer will very bruskly insist on his rights not
　　to be interrupted. A well run bank will have a customer service person who can
　　answer questions, but people doing transactions must wait their turn. My impres
　　sion of a business or a nation where people are not treated equally in the marke
　　tplace and a bully can obtain service without waiting is a place where there is
　　a class oriented culture and/or where one can bribe one …………[文章太长，没有全部显示，点击本文标题阅读全文]


　　Re：Culture Difference caroline.(caroline) 2K 05.04.20 12:25


　　Dear Tim,

　　The lecture given by the scholar is mainly on English learning. That's for he na
　　med such examples. He just aimed to tell the audience how important to understan
　　d a culture is, which is different from our motherland.

　　What you said is indeed right. And I am with you on this. The corruption in Chi
　　na is rampant these years, you relate it with class. Well, I haven't thought abo
　　ut it. But I do agree that the idea of class roots in many people's mind.

　　Like the example you took in the article, I almost could be sure that here the c
　　ashier would definitely turn to the well dressed business man. You say that the
　　poor working man will insist on his rigts not to be interrupted. But here I gues
　　s he would just pretend not to mind it and let it be.

　　I myself experienced this once, in fact. Once I was in a post office to have a p
　　ackage posted. You know, it was crowded inside and the people lined up in a wayw
　　ard way. So when it was my turn, and when I was just about to tell the man my re
　　quest, one guy …………[文章太长，没有全部显示，点击本文标题阅读全文]


　　Re：Culture Difference panpanpan 210 05.04.20 08:32


　　You've got a sharp eye for the human conditions, Tim.

　　--
　　Learning is like rowing upstream; not to advance is to drop back.

　　Learning is like sailing a boat against the current; it either advances or retre
　　ats.


　　Re：Culture Difference tdeanxx(Tim) 351 05.04.20 12:47


　　Dear Panpanpan,

　　I wouldn't have written in such a non-diplomatic fashion except that I wanted to
　　see what people thought, and that sort of behavior is particularly irritating t
　　o me. I will try not to lose my temper when I am in China. I don't want to get
　　"kung fu'd". Great to hear from you, friend. I want to hear more of your thou
　　ghts.

　　Tim


　　Re：Culture Difference smdyfc(Dont happy) 263 05.04.20 18:05


　　English is so good!Do you announce some articles more again?Did you graduate?Wor
　　ker, should have of, all of you have.And have brains!Can come to our company to
　　work?

　　--
　　Power is everything!!Falling behind would be beaten!!
　　I'm never,never,never,never give up!!!


　　Re：Culture Difference spoilme(maple) 804 05.04.22 06:02


　　"Thirdly, change stuff. Suppose I am in a shopping mall and the stuff I purchase
　　cost me 142 RMB. While lining up at the casher’s and happening to check my wal
　　let, I find I have 200 RMB and two one-yuan coins. What will I do? To give the c
　　ashier 200 RMB, or give him 200 RMB and the two one-yuan coins so that he could
　　return me 60 RMB, which is more convenient for both of us.

　　I think when the Chinese were in this situation, they would mostly choose the la
　　tter one. But the scholar said, in Australia, they won’t do so. He then told th
　　at he himself did try it once, and he thought it was self-evident to do so. But
　　the cashier did not understand. "

　　It won't happen in New York. Maybe the cashers in NY are smarter. :)

　　--
　　Be not afraid of going slowly, be afraid only of standing still.


　　该回答在4月2日 15:41由回答者修改过

　　参考文献：http://www.iselong.com/English

The main difference between Chinese and Western eating habits is that unlike the West, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares. If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of food. Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of cuisine. Among friends, they will just order enough for the people there. If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite, then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests (e.g. four people, five dishes). If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impossible to finish.

A typical meal starts with some cold dishes, like boiled peanuts and smashed cucumber with garlic. These are followed by the main courses, hot meat and vegetable dishes. Finally soup is brought out, which is followed by the starchy "staple" food, which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes dumplings. Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last, but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes, you should say so early on.

Everything is relative, cultural difference being no exception. Culture, as the total pattern of human behavior and its products, oversteps geographical limits and historical conditions in many ways, and it is characterized by its strong penetrativeness and fusibility.

It is no surprise to see phenomena characteristic of one culture existing in another. As a result, some people even fear that the world will become a dull place when all the different nationalities behave exactly alike.
Nevertheless, the “cultural sediment” formed through long-range accumulation is not to be easily removed, and the cultural tradition handed down from generation to generation shows great consistency and continuity. The cultures of different regions and nations still h

谈中国饮食文化特色
饮食是人类生存与发展的第一需要，也是社会生活的基本形式之一。然而不同的文化背景，有着不同的饮食观念和饮食习俗，最终形成不同的饮食文化。

中国饮食文化的历史源远流长，博大精深。它经历了几千年的历史发展，已成为中国传统文化的一个重要组成部分，在长期的发展、演变和积累过程中，中国人从饮食结构、食物制作、食物器具、营养保健和饮食审美等方面，逐渐形成了自己独特的饮食民俗，最终创造了具有独特风味的中国饮食文化，成为世界饮食文化宝库中的一颗璀璨的明珠。西方的一些国家汇集着各国的移民，深受各国饮食文化的影响，博采众长，并结合自已的饮食习惯，形成精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。

中西方文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异，这种差异主要来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。

一、饮食结构

我国历史悠久，地域辽阔，地理环境多样，气候条件丰富，动植物品类繁多，这都为我国的饮食提供了坚实的物质基础。我们的祖先们在漫长的生活实践中，不断选育和创造了丰富多样的食物资源，使得我国的食物来源异常广博。从先秦开始，中国人的膳食结构就是以粮、豆、蔬、果、谷类等植物性食料为基础，主、副食界线分明。主食是五谷，副食是蔬菜，外加少量的肉食。据《武林旧事》记载的一次盛宴便列举菜肴有200多道，其中，以猪、鸭、鱼、虾等物经烤、煮等诸多工艺制作成的有41道，有42道果品和蜜饯，有20道多类蔬菜，有29道各类鱼干，有17种饮料，还有59道点心等。所涉及的食物种类繁多，天上地下水生陆长和各种生物几乎无所不食，形成了令人眼花缭乱的饮食构成。可见，在南宋时期中国的饮食文化趋于成熟。据调查，中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种，比西方多六倍。实际上，在中国人的菜肴里，素菜是平常食品。我国的主食以稻米和小麦为主，另外小米、玉米、麦荞、土豆、红薯和各种苕类也占有一席之地。除了米线之外，各种面食，如馒头、面条、油条以及各种粥类、饼类和变化万千的小吃类使得人们的餐桌丰富多彩。

西方人秉承着游牧民族、航海民族的文化血统，以渔猎、养殖为主，以采集、种植为辅，荤食较多，吃、穿、用都取之于动物，连西药都是从动物身上取料炼制而成的。比较注意动物蛋白质和脂肪的摄取，饮食结构上，也以动物类菜品居多，主要是牛肉、鸡肉、猪肉、羊肉和鱼等。因此肉食在饮食中比例一直很高，到了近代，种植业比重增加，但是肉食在饮食中的比例仍然要比中国人的高。

二、食物制作

中国传统菜肴对于烹调方法极为讲究，常见的方法有：煮、蒸、烧、炖、烤、烹、煎、炒、炸、烩、爆、溜、卤、扒、酥、焖、拌等。而且长期以来，由于物产和风俗的差异，各地的饮食习惯和品味爱好迥然不同，源远流长的烹调技术经过历代人民的创造，形成了丰富多彩的地方菜系，如闽菜、川菜、粤菜、京菜、鲁菜、苏菜、湘菜、徽菜、沪菜、鄂菜、辽菜、豫菜等。各菜系在制作方法上更是各有特色：如湖北菜的煨、滑，京菜的涮、烤等，更有四川菜以味多、味广、味厚、味道多变而著称，素有“一菜一格，百菜百味”的佳话。

中国饮食之所以有其独特的魅力，关键就在于它的口味精美。而美味的产生，主要在于五味调和。同时，追求色、香、味、形、艺的有机统一。在色的配制上，以辅助的色彩来衬托、突出、点缀和适应主料，形成菜肴色彩的均匀柔和、主次分明、浓淡相宜、相映成趣、和谐悦目。在口味的配合上，强调香气，突出主味，并辅佐调料，使之增香增味。在形的配制上，注重造型艺术，运用点缀、嵌酿等手法，融雕刻和菜肴于一体，形成和谐美观的造型。中国饮食将色，形，香，味，滋，养六者融于一体，使人们得到了视觉，触觉，味觉的综合享受，构成了以美味为核心，以养身为目的的中国烹饪特色。它选料谨慎，刀工精细，造型逼真，色彩鲜艳，拼配巧妙，有着无可争辩的历史地位。

西方饮食，牛排都只有一种味道，无艺术可言。作为菜肴，鸡就是鸡，牛排就是牛排，纵然有搭配，那也是在盘中进行的，一盘“法式羊排”，一边放土豆泥，旁倚羊排，另一边配煮青豆，加几片番茄便成。色彩上对比鲜明，但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和，各是各的味，简单明了。

三、食物器皿

饮食用具的多样性也是中国饮食文化的一大特色。特别用竹筷进食，运用自如，经济方便，被欧美人士赞为是艺术的创造。中国饮食用具从用途上来分，有豆、罐、鬲、杯、盆、碗、盒、瓮、壶、甑、盘等等；从材料上来分，有陶制品、瓷制品、金属制品和竹木制品等等；随着生产力的提高和人类生活水平的不断进步，饮食用具在材料、质量、形态等诸方面都发生了新的变化。从隋唐开始，已大量使用了金银等贵金属所制的饮食用具，在民间，陶瓷用具大量使用，到了唐宋时期，中国瓷器享誉海外。直到现代，陶瓷食具美不胜收，灿烂辉煌，成为中国饮食文化中的一个亮点和特色。

西方人多用金属刀叉，以及各种杯、盘、盅、碟，其餐具的种类，很是单调。;

四、营养保健

以谷物为主，注重饮食保健。就是以谷物为主，肉少粮多，辅以菜蔬，这就是典型的饭菜结构。其中饭是主食，而菜则是为了下饭，即助饭下咽。中国人很注重饮食的营养保健，主张营养成份合理搭配，平衡饮食，通过调配食用五谷、五果、五畜、五菜等气味、功用各不相同的食品，以达到阴阳平衡、脏腑协调、补精益气、养身健体的目的。早在春秋战国时期，孔子就提出了“食不厌精，脍不厌细”的饮食观，同时还概括了十条“不食”以及注重卫生，遵守时节，讲究营养，有节制不过量的科学饮食法则。

西方人也注重饮食科学，讲究食物制作严格按科学规范行事，要求调料的添加量精确到克，烹调时间精确到秒，把厨房弄得像个化学实验室，而牛排的味道从纽约到旧金山别无二致。

五、饮食审美

中国饮食在不断的发展中形成了“十美风格”：讲究味、色、香、质、形、序、器、适、境、趣的和谐统一。中国的烹饪，不仅技术精湛，而且讲究菜肴的美感，注意食物的色、香、味、形、器的协调一致。对菜肴美感的表现是多方面的，无论是个红萝卜，还是一个白菜心，都可以雕出各种造型，独树一帜，达到色、香、味、形、美的和谐统一，给人以精神和物质高度统一的特殊享受。

而对于西方人来说，饮食大约只是一种必需的生理活动，对于其中美的追求，却忽略了。

中西方饮食文化差异是明显的，而且各有长处。随着经济全球化及信息交换的加快，中西饮食文化将在碰撞中融合，在融合中互补。现在中国人的餐桌上正在加大肉类和奶类食品的比重；同样，西餐也开始向中餐的色、香、味、意、形的境界发展，中西餐饮文化将在交流中共同发展，人们将会享受到更美味、更快捷、更营养的食品。

---

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陀屠奥莎： 西方的宴客形式,从正式到非正式,远远多于中国.大致说来,他们有以下八种宴请形式:有席位的宴青(seated dinners),自助餐(buffet dinners),正式午餐(luncheons),招待会(receptions),鸡尾酒会(cocktail parties),聚餐会...

大关县15933945441： 简短的介绍中西餐饮文化差别 - ？
陀屠奥莎： 中西餐饮文化差别分析 中国和西方(以美国为代表)社会文化、历史发展的不同造就了中西餐饮文化的差别.有人形象地说:如果说中餐大餐文化像是一首混声大合唱,那西餐(大餐)就像是一支浪漫的小夜曲;如果说中餐馆充满了一股阳刚之...

大关县15933945441： 我急需一篇中西方文化差异的英语作文字数大概在一百字往上,主要时将中西方在礼仪,餐饮等方面的不同 - ？
陀屠奥莎：[答案] Long history in China in 5000, western social process of world 56 a hundred years.China is brilliant abundant, great and deep food culture;The western nation then has delicately and particularly , fro...

大关县15933945441： 浅析中西方餐饮礼仪的差异的案例分析？
陀屠奥莎： 您好,餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响,会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异.正是因为这些差异,餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性.中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异,而这种...

大关县15933945441： 中西方餐饮礼仪 - ？
陀屠奥莎： 饮食礼仪因宴席的性质、目的而不同;不同的地区,也是千差万别.中华饮食源远流长.在这自古为礼仪之邦,讲究民以食为天的国度里,饮食礼仪自然成为饮食文化的一个重要部分.饮食礼仪因宴席的性质、目的而不同;不同的地区,也是...

大关县15933945441： 中西方饮食审美 - ？
陀屠奥莎： 分析中西方饮食文化的差异 一、不同的饮食观念 1.饮食结构 在中国,人们的传统饮食习俗是靠以植物性食料为主.主食是五谷杂粮,然后辅以蔬菜,外加少量肉食而形成的餐饮形式.中国人也习惯于以热食、熟食为主,这也是中国人饮食习俗...