IMF 第八条款

国际货币基金协定第八条款简介~

按照国际货币基金组织（IMF）的定义，一国若能实现经常账户下的货币自由兑换，该国货币就被列入可兑换货币。由于自由兑换的条款集中出现在基金组织协定的第8条，所以货币自由兑换的国家又被称为“第8条款国”。
具体而言，自由兑换的要求集中出现在基金组织协定的第8条的第2、3、4款，其内容为：
（1）避免对经常性支付或转移的限制。个会员国未经国际货币基金组织的同意，不得对国际经常往来的付款和资金专业实施汇兑限制。（2）不得实施歧视性货币措施或多重汇率措施。（3）兑付外国持有的本国货币。任何一个成员国都有义务购回其他成员国所持有的本国货币结存，只需兑换的国家能证明这种结存是由最近的经常性交易所获得，或者这种兑换是为了支付经常性交易所需要的。

美军第八条军规,尽量显得你是一个无关紧要的人，因为敌人可能弹药不够了。


美军守则(二十四条“军规”)：
第一条：你不是超人。
第二条：如果一个蠢方法有效，那它就不是一个蠢方法。
第三条：不要太显眼，因为那会引来对方火力攻击。
第四条：别和比你勇敢的战友躲在同一个散兵坑里。
第五条：别忘了你手上的武器是由报价最低的承包商所制造。
第六条：如果你的攻击进行得很顺利，那一定是你中了圈套。
第七条：所有五秒的手榴弹引线都会在三秒内烧完。
第八条：尽量显得你是一个无关紧要的人，因为敌人可能弹药不够了。
第九条：每当你要前进攻击时，往往炮兵的炮弹也快用完了。
第十条：那支你以为是敌军疑兵而不加注意的部队恰恰就是敌人的攻击主力。
第十一条：重要的事总是简单的。
第十二条：简单的事总是难作到。
第十三条：好走的路总是已被敌军布上了地雷。
第十四条：如果你除了敌人不缺，其它什么都缺，那你往往就要面临作战了。
第十五条：飞来的子弹有优先通行权。
第十六条：如果敌人正在你的射程内，别忘了你也在他的射程内。
第十七条：从没有一支完成战备的单位能通过校阅。
第十八条：必须要装配在一起才能发挥效力的武器装备通常不会一起运来。
第十九条：无线电通讯会有可能在你急需火力支援时失灵。
第二十条：你作的任何事都可能挨枪子儿——包括你什么都不做。
第二十一条：曳光弹可以帮你找到敌踪，但也会让敌人找到你。
第二十二条：唯一比敌人火力还精确的是友军打过来的炮火。
第二十三条：当你防守严密到敌人攻不进来时，那往往你自己也打出不去。
第二十四条：如果你多报战功，会有更多艰巨的任务在等着你。

IMF第八条款内容如下：

1、未经基金组织同意,成员国不得对贸易、非贸易等国际收支经常项目下的支付和资金转移加以限制

2、不得采用歧视性的差别汇率或多重汇率制。

3、对于其它成员国在经常性往来中积存的本国货币，在对方为支付其经常性往来而要求兑换时，成员国应该用黄金或对方货币换回本币。

扩展资料：

国际货币基金组织宗旨

该组织宗旨是通过一个常设机构来促进国际货币合作，为国际货币问题的磋商和协作提供方法；通过国际贸易的扩大和平衡发展，把促进和保持成员国的就业、生产资源的发展、实际收入的高低水平，作为经济政策的首要目标；稳定国际汇率，在成员国之间保持有秩序的汇价安排，避免竞争性的汇价贬值。

协助成员国建立经常性交易的多边支付制度，消除妨碍世界贸易的外汇管制；在有适当保证的条件下，基金组织向成员国临时提供普通资金，使其有信心利用此机会纠正国际收支的失调，而不采取危害本国或国际繁荣的措施；按照以上目的，缩短成员国国际收支不平衡的时间，减轻不平衡的程度等。

参考资料来源：百度百科——国际货币基金组织

　　主要内容有：
　　1.对国际经常往来的付款和资金转移不得施加限制；
　　2.不施行歧视性货币措施或多种货币汇率；
　　3.在另一成员国要求下，随时有义务换回对方在经常往来中所结存的本国货币。
　　第八条款原版英文：
　　Article VIII - General Obligations of Members

　　Section 1. Introduction
　　In addition to the obligations assumed under other articles of this Agreement, each member undertakes the obligations set out in this Article.

　　Section 2. Avoidance of restrictions on current payments
　　(a) Subject to the provisions of Article VII, Section 3(b) and Article XIV, Section 2, no member shall, without the approval of the Fund, impose restrictions on the making of payments and transfers for current international transactions.

　　(b) Exchange contracts which involve the currency of any member and which are contrary to the exchange control regulations of that member maintained or imposed consistently with this Agreement shall be unenforceable in the territories of any member. In addition, members may, by mutual accord, cooperate in measures for the purpose of making the exchange control regulations of either member more effective, provided that such measures and regulations are consistent with this Agreement.

　　Section 3. Avoidance of discriminatory currency practices
　　No member shall engage in, or permit any of its fiscal agencies referred to in Article V, Section 1 to engage in, any discriminatory currency arrangements or multiple currency practices, whether within or outside margins under Article IV or prescribed by or under Schedule C, except as authorized under this Agreement or approved by the Fund. If such arrangements and practices are engaged in at the date when this Agreement enters into force, the member concerned shall consult with the Fund as to their progressive removal unless they are maintained or imposed under Article XIV, Section 2, in which case the provisions of Section 3 of that Article shall apply.

　　Section 4. Convertibility of foreign-held balances
　　(a) Each member shall buy balances of its currency held by another member if the latter, in requesting the purchase, represents:

　　(i)

　　that the balances to be bought have been recently acquired as a result of current transactions; or

　　(ii)

　　that their conversion is needed for making payments for current transactions.

　　The buying member shall have the option to pay either in special drawing rights, subject to Article XIX, Section 4, or in the currency of the member making the request.

　　(b) The obligation in (a) above shall not apply when:

　　(i)

　　the convertibility of the balances has been restricted consistently with Section 2 of this Article or Article VI, Section 3;

　　(ii)

　　the balances have accumulated as a result of transactions effected before the removal by a member of restrictions maintained or imposed under Article XIV, Section 2;

　　(iii)

　　the balances have been acquired contrary to the exchange regulations of the member which is asked to buy them;

　　(iv)

　　the currency of the member requesting the purchase has been declared scarce under Article VII, Section 3(a); or

　　(v)

　　the member requested to make the purchase is for any reason not entitled to buy currencies of other members from the Fund for its own currency.

　　Section 5. Furnishing of information
　　(a) The Fund may require members to furnish it with such information as it deems necessary for its activities, including, as the minimum necessary for the effective discharge of the Fund's duties, national data on the following matters:

　　(i)

　　official holdings at home and abroad of (1) gold, (2) foreign exchange;

　　(ii)

　　holdings at home and abroad by banking and financial agencies, other than official agencies, of (1) gold, (2) foreign exchange;

　　(iii)

　　production of gold;

　　(iv)

　　gold exports and imports according to countries of destination and origin;

　　(v)

　　total exports and imports of merchandise, in terms of local currency values, according to countries of destination and origin;

　　(vi)

　　international balance of payments, including (1) trade in goods and services, (2) gold transactions, (3) known capital transactions, and (4) other items;

　　(vii)

　　international investment position, i.e., investments within the territories of the member owned abroad and investments abroad owned by persons in its territories so far as it is possible to furnish this information;

　　(viii)

　　national income;

　　(ix)

　　price indices, i.e., indices of commodity prices in wholesale and retail markets and of export and import prices;

　　(x)

　　buying and selling rates for foreign currencies;

　　(xi)

　　exchange controls, i.e., a comprehensive statement of exchange controls in effect at the time of assuming membership in the Fund and details of subsequent changes as they occur; and

　　(xii)

　　where official clearing arrangements exist, details of amounts awaiting clearance in respect of commercial and financial transactions, and of the length of time during which such arrears have been outstanding.

　　(b) In requesting information the Fund shall take into consideration the varying ability of members to furnish the data requested. Members shall be under no obligation to furnish information in such detail that the affairs of individuals or corporations are disclosed. Members undertake, however, to furnish the desired information in as detailed and accurate a manner as is practicable and, so far as possible, to avoid mere estimates.

　　(c) The Fund may arrange to obtain further information by agreement with members. It shall act as a centre for the collection and exchange of information on monetary and financial problems, thus facilitating the preparation of studies designed to assist members in developing policies which further the purposes of the Fund.

　　Section 6. Consultation between members regarding existing international agreements
　　Where under this Agreement a member is authorized in the special or temporary circumstances specified in the Agreement to maintain or establish restrictions on exchange transactions, and there are other engagements between members entered into prior to this Agreement which conflict with the application of such restrictions, the parties to such engagements shall consult with one another with a view to making such mutually acceptable adjustments as may be necessary. The provisions of this Article shall be without prejudice to the operation of Article VII, Section 5.

　　Section 7. Obligation to collaborate regarding policies on reserve assets
　　Each member undertakes to collaborate with the Fund and with other members in order to ensure that the policies of the member with respect to reserve assets shall be consistent with the objectives of promoting better international surveillance of international liquidity and making the special drawing right the principal reserve asset in the international monetary system.

　　参见：http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/aa/aa08.htm#2

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