关于，语文，英语知识

关于英语和 语文学习~

本人已经大四了，由于报考高考志愿失误的问题，离开了至爱的理科，学了经济，郁闷至今。哎，不说了。高中时我把百分之八十的学习时间都花在了数理化生上，理科成绩还很不错，所以还是有点体会的。
语文一直是我的弱项，成绩徘徊在100上下，只是高考考了个117。高三复习老师的会把考点串一遍的，那时你会发现你以前自己是瞎提高，自己弄的东西高考不考，完全没用。所以高一高二练习写作，把写作弄好，提高文学修养，高三再总复习。实际上高考语文成绩主要区分在作文上，我作文很烂，所以只有这个分数。
高中英语没多少东西，该弄的就是那点语法，弄完了就OK了。然后你该进行你的水平和素养的提高了，包括口语，听力，阅读，写作。无数例子证明背诵是提高英语成绩最快的方法，我也是那无数人中的一个。我背的是新概念三，你刚开始可以背新概念二，背诵方法分为两个阶段。一开始是不看文章只听录音，听之前只看下生词，最多听三遍，注意听的时候不要人为的暂停录音。三遍过后，用自己的话复述原文录下来，注意复述时声音要洪亮，这同时也锻炼了你的口语。弄完后对照两份录音。通过比较你可以发现自己的很多问题，比如语法错误，口语断句不准确，句子连读没听出来等等。按第一阶段的方法把新概念二弄完一遍，这是你的水平已经提高很多了，然后进行第二阶段，死记硬背。对，没错，死记硬背，对照原文尽你可能用最快的速度一字不落背下来直至烂熟于心，倒背如流。有了第一阶段的基础，这个过程你会好很多。你可能会抱怨这得背到什么时候啊，首先提醒你注意学习语言本来就是一个细水长流的过程；其次你已经在第一阶段全面提高了你的水平；所以第二阶段不应该出现读不懂的现象，所以背起来你见过的文章很容易，再次新概念的文章都是精挑细选的经典文章，永远不过时，受益终身；最后，第二阶段除了锻炼你的口语还锻炼了你的英语记忆力，试过后你会发现，你背英语会越来越快，越来越轻松。进行完这两阶段后重复第二阶段，把新概念二背个三四遍做到出口成章就行了。在以上过程中你切忌三天打鱼两天晒网，不能间断，也不可贪多，按自己的水平规定自己一天一颗还是两课。如果你不偷懒的话，每一阶段后你的英语水平都会有质的飞跃，应付高考绰绰有余。另外由于你的口语，听力，阅读，写作（背了这么多，难道不会应用一点在作文里吗）水平都间接的提高了，你会更容易通过一些专业英语考试。时间富裕的话，再弄新概念三。还有一点就是背单词，学英语早晚都要过这一关，方法多种多样，你找一种适合自己的背，一天20到50个，最多不要超过100个，3年下来你的收获会非常之大。
高一时数学跨度较大，我也人生中第一次数学挂了红，这时候建议你多做题，扩展思路，另外这段时间勤问问题，不会的想不通了就去问，高一数学思维必须锻炼出来，具体的也就是指拿到题知道要考你什么，你要知道你该往哪个方面答题，力求自己做题时能按考点把题目分类，你可以请你的老师来帮你完成，不过感觉老师水平不够（有时确实如此）可以请家教（最好不是大学生，因为大学生会做题，不会给你系统讲题，不能帮你理知识）帮你，但最终你要自己搞定。思维训练出来了就好办了，高二高三的课程只是知识内容的丰富和应用的拓展。
高中物理是初中物理的强化和延伸，平时要多思考，闲着没事时就要想就要回忆构建知识网。物理这门学科很难，这是肯定的，但是高中学的只是物理学科的皮毛，所以我们大多数人还是能掌握和很好的。课本上的东西是精髓，务必掌握，力求读懂每一句话！！！！！如果你运算能力和速度好的话，一开始时公式只记基本的就行，用到的话现推就行，毕竟衍生的公式太多，有的还很复杂，记错的话，太吃亏。但是一段时间后衍生公式中常用的争取背下来，用来提高做题速度。物理题不用多做，把题做精就行。因为高考都是综合题，只考一个考点的极少，所以很遗憾，市面上适合高一高二的物理参考书非常少，你只要把老师给你的题（很有针对性和代表性）做好，做透就行，注意是做透，即整个题目的考点和解题思路你全掌握了为止。高三复习时，老师会把知识串讲一遍的，所以高一和高二你要做的就是和数学一样，把所学知识理清编成一张知识网，拿到题知道要考你什么，要知道你该往哪个方面答题，做到这点，你就非常不错了。高考物理其实不难，只要你平时按以上做好了，你就能看破出题人的思路，拿分还不简单？还有记住高考是选拔性考试不是奥赛，所以历年高考题再难也有七成的题目都是基础题，之所以你觉得没这么大比例是因为他们只不过被加了层包装，图个出题“新”字而已。我高考物理满分就是这么来的。
高中化学东西感觉很杂，其实学完之后自己理一下其实东西也不多，只是一开始学着新鲜觉得多而已。化学是一门文理兼有的科目，你需要有理科的想象力理科的解题思路以及文科的背诵能力。先说文科方面，化学有很多需要你记住的东西，当然如果你认为我说的是化学公式那对于高中化学来说那就太肤浅了，鉴于我们大多数学生的情况，我建议你去买一本北京教育出版社薛金星主编的《化学基础知识手册》，我当时买的是第八版的不知道现在修订到第几版了。书里知识很系统很全面，能满足各种化学水平的人学习，当然也包括零基础的，总之这是难得一见的好书，我当时都想把它当饭吃了消化在我脑袋了。高中化学学习你要掌握各类物质的性质以及注意事项（比如某些特例），这些东西你需要全部理解，背下来，最后掌握。不然考虑问题不全面甚至读不懂题目，没法做题。理科方面，化学尤其是有机化学的结构问题需要你有很强的空间想象力，这牵扯到立体几何的知识，你平时应该多加强这方面的练习，尤其是多面体的旋转问题，这关系到有机物质同分异构。化学是一门很严谨的学科，需要你把问题想全面了，才能解出题目，高考很重视这点，如果你不能全面分析问题，你可能会得不到全分，甚至南辕北辙误入歧途。化学希望你做一定量的习题，以巩固你的记住的知识和加强综合分析的能力。市面上化学好书很多，在此不做推荐了。
高中生物很重视你的实践能力，说白了就是考你是不是真的学懂了，能不能举一反二，连三都不到。实验是生物的精髓，也是高考生物常见题型。所以，实验课应该重视，自己亲力亲为，揣摩试验设计思路，可以说一个人生物学科的能力体现在他设计实验的能力上。生物基础知识需要你熟记。此外还应该了解一些医学及自然学科的知识。高考生物比例不是很大，东西不多也不是很难，很容易学好。推荐做些题目巩固基础（包括遗传的比例问题的计算）和了解实验设计思路。说句实话，实验思路就那么几个，多看看一些经典实验设计，掌握以设计思路，自己设计一些让老师帮你指点一下，应该满分问题不大。
最后，祝你学业有成！

定语从句及相关术语
1.定语从句：定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。
3.定语：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。主要由形容词担任。此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任．单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。
(一） 限定性定语从句
1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置
2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢
3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括当先行词是anything, everything, nothing ,few, all, none, little, some等不定代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时等，这时的that常被省略 还有先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,或先行词就是序数词或最高级时.以及先行词中既有人又有物时.还有句中前面有which时,都只能用that
4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句
6. when引导定语从句表示时间〔注〕值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样.
8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导
There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话。
(二）非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
4. 有时as也可用作关系代词
5. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词why和关系代词that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物.；
(三）关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who指人，在从句中做主语
(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。
(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.
注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。
如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to.
如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book.
(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend
3.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。
在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。
(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.
(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?
5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语
(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替
(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
(5) Do you like the book whose color is yellow?
(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
(四）注意
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时
从句常由介词+关系代词引导
(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.
(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.
(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.
(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.
(5) We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.
(6) We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等
(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T＝正确)
(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F＝错误)
2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose
(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)
(2) The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)
(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)
(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)
3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词
(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
(五）关系副词引导的定语从句
1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语
(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
(2) The time when we got together finally came.
2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语
(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.
(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语
(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.
[六）判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语，则要求用关系代词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days ago?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one答案：
例1 D，例2 A
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)；
先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。
1.The place _______interested me most was the Children's Palace.
A. Which B. where C. what D. in which
2.Do you know the man _______?
A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke
3.This is the hotel _______last month.
A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed
C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed
4.Do you know the year ______the Chinese Communist Party was founded?
A. which B. that C. when D. on which
5.That is the day ______I'll never forget.
A. which B. on which C. in which D. when
6.The factory ______we'll visit next week is not far from here.
A. where B. to which C. which D. in which
7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _______we are working.
A. where B. that C. which D. there
8.This is one of the best films _______.
A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown
C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked
9.Can you lend me the book ______the other day?
A. about which you talked B. which you talked
C. about that you talked D. that you talked
10.The pen ______he is writing is mine.
A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which
11.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of ______sat a small boy.
A. whom B. who C. which D. that
12.The engineer ______my father works is about 50 years old.
A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom
13.It there anyone in your class ______family is in the country?
A. who B. who's C. which D. whose
14.I'm interested in ______you have said.
A. all that B. all what C. that D. which
15.I want to use the same dictionary ______was used yesterday.
A. which B. who C. what D. as
16.He isn't such a man ______he used to be.
A. who B. whom C. that D. as
17.He is good at English, ______we all know.
A. that B. as C. whom D. what
18.Li Ming, ______to the concert enjoyed it very much.
A. I went with B. with whom I went C. with who I went D.I went with him
19.I don't like ______ as you read.
A. the novels B. the such novels C. such novels D. same novels
20.He talked a lot about things and persons ________they remembered in the school.
A. which B. that C. whom D. what
21.The letter is from my sister, ______is working in Beijing.
A. which B. that C. whom D. who
22.In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of ____are women.
A. them B. which C. whom D. who
23.You're the only person ______I've ever met ______could do it.
A. who;/ B./; whom C. whom;/ D./; who
24.I lost a book, ______I can't remember now.
A. whose title B. its title C. the title of it D. the title of that
25.Last summer we visited the West Lake, ______Hangzhou is famous in the world.
A. for which B. for that C. in which D. what
26.I have bought such a watch _______ was advertised on TV.
A. that B. which C. as D. it
27.I can never forget the day _______ we worked together and the day ______ we spent together.
A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when
28.The way ______he looks at problems is wrong.
A. which B. whose C. what D./
29.This is the reason ______he didn't come to the meeting.
A. in which B. with which C. that D. for which
30.This machine, ______for many years, is still working perfectly.
A. after which I have looked B. which I have looked after
C. that I have looked after D. I have looked after
31.The reason ______he didn't come was ______he was ill.
A. why; that B.that;why C. for that;that D.for which;what
32.He is working hard, ______will make him pass the final exam.
A.that B.which C.for which D.who
33.That is not the way ______I do it.
A./ B.which C.for which D.with which
34.I have two grammars, ______are of great use.
A. all of which B. either of which C. both of that D. both of which
35.I want to use the same tools _______used in your factory a few days ago.
A. as was B. which was C. as were D. which
36.My neigh bours used to give me a hand in time of trouble, _______ was very kind of them.
A. who B. which C. that D. it
37.This is the magazine _______ I copied the paragraph.
A. that B. which C. from that D. from which
38.He is not such a man _______ would leave his work half done.
A. that B. which C. who D. as
39. You can depend on whatever promise _______ he makes.
A. / B. why C. when D. whose
40. Smoking, _______ is a bad habit, is, however, popular.
A. that B. which C. it D. though
41. --- Did you ask the guard _______ happened?
--- Yes, he told me all _______ he knew.
A. what; that B. what; what C. which; which D. that; that
42. I shall never forget those years _______ I lived on the farm with
the farmers, _______ has a great effect on my life.
A. when; who B. that; which C. which; that D. when; which
43. The number of the people who _______ cars _______ increasing.
A. owns; are B. owns; is C. own; is D. own; are
44. During the days ________, he worked as a servant at the Browns.
A. followed B. following C. to follow D. that followed
45. Is oxygen the only gas _______ helps fire burn?
A. that B. / C. which D. it
46. The clever boy made a hole in the wall, _______ he could see _____ was going on inside house.
A. which; what B. through which; what C. through that; what D. what; that
47. Is _______ some German friends visited last week?
A. this school B. this the school C. this school one D. this school where
48. John got beaten in the game, _______ had been expected.
A. as B. that C. what D. who
49. I have bought two ballpens, _______ writes well.
A. none of them B. neither of them C. neither of which D. none of which
50. All that can be eaten _______ eaten up.
A. are being B. has been C. had been D. have been
参考答案及解析
1. A. which用作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语。
2．C. "和谁讲话”要说speak to sb. 本题全句应为Do you know the man whom I spoke to.。whom是关系代词，作介词to的宾语，可以省略。
3. D. where是关系副词，表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。
4. C. when是关系副词，表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
5．A. which是关系代词，在从句中作forget的宾语。其他几个答案都不能作宾语。
6．C. 解析同第5题。
7. A. 解析见第3题。
8. A. 本句话的先行词应该是films,因此，关系代词that是负数概念，其谓语动词应用复述的被动语态have been shown。如果句中的one前面使用了定冠词the，则the one应该视为先行词。
9. A. “谈到某事物”应说talk about sth.。about是介词，其后要用which作宾语，不能用that。
10. A. with which是"介词+关系代词"结构,常用来引导定语从句.with有"用"的意思,介词之后只能用which,不能用that. with which在定语从句中作状语,即he is writing with a pen.
11. C. in front of which 即in front of a farmhouse. In front of which在从句中作状语.
12. D. with whom引导定语从句.with whom放在从句中即为:my father works with the engineer.
13. D. whose引导定语从句,在从句中作主语family的定语.
14. A. that引导定语从句,因为先行词是all,所以只能选用that引导.
15. D. the same……..as是固定用法, as引导定语从句时,可以作主语,宾语或表语.在本句话中,as作从句的主语.
16. D. such……… as是固定用法,as引导定语从句时,可以作主语,宾语或表语.在本题中,as作表语.
17. B. as作关系代词可以单独用来引导非限制性定语从句。这时as所指代的不是主句中某个名词，而往往指代整个主句的含义。as在从句中可以作主语、宾语。从句可放在主句后，也可置于主句前。在本句中,as作宾语.
18. B. Li Ming enjoyed it very much是主句,with whom I went to the concert是定语从句.with whom放在从句中为:I went to the concert with Li Ming.
19. C. as引导定语从句时通常构成such…as或the same…as固定搭配，其中such和same修饰其后的名词，as为关系代词，指代其前的名词引导定语从句。 as在从句中可以作主语、表语或宾语。Such修饰单数名词时,要用such a……..,本题中such books, such直接修饰复数名词.
20. B. things和persons是先行词.当定语从句要修饰的先行词是既表示人,又表示物的名词时,其关系代词要用that.
21. D. who引导非限制性定语从句,who作从句的主语.
22. C. two thirds of whom 即:two thirds of the 2,000 workers.
23. D. 先行词person后有两个定语从句,第一个从句省略了关系代词whom.因为, whom作从句中met的宾语,可以省略.第二个从句who could do it.who在从句中作主语,不可省略.
24. A. whose title引导非限制性定语从句,whose title也可以说成the title of which
25. A. for which 引导定语从句,使用介词for,是来自于从句中的固定短语 be famous for "以……..而闻名".
26. C. 当先行词被such修饰时,引导定语从句的关系代词要用as. As在本从句中作主语.
27. A. 两个先行词the day都是表示时间的名词,但第一个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作状语,因此要用关系副词when. 第二个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作动词spent的宾语,因此要用关系代词which或that来引导定语从句.
28. D. 在way、distance、direction等词后的定语从句中，常用that来代替“in (或其他介词)+which”、when或where，而that常可省略。
29. D. for which在定语从句中作原因状语,可用why 来替代.
30. B. which I have looked after 构成一个非限制性定语从句.
31. A. The reason why… was that….已成为一种固定句型，这一句中的why和that不能随意换位，也不能将that改成because，尽管that这个词在译文中可能有 “因为”的含义。
32. B. 非限制性定语从句常用which引导,which表示前句话的整个含义.
33. A. 解释见28题.
34. D. 主句中的two表明不能选A.从句中的are表明不能选B. both of which用来引导非限制性定语从句.
35. C. as引导定语从句时通常构成such…as或the same…as固定搭配，其中such和same修饰其后的名词，as为关系代词，指代其前的名词引导定语从句。as在从句中可以作主语、表语或宾语。本题中as作从句的主语.
36. B. 非限制性定语从句常用which引导,which表示前句话的整个含义.
37. D.
38. D. 解析见35题.
39. A. he makes是定语从句, 从句前省略了关系代词that.
40. B. which is a bad habit 非限制性定语从句.
41. A. what happened是宾语从句. all 之后that he knew是定语从句.先行词是all,所以关系代词只能用that.
42. D. years是表示时间的名词,用when引导定语从句,是因为when在从句中作时间状语.第二个空选用which,引导一个非限制性定语从句.
43. C. 本句话的定语从句是who own cars. 其先行词是people,因此,定语从句的谓语动词要用复数的own。本句话主句的主语是The number of指“…..的数目”，是单数概念。因此，主句的谓语动词要用is。
44. D. that followed是定语从句，关系代词that在从句中作主语。
45. A. 先行词gas被only修饰，关系代词要用that，而不用which。
46. B. through which引导定语从句，through which即through the hole,在定语从句中作状语。What引导的是see的宾语从句，并作从句的主语。
47. B. 为便于理解，改写本句话：This is the school that some Germanfriends visited last week. 不难看出，作表语的the school是先行词。that引导了定语从句，因为that同时又作visited的宾语，所以被省略了。其它选项结构不对。
48. A. 解释见35题。
49. C. 因为是two ballpens, 并且定语从句的谓语writes是单数概念。因此，C是正确选项。
50. B. 本句话中，主句的主语是all,为抽象概念。因此，其谓语应用单数的has been。关系代词that引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语。

这是我以前在百度搜集的

先给你个口诀吧

句子成分口诀：
主谓宾定状补，句子成分要清楚。
句子主干主谓宾，枝叶部分定状补。
定语用在主宾前，谓前为状谓后补。
还有助词的地得，帮助区分定状补。

再就是枯燥的语法，建议你在理解的过程中结合中文语文的语法知识，现代中文在句子构成上有英文有相似处。

比如 I am reading books. 我正在读书。这个语法结构就很类似，主语：I、我
谓语：be reading,正在读；宾语：books，书。多看例句，多练习造句就能找到感觉了。加油 :)

主语

主语表明这句话说的是谁和什么，主语主要由名词、代词或相当于名词的单词，短语或从句充当。
一. 名词作主语

David arrived last night. 大卫昨晚到达。

Pride goes before a fall. 骄必败。

二. 代词作主语

Who is speaking, please? （在电话中）请问您是谁？

That's OK. 这没问题。

三. 数词作主语

Two will be enough. 两个就够了。

Two-thirds of the workers are women. 三分之二的工人是女工。

四. ing形式作主语

Skating is good exercise. 溜冰是很好的运动。

Looking up all the new words in the dictionary took him a lot of time.

从字典里查所有的生词花费了他许多时间。

五. 不定式作主语

To translate this ideal into reality needs hard work.

把理想转变成现实需要辛勤的劳动。

六. 名词化的形容词作主语

The blind and the lame are well cared for in our country.

在我们国家，盲人和肢残人受到很好的照顾。

The unemployed usually lead a hard life.

失业的人生活一般很困难。

七. 短语作主语

How to do well is an important question.

如何把这件事做好是一个重要问题。

Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy.

早睡早起身体好。

八. 从句作主语

What has happened proves that our policy is right.

发生的一切证明我们的政策是对的。

Whether we'll go depends on the weather.

我们是否去要看天气。
谓语

谓语说明主语的动作或状态。谓语动词一般在主语之后。
Some children asked for cold drinks.

有些孩子要喝冷饮。

I shall go to see him tomorrow.

明天我要去看他。

I must ask her to teach me to swim.

我一定得请她教我游泳。
宾语

宾语一般用在及物动词的后面，表示行为动词所涉及的对象。
一. 名词作宾语

Show your passport, please.

请出示护照。

二. 代词作宾语

He didn't say anything.

她什么也没说。

三. 数词作宾语

How many do you want? - I want two.

你要几个？－ 我要两个。

四. 名词化的形容词作宾语

They sent the injured to hospital.

他们把伤员送到医院。

五. 不定式或ing形式作宾语

The asked to see my passport.

他们要求看我的护照。

I enjoy working with you.

我和你们一道工作很愉快。

六. 从句作宾语

Did you write down what he said?

你把他的话记下了没有？

表语

表语是用来说明主语的身份、特征和状态的，它常位于联系动词（be, become, appear, seem等）之后。
一. 名词作表语

Africa is a big continent.

非洲是个大洲。

That remains a puzzle to me.

这对我还是个难题。

二. 代词作表语

What’s your fax number?

你的传真号是多少？

三. 形容词作表语

I feel much better today.

我今天感觉好多了。

四. 数词作表语

She was the first to learn about it.

她是第一个知道的人。

五. 不定式或ing形式作表语

Her job is selling computers.

她的工作是销售电脑。

Our next step was to get raw materials ready.

我们下一步是把原料准备好。

六. 介词短语作表语

The patient is out of danger.

病人脱险了。

I don’t feel at ease.

我感到不自在。

七. 副词作表语

The sun is up.

太阳升起来了。

I must be off now.

现在我得走了。

八. 从句作表语

This is what he said.

这就是他所说的话。

定语

形容词作定语
He's a tall man.

他是个高个子的男子。

<><><>

名词作定语

There are a lot of banana trees on the island.（banana）

岛上有许多香蕉树。

<><><>

数词作定语

Three thousand people watched the game.

三万人观看了球赛。

<><><>

限定词作定语

Many men are working there.

许多人在那儿工作。

<><><>

ing形式作定语

There is a swimming pool near our school.

我们学校附近有一个游泳池。

<><><>

ed分词作定语

frozen food 冷冻食品

fallen leaves 落叶
状语

副词作状语
Don't drive so fast.

别开得这么快。

<><><>

介词短语作地点状语

We live in Hangzhou.

我们住在杭州。

<><><>

名词作状语

The meeting lasted an hour.

会议开了一个小时。

主语+动词+形容词（双谓语）

接在动词之后对主语起着解释或描述作用的成分，叫作主补。
<><><>

形容词作主补

They married young.

他们结婚时还年轻。

He died happy.

他怀着幸福的心情死去。

No man is born wise.

没有生而知之。

<><><>

ed分词作主补

He came in drunk.

他走进来的时候醉醺醺的。

<><><>

名词作主补

He died a poor man.

他死时很穷。

He died a millionaire.

他死的时候是个百万富翁。

宾补

适用宾补的句型：
主语+谓语+宾语+宾补（S+V+O+OC）

宾补对宾语加以解释或描述。

<><><>

以下成分可以充当宾补：

名词，代词，形容词，副词，ing形式，ed分词，不定式，介词短语，名词性从句。

<><><>

名词作宾补

I consider him a gentleman.

<><><>

代词作宾补

Whom do you think me?

（Whom是宾补）

<><><>

形容词作宾补

Wash your hands clean.

<><><>

副词作宾补

I found him out.

<><><>

ing形式作宾补

They left me wait.

<><><>

ed分词作宾补

I heard my name called.

<><><>

不定式作宾补

I thought him to be a good man.

<><><>

介词短语作宾补

Make yourself at home.

<><><>

名词性从句作宾补

His wife has made him what he is.

有个类似的问题：
http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/92613875.html

主语就是句子的中心，想描述的对象。
谓语就是主语发出的动作。有两种be和动词。
be 也叫系动词，后面跟的叫表语，也就是通常说的主系表结构。这时候be翻译成“是”。（注意，有时候be要和动词一起构成时态，这时候be+动词叫谓语。比如现在进行时，被动语态，将来时等，这时候可以不翻译）。另外一种就是动词作谓语。
宾语：如果谓语是及物动词，后面接的就是宾语。及物动词就是后面需要接东西句子才能完整，。（ i tell him to get there at 9）不及物动词就不用接 i work、（这个东西学多了就懂了，现在你应该不明白。）
定语就是形容词。也就是翻译过来像"。。。的"这样的词。 漂亮的花。漂亮的就是定语。
状语就是表示时间地点原因方式目的的词或句子。一般汉语就是翻译成 在哪，在什么时候之类的。英语也一样。
哈哈哈哈哈，大概就是这样的。学多了就好了。不知道你能不能懂呢。不懂再问吧。可以问我。

salkjdkasld

---

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比征双歧：[答案] 日志 上一篇下一篇|返回日志列表[转] 小学1--6年级所有的古诗 所有的数学公式 [QQ秀] 分享 复制地址 日志地址: 请用Ctrl+C复制后贴给好友.转载自 枫叶 2010年10月12日 13:48 阅读(2) 评论(0) 分类:个人日记 权限: 公开 字体:大▼ 小 中 大 ...

和平区17722948795： 如何学好语文英语？
比征双歧： 语文,是一个很靠积累的学科.不管是你的基础还是能力的拓展.前面的基础我就不说了把,自己去积累.能力的拓展,告诉你一个关于阅读理解的学习方法.阅读理解和看文章,特别是关于感情色彩比较浓的文章,在回答问题,理解文章的时候,你可以换个角度去想这个问题,就想想,假设是你写这个文章,你为什么要这样些,你想怎样写,从中你可以找到灵感.英语,首先你要有语法知识结构,英语的语法知识其实不多,假设你可以总结的话,你就会发现,很多都是套路,学会了一个语法,很多题就可以来套.单词的记忆不要太刻意了,注重平时,这样你才可以记得牢固.阅读理解在于做题,会做题就可以,不要求着字的去读懂文章,在文章相应的地方找到答案就可以了..

和平区17722948795： 求英语、语文基本语法知识!？
比征双歧： 名词分为两大类:专有名词和普通名词.专有名词就比如中国,美国.长城等等普通名词就是所有表示物体或者事物名称的词.英语中名词还有可数与不可数之分,一般表示物质的.抽象的概念的都是不可数.其他的多为可数.英语的可数名词复数有变化规则.也就是加S或者ES构成.还有特殊变化的词. 主语一般都是由名词或者是代词承当.谓语就是句子中的动词部分.形容词是用来修饰名词的.放在名词的前面.做定语.限定名词.比如说 a big apple a red flag. 等等.形容词也可以做表语,表语就是在BE之后出现的部分.比如说:she is pretty.

和平区17722948795： 怎样学好语文和英语? - ？
比征双歧： 首先是看天分.其次是看兴趣.再次是被逼出来的. 最关键的是你要对英语有兴趣! (不感兴趣就不必往下看了)基础要打好基础打好之后_听说读写 都要练习 听-你得知道人家说的是什么 别人家问＂吃了么?＂你回答＂喝了＂就可以说-英语...

和平区17722948795： 如何学好语文和英语?《...越详细越好.!..>？
比征双歧： 关于英语 如果你能真正的掌握你的课本,那么就足够了!但一定要找到学习英语的最适合自己的方法,不能人云亦云,也不可照搬别人模式(建设社会主义也不能照搬苏联模式吧?!)..这么抽象的说,你可能觉得我的话没有什么实际意义,那...

和平区17722948795： 关于学语文英语的好建议我需要 - ？
比征双歧： 1. 重视积累 语文能力的提高不是一朝一夕的事,基础非常重要,这就要求同学们注重积累,积累语词,名句,常识等等.因此倡导同学们要重视背诵,同时手中要准备好两个本子:知识本和杂记本. 背诵是积累语言,培养语感的重要途径.同学们...

和平区17722948795： 怎么才能学好语文英语 - ？
比征双歧： 语文学习,无论是字词、古诗词或者古文等都需要平时的记忆背诵.(要学会整合知识点,把需要学习的信息、掌握的知识分类,可以做成思维导图或知识点卡片,会让你的大脑、思维条理清醒,方便记忆、温习、掌握.)语文学习中:阅读理...