I+have+not+seen+that+firm+yet是现在完成时吗?
Those birds have gone away. (那些鸟儿已经飞走了。)从谓语动词have gone可以看出是由助动词have加上go的过去分词gone构成,很明显这是现在完成时。它表示go away(飞走) 的动作在过去发生,但对现在产生的影响是:鸟儿现在不在这儿了。
现在完成时由助动词have(has)+过去分词构成。这句话中有have,有过去分词started,所以它是现在完成时。中间有个not,则是现在完成时态的否定形式。全句汉语意思是:我还没开始。
判断一个句子是不是现在完成时,只需要找到句子中有否助动词have或者has,然后去找动词的过去分词,如果能找到,即可肯定是现在完成时。很明显本句中有 have, 而seen 又是动词see(看见)的过去分词,所以这句话用的是现在完成时,表达了从过去某个时刻起到说这句话时“我还没有看到那家公司。”这句话的谓语动词就是have not found,实际上应该写成has not found,因为如果主语为第三人称单数的话,助动词要用has,而不是have。found是find的过去分词。
现在完成时跨在两个时间之上,一是过去,一是现在。它的动作发生在过去,但对现在有影响(或结果),而时这种影响(或结果)却往往是说话人的兴趣所在,所以常常后面不用时间状语。现在完成时所表的动作离说话人的说话时刻可近可远,表近距离的如:
(1)The car has arrived. 车子来了。(结果:车子已在门口)
(2)Someone has broken the window. 有人把窗户打破了。(结果:窗户仍破着)
(3)He’s been ill. 他刚生过病。(结果:现在脸色还不好)
美国英语常用过去一般时代替表近距离的现在完成时,如:
①What happened? 发生什么事了?(等于What’s happened?)
②Who took my dictionary? 谁把我的词典拿走了?(等于Who’s taken my dictionary?)
表远距离的如:
(4)He has traveled over many lands. 他到过许多国家。(结果:他见识很广)
(5)Have you ever seen the sea? 你看见过大海吗?(结果:如见过就告诉我海是什么样吧)
(6)She has had a good education. 她受过良好教育。(结果:她的文化水平比较高)
有时可以连用现在完成时去完成一个以上相互紧接的动作。如:
(7)They have gone to the moon and come back to earth again. 他们踏上了月球,后又返回了地球。
(8)The river has been the scourge to China. But we have tamed it at last. 这条河是中国的灾难。但我们终于把它驯服了。
注意have been与have gone的意思不同。试比较:
(9)I have been to the library. 我刚从图书馆回来。(去而复归,用be的现在完成时)
(10)He has gone to the library. 我到图书馆去了。(去而未归,用go的现在完成时,go的现在完成时还可以作连系动词,表示事物的由强转弱,如:The computer has gone wrong. 电脑出毛病了。)
have been还可和不定式连用。如:
(11)I have been to see John. 我去看过约翰了。
(12)This is one of the few times he has been to shed tears. 这是他难得的一次流泪。
在口语中,have got除具有本义“得到”外,往往等于have,多用在英国英语中,如:
①Have you got a light? 你有火吗?
但在美国口语中,get如具有本义,则用have gotten。如:
②Tom, I have gotten some very good news for you. 汤姆,我得到一些对你非常好的消息。
和现在一般时一样,现在完成时亦可用于死者。也有两种情况:
一种是死者刚死不久,生者觉得他还似在人间。如:
(13)It’s a beautiful place. Your papa has told me about it. He loved it very much. 那可是个好地方。你爸爸生前和我说过,他非常喜欢那个地方。
另一种情况是说名人。他们虽已死去,但其言行对现在仍有影响。如:
(14)Shakespeare has written most of the best plays we know. 在我们熟悉的最佳剧作中,大部分都是莎士比亚写的。
(15)Newton has explained the movements of the moon from the attractions of the earth. 牛顿阐明了月球受到地球引力而运行的规律。
现在完成时有时带有感情色彩。如:
(16)What have you done! 你干了些什么!
(17)Now you’ve done it! 这你可闯下祸了!
在口语中,往往用“have gone(或been)and+过去分词“的形式。如:
(18)You’ve gone and broken my fan. 你把我的扇子弄断了。
(19)You have been and moved my papers! 你乱动我的文件啦!
现在完成时表持续的动作或状态,亦可用来表过去重复的动作。
1)无限动词表持续。表持续的动作或状态的动词多是无限动词,如live,study,teach,be,wait等,常和since(自从)或for(持续)引导的词语连用。如:
(1)I have lived here for more than thirty years. 我已在此住了30多年。
(2)I have been here since last October. 从去年十月起,我一直在这里。(since是介系词)
(3)She has taught us since I came to this school. 自从我来到这所学校,她一直教我们。(since是连接词)
在一般情况下,这种现在完成时今后还会延续下去。但也有可能不再延续。如:
(4)Have you waited long? 你等了很久了吗?(动作不再延续,如果说话人是对方所等待的人的话。long前省去了for,也可以认为这里的long是副词用法)
(5)These shoes are worn out. They have lasted a long time. 这些鞋子已穿破了。已穿了很长时间了。(have lasted也不再延续。a long time前省去了for,因为last后面可以直接加时间)
瞬间动词一般不可用现在完成时表持续性,但瞬间动词在否定结构中则可用现在完成时,因为“否定”本身是可以延续的。如:
(6)I haven’t bought anything for three months. 我有3个月没有买过任何东西。
(7)I haven’t touched beer for a whole week. 我有整整一个星期没沾啤酒。
2)亦可用有限动词表持续。在当代英语里,有些有限动词已冲破了上述规则,在某种情况下也可以与since(自从)或for(经历)引导的词语连用表“持续性”。如:
(8)The two leaders have met for two hours. 这两位领导人会晤了两个小时。
(9)He has visited China for three days. 他在中国进行了三天访问。
(10)Since when have you become active? 你什么时候开始变得积极了的?
但要注意介系词for有时并不表“经历”,而是表“目的”。如:
(11)I’ve come only for a few moments. 我来只能待几分钟。
(12)Charlie has gone off to Canada for six months. 查理去加拿大,要去六个月。
3)表过去重复的动作。这种现在完成时常与always,often,many times,every day等时间状语连用。如:
(13)My father has always gone to work by bike. 我父亲一向是骑车上班。
(14)It’s rained every day this week. 这个星期天天下雨。
(15)Six times he has tried and six times he has failed. 他试了六次,六次都失败了。
还常与含有另一现在完成时的when从句连用,表过去了的经验。如:
(16)I have often met him when I have been in London. 我在伦敦时经常见到他。
(17)Sometimes when I have been alone I have remembered that folly. 有时我独自一人,就会想起那桩荒唐事。
when从句中的现在完成时往往被过去一般时所代替,如:Here men have been killed when they fired at a grizzly. (这里人们开枪打灰熊时,是有过牺牲的。)
同现在一般时一样,现在完成时也可以在时间状语从句里表将来完成的含义。如:
(1)We are going after we’ve had breakfast. 我们吃过早餐走。
(2)How can you go before the rain has stopped? 雨还没有停,你怎么能走呢?
(3)I’ll wait until he has written his letter. 我愿等到他把信写完。
有时现在完成时从属于将来一般时,用在宾语从句中表将来。如:
(4)The test question will be spoken just one time, you must listen very carefully in order to understand what the speaker has said. 试题只念一遍,考生必须仔细听,以理解试题的内容。(从属于must listen…)
(5)If he asks for me, tell him I have left for Paris. 他如问到我,你就告诉他我去巴黎了。(从属于tell him)
有时可以代替将来完成时,以强调一种自然的或必然的结果。如:
(6)There is but one more question: then I have done. 只再提一个问题,我就问完了。(I have done等于I’ll have done,但强调其自然结果)
(7)If I blow the conch and they don’t come back, then we’ve had it. 如果我吹了海螺而他们还不回来,那我们就苦了。
7.20 现在完成时与其它词语连用
现在完成时可与其它词语连用
1)与宾语从句连用。后接的宾语从句可用任何时态。如:
(1)Have you found out how wide the ditch was? 你了解到那条沟有多宽吗?(指量沟时的宽度)
(2)Have you found out how wide the ditch is? 你了解到这条沟有多宽吗?(指现在沟仍有的宽度)
(3)Have you found out how wide the ditch will be? 你了解到这条沟将来有多宽吗?
2)与时间状语连用。现在完成时是一个现在时态,所以它可以和包括“现在时刻”在内的时间状语连用,如now,today,this week,this month,this year,always,often等。如:
(4)The rain has stopped now. 雨终于停了。(now在此等于at last)
(5)I have lived here for five years now. 我到现在已经在这里住了五年了。(now在此等于up to now)
(6)Have you seen John today? 你今天见过约翰吗?
(7)I have got up very early this morning. 我今天早上起得很早。
(8)It’s rained every day this week. 这个星期天天下雨。
(9)I have been there only once this year. 我今年只去过那儿一次。
现在完成时一般不可和具体地表过去的时间状语如just now,a minute ago,yesterday,last year连用,但可和just,recently,of late,before,never,always,often,already,in the past等笼统地表过去的时间状语连用。如:
(10)He’s just gone. 他刚走。
(11)Have you been here before? 你以前来过这里吗?
(12)I have always liked him. 我一向喜欢他。
(13)I have seen his name in the papers rather often of late. 我近来常在报上看到他的名字。
(14)I’ve already read that book. 我已经读过那本书了。
3)与since连用。前面讲过,现在完成时表持续时可与since(自从)作为介词与连词引导的词语(即短语与从句)连用。
since作副词用时可与现在完成时连用。如:
(15)Nothing has happened since. 从那以后未发生什么事。
(16)Nothing has been quite the same ever since. 从那以后情况就完全不一样了。(ever为了加强语气用)
另外,since从句虽常用过去一般时,但有时也可以用现在完成时。since从句用现在完成时时,since的意思是“在‥‥期间”或“自‥‥期间”的开头,但其后的动词必须是无限动词,有持续性。如:
(17)I have met him often since I have lived here. 自从我在这里住下之后,这常看见他。
(18)I have learned a lot from him since I have known him. 自从我认识了他,我向他学到许多东西。
但since从句的现在完成时亦可与一些瞬间动词连用,这时它与过去一般时即无多大区别。如:
(19)It’s a long time since I’ve seen you. 好久不见你了。(since I’ve seen you等于since I last saw you)
(20)It’s a long time since I’ve spoken to you. 我有好久没有和你谈谈了。(since I’ve spoken to you等于since I last spoke to you)
4)与介词短语连用。现在完成时除可和介词for(经历)与since(自从)引导的介词短语连用外,还可和before,after,during,from,in等介词引导的介词短语连用。如:
(21)He has usually finished all his correspondence before bed time. 他通常在就寝前将所有信件处理完毕。
(22)After six years, a quite different Smith has emerged. 六年之后,史密斯变得判若两人。
(23)I have learned a lot during the year. 这一年来我学到很多东西。
(24)The State has not existed from all eternity. 国家并非从来就有。
(25)I have read quite a bit in the past few days. 近日我读了不少书。
(26)Until recently he has hidden the book in a secret place. 直至近日,他将此书藏在一个秘密的地方。
现在完成时亦可后接内含过去一般时的when(或while)从句。如:
(27)I haven’t studied English when I was at school. 我上学时没有学过英语。
(28)Have you been here while I was out? 你在我出去时来过这里吗?
5)与long ago连用。现在完成时有时可和时间状语long ago连用。如:
(29)She’s gone long ago. 她早走了。
(30)Fanny has long ago left me. 范妮早已离开我了。
(31)I have ceased to believe that long ago. 我早就不信那个了。
6)与疑问副词连用。现在完成时可以和how,why及where等疑问副词连用。如:
(32)How have you done it? 你是怎么做的?(强调结果。如用过去一般时则问方式)
(33)Why has the child run away? 这孩子为什么逃跑啦?
(34)Where have you been? 你上哪儿去啦?
现在完成时也可和疑问副词when连用,但往往有反问的口气。如:
(35)When have I ever been accustomed to be treated like this? 我什么时候吃过这一套?
(36)When have I been harsh with the children? 我什么时候对孩子粗暴过?
7)与其它时态连用。现在完成时常和过去一般时连用。从时间先后看,共有三种情况:即现在完成时所表的动作(或状态)发生(或存在)于过去一般时所表的动作(或状态)之后、之前或同时。如:
(37)My friend gave to me, and I have since kept it in the drawer. 这是我的朋友给我的,我一直把它保存在这个抽屉里。(发生于过去一般时之后)
(38)Professor Lin left yesterday for America where a lecture-tour has been arranged for him. 美国那边为林教授安排了一次巡回讲学,他昨天已动身去美国了。(发生于过去一般时之前)
(39)I have climbed that hill many a time when I was young. 我年轻时多次爬过那座山。(于过去一般时同时发生)
现在完成时常可用来引导过去一般时。如:
(40)I have seen the film. I saw it last week. 这个电影我看过了,是上星期看的。
(41)I have lived in China. That was 1940. 我在中国住过,那是1940年。
有时这两种时态形成一种对照。如:
(42)She has made several attempts to get away, but we succeeded in persuading her to stay. 她几次三番地要走,可我们还是说服她留下了。
现在完成时也常和其它现在时态连用。如:
(43)We’ve tired. It’s been a long day. 我们累了,今天干了好久。(和现在一般时连用)
(44)Harry has made the tea and is watching TV again. 哈里把茶煮好后,又看起电视来了。(和现在进行时连用)
现在完成时也常和另一现在完成时连用。如:
(45)Why! He has only just gone. What has brought him back soon? 嗬!他刚走,怎么不大一会儿又回来啦?
8)用于时间和原因状语从句。现在完成时和现在一般时一样,也可用在when,before,after,until,as soon as等引导的时间状语从句中。这种从句中的现在完成时较之于现在一般时,常强调下列三种情况。
a)强调动作的完成或结果。如:
(46)When he has finished his letters, he usually takes them to the post himself. 他写完信,通常都是他亲自付邮。(强调完成)
(47)When they have been frightened, dairy cows may refuse to give milk. 奶牛受惊后可能不出奶。(强调结果)
b)强调从句的动作与主语的动作不紧相连接,二者之前有时隔。如:
(48)They often play chess after they have had supper. 他们晚饭后经常下棋。
(49)Almost as soon as we have started we find ourselves at the bottom of the hill. 我们几乎是刚刚动身,就到山腿下了。
c)强调无限动词的动作已完成。如:
(50)When I have studied a book I write a report on it. 我研读完一本书之后就写一篇报告。
现在完成时亦可表原因,所以自然可用在because引导的原因状语从句中。如:
(51)We cannot cross the river because the water has risen. 我们过不了河了,因为河水涨了。
(52)She can drive by herself because she has passed her test. 她现在可以独立开车了,因为她已经通过了驾驶考试。
9)用于间接引语。和现在一般时一样,现在完成时也可以用在过去时态之后的间接引语中,表示说话人相信间接引语的真实性。如:
(53)I heard you have been ill. 我听说你病了。
(54)The investigation proved that he has done his best. 调查结果说明他是尽了最大努力的。
希望我能帮助你解疑释惑。
这句话的谓语动词就是have not found,实际上应该写成has not found,因为如果主语为第三人称单数的话,助动词要用has,而不是have。found是find的过去分词。
现在完成时跨在两个时间之上,一是过去,一是现在。它的动作发生在过去,但对现在有影响(或结果),而时这种影响(或结果)却往往是说话人的兴趣所在,所以常常后面不用时间状语。现在完成时所表的动作离说话人的说话时刻可近可远,表近距离的如:
(1)The car has arrived. 车子来了。(结果:车子已在门口)
(2)Someone has broken the window. 有人把窗户打破了。(结果:窗户仍破着)
(3)He’s been ill. 他刚生过病。(结果:现在脸色还不好)
美国英语常用过去一般时代替表近距离的现在完成时,如:
①What happened? 发生什么事了?(等于What’s happened?)
②Who took my dictionary? 谁把我的词典拿走了?(等于Who’s taken my dictionary?)
表远距离的如:
(4)He has traveled over many lands. 他到过许多国家。(结果:他见识很广)
(5)Have you ever seen the sea? 你看见过大海吗?(结果:如见过就告诉我海是什么样吧)
(6)She has had a good education. 她受过良好教育。(结果:她的文化水平比较高)
有时可以连用现在完成时去完成一个以上相互紧接的动作。如:
(7)They have gone to the moon and come back to earth again. 他们踏上了月球,后又返回了地球。
(8)The river has been the scourge to China. But we have tamed it at last. 这条河是中国的灾难。但我们终于把它驯服了。
注意have been与have gone的意思不同。试比较:
(9)I have been to the library. 我刚从图书馆回来。(去而复归,用be的现在完成时)
(10)He has gone to the library. 我到图书馆去了。(去而未归,用go的现在完成时,go的现在完成时还可以作连系动词,表示事物的由强转弱,如:The computer has gone wrong. 电脑出毛病了。)
have been还可和不定式连用。如:
(11)I have been to see John. 我去看过约翰了。
(12)This is one of the few times he has been to shed tears. 这是他难得的一次流泪。
在口语中,have got除具有本义“得到”外,往往等于have,多用在英国英语中,如:
①Have you got a light? 你有火吗?
但在美国口语中,get如具有本义,则用have gotten。如:
②Tom, I have gotten some very good news for you. 汤姆,我得到一些对你非常好的消息。
和现在一般时一样,现在完成时亦可用于死者。也有两种情况:
一种是死者刚死不久,生者觉得他还似在人间。如:
(13)It’s a beautiful place. Your papa has told me about it. He loved it very much. 那可是个好地方。你爸爸生前和我说过,他非常喜欢那个地方。
另一种情况是说名人。他们虽已死去,但其言行对现在仍有影响。如:
(14)Shakespeare has written most of the best plays we know. 在我们熟悉的最佳剧作中,大部分都是莎士比亚写的。
(15)Newton has explained the movements of the moon from the attractions of the earth. 牛顿阐明了月球受到地球引力而运行的规律。
现在完成时有时带有感情色彩。如:
(16)What have you done! 你干了些什么!
(17)Now you’ve done it! 这你可闯下祸了!
在口语中,往往用“have gone(或been)and+过去分词“的形式。如:
(18)You’ve gone and broken my fan. 你把我的扇子弄断了。
(19)You have been and moved my papers! 你乱动我的文件啦!
现在完成时表持续的动作或状态,亦可用来表过去重复的动作。
1)无限动词表持续。表持续的动作或状态的动词多是无限动词,如live,study,teach,be,wait等,常和since(自从)或for(持续)引导的词语连用。如:
(1)I have lived here for more than thirty years. 我已在此住了30多年。
(2)I have been here since last October. 从去年十月起,我一直在这里。(since是介系词)
(3)She has taught us since I came to this school. 自从我来到这所学校,她一直教我们。(since是连接词)
在一般情况下,这种现在完成时今后还会延续下去。但也有可能不再延续。如:
(4)Have you waited long? 你等了很久了吗?(动作不再延续,如果说话人是对方所等待的人的话。long前省去了for,也可以认为这里的long是副词用法)
(5)These shoes are worn out. They have lasted a long time. 这些鞋子已穿破了。已穿了很长时间了。(have lasted也不再延续。a long time前省去了for,因为last后面可以直接加时间)
瞬间动词一般不可用现在完成时表持续性,但瞬间动词在否定结构中则可用现在完成时,因为“否定”本身是可以延续的。如:
(6)I haven’t bought anything for three months. 我有3个月没有买过任何东西。
(7)I haven’t touched beer for a whole week. 我有整整一个星期没沾啤酒。
2)亦可用有限动词表持续。在当代英语里,有些有限动词已冲破了上述规则,在某种情况下也可以与since(自从)或for(经历)引导的词语连用表“持续性”。如:
(8)The two leaders have met for two hours. 这两位领导人会晤了两个小时。
(9)He has visited China for three days. 他在中国进行了三天访问。
(10)Since when have you become active? 你什么时候开始变得积极了的?
但要注意介系词for有时并不表“经历”,而是表“目的”。如:
(11)I’ve come only for a few moments. 我来只能待几分钟。
(12)Charlie has gone off to Canada for six months. 查理去加拿大,要去六个月。
3)表过去重复的动作。这种现在完成时常与always,often,many times,every day等时间状语连用。如:
(13)My father has always gone to work by bike. 我父亲一向是骑车上班。
(14)It’s rained every day this week. 这个星期天天下雨。
(15)Six times he has tried and six times he has failed. 他试了六次,六次都失败了。
还常与含有另一现在完成时的when从句连用,表过去了的经验。如:
(16)I have often met him when I have been in London. 我在伦敦时经常见到他。
(17)Sometimes when I have been alone I have remembered that folly. 有时我独自一人,就会想起那桩荒唐事。
when从句中的现在完成时往往被过去一般时所代替,如:Here men have been killed when they fired at a grizzly. (这里人们开枪打灰熊时,是有过牺牲的。)
同现在一般时一样,现在完成时也可以在时间状语从句里表将来完成的含义。如:
(1)We are going after we’ve had breakfast. 我们吃过早餐走。
(2)How can you go before the rain has stopped? 雨还没有停,你怎么能走呢?
(3)I’ll wait until he has written his letter. 我愿等到他把信写完。
有时现在完成时从属于将来一般时,用在宾语从句中表将来。如:
(4)The test question will be spoken just one time, you must listen very carefully in order to understand what the speaker has said. 试题只念一遍,考生必须仔细听,以理解试题的内容。(从属于must listen…)
(5)If he asks for me, tell him I have left for Paris. 他如问到我,你就告诉他我去巴黎了。(从属于tell him)
有时可以代替将来完成时,以强调一种自然的或必然的结果。如:
(6)There is but one more question: then I have done. 只再提一个问题,我就问完了。(I have done等于I’ll have done,但强调其自然结果)
(7)If I blow the conch and they don’t come back, then we’ve had it. 如果我吹了海螺而他们还不回来,那我们就苦了。
7.20 现在完成时与其它词语连用
现在完成时可与其它词语连用
1)与宾语从句连用。后接的宾语从句可用任何时态。如:
(1)Have you found out how wide the ditch was? 你了解到那条沟有多宽吗?(指量沟时的宽度)
(2)Have you found out how wide the ditch is? 你了解到这条沟有多宽吗?(指现在沟仍有的宽度)
(3)Have you found out how wide the ditch will be? 你了解到这条沟将来有多宽吗?
2)与时间状语连用。现在完成时是一个现在时态,所以它可以和包括“现在时刻”在内的时间状语连用,如now,today,this week,this month,this year,always,often等。如:
(4)The rain has stopped now. 雨终于停了。(now在此等于at last)
(5)I have lived here for five years now. 我到现在已经在这里住了五年了。(now在此等于up to now)
(6)Have you seen John today? 你今天见过约翰吗?
(7)I have got up very early this morning. 我今天早上起得很早。
(8)It’s rained every day this week. 这个星期天天下雨。
(9)I have been there only once this year. 我今年只去过那儿一次。
现在完成时一般不可和具体地表过去的时间状语如just now,a minute ago,yesterday,last year连用,但可和just,recently,of late,before,never,always,often,already,in the past等笼统地表过去的时间状语连用。如:
(10)He’s just gone. 他刚走。
(11)Have you been here before? 你以前来过这里吗?
(12)I have always liked him. 我一向喜欢他。
(13)I have seen his name in the papers rather often of late. 我近来常在报上看到他的名字。
(14)I’ve already read that book. 我已经读过那本书了。
3)与since连用。前面讲过,现在完成时表持续时可与since(自从)作为介词与连词引导的词语(即短语与从句)连用。
since作副词用时可与现在完成时连用。如:
(15)Nothing has happened since. 从那以后未发生什么事。
(16)Nothing has been quite the same ever since. 从那以后情况就完全不一样了。(ever为了加强语气用)
另外,since从句虽常用过去一般时,但有时也可以用现在完成时。since从句用现在完成时时,since的意思是“在‥‥期间”或“自‥‥期间”的开头,但其后的动词必须是无限动词,有持续性。如:
(17)I have met him often since I have lived here. 自从我在这里住下之后,这常看见他。
(18)I have learned a lot from him since I have known him. 自从我认识了他,我向他学到许多东西。
但since从句的现在完成时亦可与一些瞬间动词连用,这时它与过去一般时即无多大区别。如:
(19)It’s a long time since I’ve seen you. 好久不见你了。(since I’ve seen you等于since I last saw you)
(20)It’s a long time since I’ve spoken to you. 我有好久没有和你谈谈了。(since I’ve spoken to you等于since I last spoke to you)
4)与介词短语连用。现在完成时除可和介词for(经历)与since(自从)引导的介词短语连用外,还可和before,after,during,from,in等介词引导的介词短语连用。如:
(21)He has usually finished all his correspondence before bed time. 他通常在就寝前将所有信件处理完毕。
(22)After six years, a quite different Smith has emerged. 六年之后,史密斯变得判若两人。
(23)I have learned a lot during the year. 这一年来我学到很多东西。
(24)The State has not existed from all eternity. 国家并非从来就有。
(25)I have read quite a bit in the past few days. 近日我读了不少书。
(26)Until recently he has hidden the book in a secret place. 直至近日,他将此书藏在一个秘密的地方。
现在完成时亦可后接内含过去一般时的when(或while)从句。如:
(27)I haven’t studied English when I was at school. 我上学时没有学过英语。
(28)Have you been here while I was out? 你在我出去时来过这里吗?
5)与long ago连用。现在完成时有时可和时间状语long ago连用。如:
(29)She’s gone long ago. 她早走了。
(30)Fanny has long ago left me. 范妮早已离开我了。
(31)I have ceased to believe that long ago. 我早就不信那个了。
6)与疑问副词连用。现在完成时可以和how,why及where等疑问副词连用。如:
(32)How have you done it? 你是怎么做的?(强调结果。如用过去一般时则问方式)
(33)Why has the child run away? 这孩子为什么逃跑啦?
(34)Where have you been? 你上哪儿去啦?
现在完成时也可和疑问副词when连用,但往往有反问的口气。如:
(35)When have I ever been accustomed to be treated like this? 我什么时候吃过这一套?
(36)When have I been harsh with the children? 我什么时候对孩子粗暴过?
7)与其它时态连用。现在完成时常和过去一般时连用。从时间先后看,共有三种情况:即现在完成时所表的动作(或状态)发生(或存在)于过去一般时所表的动作(或状态)之后、之前或同时。如:
(37)My friend gave to me, and I have since kept it in the drawer. 这是我的朋友给我的,我一直把它保存在这个抽屉里。(发生于过去一般时之后)
(38)Professor Lin left yesterday for America where a lecture-tour has been arranged for him. 美国那边为林教授安排了一次巡回讲学,他昨天已动身去美国了。(发生于过去一般时之前)
(39)I have climbed that hill many a time when I was young. 我年轻时多次爬过那座山。(于过去一般时同时发生)
现在完成时常可用来引导过去一般时。如:
(40)I have seen the film. I saw it last week. 这个电影我看过了,是上星期看的。
(41)I have lived in China. That was 1940. 我在中国住过,那是1940年。
有时这两种时态形成一种对照。如:
(42)She has made several attempts to get away, but we succeeded in persuading her to stay. 她几次三番地要走,可我们还是说服她留下了。
现在完成时也常和其它现在时态连用。如:
(43)We’ve tired. It’s been a long day. 我们累了,今天干了好久。(和现在一般时连用)
(44)Harry has made the tea and is watching TV again. 哈里把茶煮好后,又看起电视来了。(和现在进行时连用)
现在完成时也常和另一现在完成时连用。如:
(45)Why! He has only just gone. What has brought him back soon? 嗬!他刚走,怎么不大一会儿又回来啦?
8)用于时间和原因状语从句。现在完成时和现在一般时一样,也可用在when,before,after,until,as soon as等引导的时间状语从句中。这种从句中的现在完成时较之于现在一般时,常强调下列三种情况。
a)强调动作的完成或结果。如:
(46)When he has finished his letters, he usually takes them to the post himself. 他写完信,通常都是他亲自付邮。(强调完成)
(47)When they have been frightened, dairy cows may refuse to give milk. 奶牛受惊后可能不出奶。(强调结果)
b)强调从句的动作与主语的动作不紧相连接,二者之前有时隔。如:
(48)They often play chess after they have had supper. 他们晚饭后经常下棋。
(49)Almost as soon as we have started we find ourselves at the bottom of the hill. 我们几乎是刚刚动身,就到山腿下了。
c)强调无限动词的动作已完成。如:
(50)When I have studied a book I write a report on it. 我研读完一本书之后就写一篇报告。
现在完成时亦可表原因,所以自然可用在because引导的原因状语从句中。如:
(51)We cannot cross the river because the water has risen. 我们过不了河了,因为河水涨了。
(52)She can drive by herself because she has passed her test. 她现在可以独立开车了,因为她已经通过了驾驶考试。
9)用于间接引语。和现在一般时一样,现在完成时也可以用在过去时态之后的间接引语中,表示说话人相信间接引语的真实性。如:
(53)I heard you have been ill. 我听说你病了。
(54)The investigation proved that he has done his best. 调查结果说明他是尽了最大努力的。
希望我能帮助你解疑释惑。
这句话的谓语动词就是have not found,实际上应该写成has not found,因为如果主语为第三人称单数的话,助动词要用has,而不是have。found是find的过去分词。
现在完成时跨在两个时间之上,一是过去,一是现在。它的动作发生在过去,但对现在有影响(或结果),而时这种影响(或结果)却往往是说话人的兴趣所在,所以常常后面不用时间状语。现在完成时所表的动作离说话人的说话时刻可近可远,表近距离的如:
(1)The car has arrived. 车子来了。(结果:车子已在门口)
(2)Someone has broken the window. 有人把窗户打破了。(结果:窗户仍破着)
(3)He’s been ill. 他刚生过病。(结果:现在脸色还不好)
美国英语常用过去一般时代替表近距离的现在完成时,如:
①What happened? 发生什么事了?(等于What’s happened?)
②Who took my dictionary? 谁把我的词典拿走了?(等于Who’s taken my dictionary?)
表远距离的如:
(4)He has traveled over many lands. 他到过许多国家。(结果:他见识很广)
(5)Have you ever seen the sea? 你看见过大海吗?(结果:如见过就告诉我海是什么样吧)
(6)She has had a good education. 她受过良好教育。(结果:她的文化水平比较高)
有时可以连用现在完成时去完成一个以上相互紧接的动作。如:
(7)They have gone to the moon and come back to earth again. 他们踏上了月球,后又返回了地球。
(8)The river has been the scourge to China. But we have tamed it at last. 这条河是中国的灾难。但我们终于把它驯服了。
注意have been与have gone的意思不同。试比较:
(9)I have been to the library. 我刚从图书馆回来。(去而复归,用be的现在完成时)
(10)He has gone to the library. 我到图书馆去了。(去而未归,用go的现在完成时,go的现在完成时还可以作连系动词,表示事物的由强转弱,如:The computer has gone wrong. 电脑出毛病了。)
have been还可和不定式连用。如:
(11)I have been to see John. 我去看过约翰了。
(12)This is one of the few times he has been to shed tears. 这是他难得的一次流泪。
在口语中,have got除具有本义“得到”外,往往等于have,多用在英国英语中,如:
①Have you got a light? 你有火吗?
但在美国口语中,get如具有本义,则用have gotten。如:
②Tom, I have gotten some very good news for you. 汤姆,我得到一些对你非常好的消息。
和现在一般时一样,现在完成时亦可用于死者。也有两种情况:
一种是死者刚死不久,生者觉得他还似在人间。如:
(13)It’s a beautiful place. Your papa has told me about it. He loved it very much. 那可是个好地方。你爸爸生前和我说过,他非常喜欢那个地方。
另一种情况是说名人。他们虽已死去,但其言行对现在仍有影响。如:
(14)Shakespeare has written most of the best plays we know. 在我们熟悉的最佳剧作中,大部分都是莎士比亚写的。
(15)Newton has explained the movements of the moon from the attractions of the earth. 牛顿阐明了月球受到地球引力而运行的规律。
现在完成时有时带有感情色彩。如:
(16)What have you done! 你干了些什么!
(17)Now you’ve done it! 这你可闯下祸了!
在口语中,往往用“have gone(或been)and+过去分词“的形式。如:
(18)You’ve gone and broken my fan. 你把我的扇子弄断了。
(19)You have been and moved my papers! 你乱动我的文件啦!
现在完成时表持续的动作或状态,亦可用来表过去重复的动作。
1)无限动词表持续。表持续的动作或状态的动词多是无限动词,如live,study,teach,be,wait等,常和since(自从)或for(持续)引导的词语连用。如:
(1)I have lived here for more than thirty years. 我已在此住了30多年。
(2)I have been here since last October. 从去年十月起,我一直在这里。(since是介系词)
(3)She has taught us since I came to this school. 自从我来到这所学校,她一直教我们。(since是连接词)
在一般情况下,这种现在完成时今后还会延续下去。但也有可能不再延续。如:
(4)Have you waited long? 你等了很久了吗?(动作不再延续,如果说话人是对方所等待的人的话。long前省去了for,也可以认为这里的long是副词用法)
(5)These shoes are worn out. They have lasted a long time. 这些鞋子已穿破了。已穿了很长时间了。(have lasted也不再延续。a long time前省去了for,因为last后面可以直接加时间)
瞬间动词一般不可用现在完成时表持续性,但瞬间动词在否定结构中则可用现在完成时,因为“否定”本身是可以延续的。如:
(6)I haven’t bought anything for three months. 我有3个月没有买过任何东西。
(7)I haven’t touched beer for a whole week. 我有整整一个星期没沾啤酒。
2)亦可用有限动词表持续。在当代英语里,有些有限动词已冲破了上述规则,在某种情况下也可以与since(自从)或for(经历)引导的词语连用表“持续性”。如:
(8)The two leaders have met for two hours. 这两位领导人会晤了两个小时。
(9)He has visited China for three days. 他在中国进行了三天访问。
(10)Since when have you become active? 你什么时候开始变得积极了的?
但要注意介系词for有时并不表“经历”,而是表“目的”。如:
(11)I’ve come only for a few moments. 我来只能待几分钟。
(12)Charlie has gone off to Canada for six months. 查理去加拿大,要去六个月。
3)表过去重复的动作。这种现在完成时常与always,often,many times,every day等时间状语连用。如:
(13)My father has always gone to work by bike. 我父亲一向是骑车上班。
(14)It’s rained every day this week. 这个星期天天下雨。
(15)Six times he has tried and six times he has failed. 他试了六次,六次都失败了。
还常与含有另一现在完成时的when从句连用,表过去了的经验。如:
(16)I have often met him when I have been in London. 我在伦敦时经常见到他。
(17)Sometimes when I have been alone I have remembered that folly. 有时我独自一人,就会想起那桩荒唐事。
when从句中的现在完成时往往被过去一般时所代替,如:Here men have been killed when they fired at a grizzly. (这里人们开枪打灰熊时,是有过牺牲的。)
同现在一般时一样,现在完成时也可以在时间状语从句里表将来完成的含义。如:
(1)We are going after we’ve had breakfast. 我们吃过早餐走。
(2)How can you go before the rain has stopped? 雨还没有停,你怎么能走呢?
(3)I’ll wait until he has written his letter. 我愿等到他把信写完。
有时现在完成时从属于将来一般时,用在宾语从句中表将来。如:
(4)The test question will be spoken just one time, you must listen very carefully in order to understand what the speaker has said. 试题只念一遍,考生必须仔细听,以理解试题的内容。(从属于must listen…)
(5)If he asks for me, tell him I have left for Paris. 他如问到我,你就告诉他我去巴黎了。(从属于tell him)
有时可以代替将来完成时,以强调一种自然的或必然的结果。如:
(6)There is but one more question: then I have done. 只再提一个问题,我就问完了。(I have done等于I’ll have done,但强调其自然结果)
(7)If I blow the conch and they don’t come back, then we’ve had it. 如果我吹了海螺而他们还不回来,那我们就苦了。
7.20 现在完成时与其它词语连用
现在完成时可与其它词语连用
1)与宾语从句连用。后接的宾语从句可用任何时态。如:
(1)Have you found out how wide the ditch was? 你了解到那条沟有多宽吗?(指量沟时的宽度)
(2)Have you found out how wide the ditch is? 你了解到这条沟有多宽吗?(指现在沟仍有的宽度)
(3)Have you found out how wide the ditch will be? 你了解到这条沟将来有多宽吗?
2)与时间状语连用。现在完成时是一个现在时态,所以它可以和包括“现在时刻”在内的时间状语连用,如now,today,this week,this month,this year,always,often等。如:
(4)The rain has stopped now. 雨终于停了。(now在此等于at last)
(5)I have lived here for five years now. 我到现在已经在这里住了五年了。(now在此等于up to now)
(6)Have you seen John today? 你今天见过约翰吗?
(7)I have got up very early this morning. 我今天早上起得很早。
(8)It’s rained every day this week. 这个星期天天下雨。
(9)I have been there only once this year. 我今年只去过那儿一次。
现在完成时一般不可和具体地表过去的时间状语如just now,a minute ago,yesterday,last year连用,但可和just,recently,of late,before,never,always,often,already,in the past等笼统地表过去的时间状语连用。如:
(10)He’s just gone. 他刚走。
(11)Have you been here before? 你以前来过这里吗?
(12)I have always liked him. 我一向喜欢他。
(13)I have seen his name in the papers rather often of late. 我近来常在报上看到他的名字。
(14)I’ve already read that book. 我已经读过那本书了。
3)与since连用。前面讲过,现在完成时表持续时可与since(自从)作为介词与连词引导的词语(即短语与从句)连用。
since作副词用时可与现在完成时连用。如:
(15)Nothing has happened since. 从那以后未发生什么事。
(16)Nothing has been quite the same ever since. 从那以后情况就完全不一样了。(ever为了加强语气用)
另外,since从句虽常用过去一般时,但有时也可以用现在完成时。since从句用现在完成时时,since的意思是“在‥‥期间”或“自‥‥期间”的开头,但其后的动词必须是无限动词,有持续性。如:
(17)I have met him often since I have lived here. 自从我在这里住下之后,这常看见他。
(18)I have learned a lot from him since I have known him. 自从我认识了他,我向他学到许多东西。
但since从句的现在完成时亦可与一些瞬间动词连用,这时它与过去一般时即无多大区别。如:
(19)It’s a long time since I’ve seen you. 好久不见你了。(since I’ve seen you等于since I last saw you)
(20)It’s a long time since I’ve spoken to you. 我有好久没有和你谈谈了。(since I’ve spoken to you等于since I last spoke to you)
4)与介词短语连用。现在完成时除可和介词for(经历)与since(自从)引导的介词短语连用外,还可和before,after,during,from,in等介词引导的介词短语连用。如:
(21)He has usually finished all his correspondence before bed time. 他通常在就寝前将所有信件处理完毕。
(22)After six years, a quite different Smith has emerged. 六年之后,史密斯变得判若两人。
(23)I have learned a lot during the year. 这一年来我学到很多东西。
(24)The State has not existed from all eternity. 国家并非从来就有。
(25)I have read quite a bit in the past few days. 近日我读了不少书。
(26)Until recently he has hidden the book in a secret place. 直至近日,他将此书藏在一个秘密的地方。
现在完成时亦可后接内含过去一般时的when(或while)从句。如:
(27)I haven’t studied English when I was at school. 我上学时没有学过英语。
(28)Have you been here while I was out? 你在我出去时来过这里吗?
5)与long ago连用。现在完成时有时可和时间状语long ago连用。如:
(29)She’s gone long ago. 她早走了。
(30)Fanny has long ago left me. 范妮早已离开我了。
(31)I have ceased to believe that long ago. 我早就不信那个了。
6)与疑问副词连用。现在完成时可以和how,why及where等疑问副词连用。如:
(32)How have you done it? 你是怎么做的?(强调结果。如用过去一般时则问方式)
(33)Why has the child run away? 这孩子为什么逃跑啦?
(34)Where have you been? 你上哪儿去啦?
现在完成时也可和疑问副词when连用,但往往有反问的口气。如:
(35)When have I ever been accustomed to be treated like this? 我什么时候吃过这一套?
(36)When have I been harsh with the children? 我什么时候对孩子粗暴过?
7)与其它时态连用。现在完成时常和过去一般时连用。从时间先后看,共有三种情况:即现在完成时所表的动作(或状态)发生(或存在)于过去一般时所表的动作(或状态)之后、之前或同时。如:
(37)My friend gave to me, and I have since kept it in the drawer. 这是我的朋友给我的,我一直把它保存在这个抽屉里。(发生于过去一般时之后)
(38)Professor Lin left yesterday for America where a lecture-tour has been arranged for him. 美国那边为林教授安排了一次巡回讲学,他昨天已动身去美国了。(发生于过去一般时之前)
(39)I have climbed that hill many a time when I was young. 我年轻时多次爬过那座山。(于过去一般时同时发生)
现在完成时常可用来引导过去一般时。如:
(40)I have seen the film. I saw it last week. 这个电影我看过了,是上星期看的。
(41)I have lived in China. That was 1940. 我在中国住过,那是1940年。
有时这两种时态形成一种对照。如:
(42)She has made several attempts to get away, but we succeeded in persuading her to stay. 她几次三番地要走,可我们还是说服她留下了。
现在完成时也常和其它现在时态连用。如:
(43)We’ve tired. It’s been a long day. 我们累了,今天干了好久。(和现在一般时连用)
(44)Harry has made the tea and is watching TV again. 哈里把茶煮好后,又看起电视来了。(和现在进行时连用)
现在完成时也常和另一现在完成时连用。如:
(45)Why! He has only just gone. What has brought him back soon? 嗬!他刚走,怎么不大一会儿又回来啦?
8)用于时间和原因状语从句。现在完成时和现在一般时一样,也可用在when,before,after,until,as soon as等引导的时间状语从句中。这种从句中的现在完成时较之于现在一般时,常强调下列三种情况。
a)强调动作的完成或结果。如:
(46)When he has finished his letters, he usually takes them to the post himself. 他写完信,通常都是他亲自付邮。(强调完成)
(47)When they have been frightened, dairy cows may refuse to give milk. 奶牛受惊后可能不出奶。(强调结果)
b)强调从句的动作与主语的动作不紧相连接,二者之前有时隔。如:
(48)They often play chess after they have had supper. 他们晚饭后经常下棋。
(49)Almost as soon as we have started we find ourselves at the bottom of the hill. 我们几乎是刚刚动身,就到山腿下了。
c)强调无限动词的动作已完成。如:
(50)When I have studied a book I write a report on it. 我研读完一本书之后就写一篇报告。
现在完成时亦可表原因,所以自然可用在because引导的原因状语从句中。如:
(51)We cannot cross the river because the water has risen. 我们过不了河了,因为河水涨了。
(52)She can drive by herself because she has passed her test. 她现在可以独立开车了,因为她已经通过了驾驶考试。
9)用于间接引语。和现在一般时一样,现在完成时也可以用在过去时态之后的间接引语中,表示说话人相信间接引语的真实性。如:
(53)I heard you have been ill. 我听说你病了。
(54)The investigation proved that he has done his best. 调查结果说明他是尽了最大努力的。
希望我能帮助你解疑释惑。
没错,这就是现在完成时,表示“我还没见过这农庄”,have seen是现在完成时的谓语结构。
not和have连读是什么
not 与have 不能连读 因为连读条件是前一个单词是辅音结尾,后一个单词是元音开头
have not和don't have的区别?
...你把时态理解错了 这个句子是一般现在时。has是have的第三人称形式。所以否定要用doesn't have 你所说的has not 是完成时助词的否定形式,hasn't have 这里是表述事实用一般现在时,不能用完成时,完成时是表示对事件的一种影响。具体的你可以参考两种时态的区别。
是not have还是have not
当have作有的意思时,两者意思相同 例如 我没有一本书 I don't have a book或者I have not a book 这种用法只能是当have 为“有”的意思 另外,当have作助动词时,have not意为“还没有”,一般用于现在完成时的句子中
Although have...,have not...造句?
您好亲!当Although引导的状语从句与"have\/have not"的现在完成时结合使用,可以表达出更多有趣的意思。一些造句如下:Although I have attended every class, I have not yet finished the homework.Although she has been studying French for several years, she has not mastered the language.Although...
英语:have no与have not 的区别
have no+可数名词单数=have not a+可数名词单数 如:he has no brother.=he doesn't have a brother.have no+可数名词复数\/不可数名词=have not any+可数名词复数 \/不可数名词 如:he has no brothers.=he doesn't have any brothers.he has no water.=he doesn't have any water....
have\/ haven't\/ a\/ not有何区别?
2 eg.是exempli gratia的缩写 是例如的意思 3 ain't是一个非常口语化缩写用法 可以代表am not, are not, is not, have not, has not(外国人为了口语表达的简洁 经常用ain't代替 而不再考虑到底该用am not, are not, is not, have not, has not中的哪个) 但要注意:这种说法仅...
have not 与not have 一样不
have not是完成时的否定形式。not have,就是两个词not,have。比如If I can not have you.
not have 与 have not 的用法与区别
当have作有的意思时,两者意思相同 例如 我没有一本书 i don’t have a book或者i have not a book 这种用法只能是当have 为“有”的意思 另外,当have作助动词时,have not意为“还没有”,一般用于现在完成时的句子中
i don't have 和i have not 有什么区别吗
I don't have 这里的have是实意动词,表有没有,如: I don't have a pen. 我没有钢笔。I have not 这里的have 是助动词,构成完成时。后面跟动词的过去分词,表尚未,还没有。如:I haven't finished breakfast. 我还没吃完早饭。动词 (英文:Verb,简称: v.)是一类词性,一般用来表示...
have表否定时什么时候直接加not,什么时候加助动词帮忙?有什么不同...
英语专业学生解答 1.have表示“有”的时候,是一个动词,所以否定的时候,要加助动词do,所以就是don't have 了,例如:我没有钢笔.i don't have a pen.2.have 还有助动词的意思,一是情态动词,二是构成完成时态,这个时候就要用have not的形式了。完成时态:i have not finished my homework...
淳耍胃炎: 第一种是正确的,但是第二种说法是不正确的.在英语中,表示“有”有英美两种表示方法,美国常用的方法即为第一种,而英式英语中,用的是“have got“,否定形式为”haven't got“
海南省19140633207: i not have it!这句语法不对吧?是不是应该为i have not had it.对嘛?或是i do not have it? - ?
淳耍胃炎: i not have it!这句语法不对.not不能单独使用,一定要靠在助动词或情态动词或系动词be后面.i have not had it.在语法上是对的,但人们一般不这样说.正确的说法是:美国英语:I don't have it.英国英语:I haven't it.
海南省19140633207: 什么时候用现在完成时,和一般过去式 - ?
淳耍胃炎: 1、一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响. 2、一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时...
海南省19140633207: have not和have no有什麽不同? - ?
淳耍胃炎: 都是没有的意思,但是have not强调的是没有这个东西的状态,而have no则强调的是没有的东西.例如: I havn't apples. 我没有苹果. I have no apples. 我一个苹果也没有.除此而外,have not还是现在完成时的否定态,但是后面要跟过去分词.估计楼主不是要问这点.
海南省19140633207: 求:现在完成进行时的用法? - ?
淳耍胃炎:[答案] 现在完成时 动词发生在过去,影响到现在,延续到现在,某种经历. 句型 基本结构:主语+have/has+过去分词(done) ①肯定句:主语+have/has+过去分词+其他 ②否定句:主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他 ③一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+过去...
海南省19140633207: I don't have..与I haven't ..的区别 - ?
淳耍胃炎: 让我来完整的回答你的问题:1 两句都对 当have表示“拥有”的意思时 两种说法都可以 你的意思是没有时间 have在这里表示“有”,所以两句话都对 但如“I don't have lunch” 则不能说成“I haven't lunch” 因为这里的have是表示“用餐”的意...
海南省19140633207: 什么是英语中 现在完成时 - ?
淳耍胃炎: 现在完成时(Present perfect)过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果,过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在并且有可能还会持续的动作或状态.基本结构:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p)(V-ed) e.g done ①肯定句中:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p)(V-ed)+宾语. ②否定句中:主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词(p.p)(V-ed)+宾语. ③一般疑问句中:Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词(p.p)(V-ed)+宾语. ④特殊疑问句中:特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词(V-ed)+其他)
海南省19140633207: 请问前辈们,有没有yes,I haven't或者no,I have这些形式 - ?
淳耍胃炎: 没有,英语里前后一定要一致,但是中文翻译过来会有不同. 比如:Haven't you seen the movie? No, I haven't. 你没看这个电影吗? 是的,我没有.
海南省19140633207: have no与have not 的区别 - ?
淳耍胃炎: have no 用另一种方式来说就是don't have,在这里 have是“有”的意思,一般现在时态; have not就是 haven't,现在完成时态,have是助动词,只是时态的标志,没有实在意义0. 例:I have no money. 我没有钱(have是实意动词) have no+名词 I have not done the work. 我还没完成工作(have是助动词) have not+动词过去时态
海南省19140633207: 关于“have”的否定 - ?
淳耍胃炎: 语言是活学活用的 从纯语法的角度上来说可以用dont have .但是 have这个词比较灵活,可以作为实意动词 也可作为构成语法结构有些类似助动词的词性 所以在真正语言运用上 不要拘泥于纯语法