求关于物流对企业重要性的英文文章。最好有中英文对照的更好！

有关物流管理的中英文对照文章~

看看以下20段短文,是我根据物流的培训教材自己总结的:

1. The Definition of Logistics
物流的定义
After completing a commercial transaction, logistics will execute the transfer of goods from the supplier( seller) to the customer( buyer) in the most cost-effective manner. This is the definition of logistics. During the transfer process, hardware such as logistics facilities and equipment( logistics carriers) are needed, as well as information control and standardization. In addition, supports from the government and logistics association should be in place.
在完成商业交易之后,物流将以最低成本和最高效益的方式执行将商品从供应商(卖方)流转到顾客(买方)的过程。这就是物流的定义。在物流过程中,既需要诸如物流设施和设备(物流运输工具等)的硬件,也需要对物流实施信息化管理进行物流标准化。此外,政府和物流组织的支持也不可或缺。
Three major functions of logistics
物流的三大主要功能
(1) Creating time value: same goods can be valued different at different times. Goods often stop during the transfer process, which is professionally called the storage of logistics. It creates the time value for goods.
(1)创造时间价值:同种商品因所处时间的不同而有着不同的价值。在商品流转过程中,往往会处于某种停滞的状态,物流的专业术语就称之为储存。储存创造了商品的时间价值。
(2) Creating location value: same goods can be valued differently at different locations. The value added during the transfer process is the location value of logistics.
(2)创造场所价值: 同种商品因所处位置的不同而有着不同的价值。这种因商品流转过程中而产生的附加增值称之为物流的场所价值。
(3) Distribution processing value: sometimes logistics create distribution processing value, which changes the length, thickness and packages of the goods. Like popular saying, “ cutting into smaller parts” is the most commonly seen distribution processing within logistics create added value for goods.
(3) 同配送加工价值:有时,物流活动也能创造配送加工价值,这种物流加工主要改变商品的长度、厚度和包装形态。物流中经常提到的“分割成更小的部分”就是配送加工中最为常见的形式。大多数物流加工都能创造商品的附加价值。

2. Logistics is a new commercial area, developing from the traditional stage to a modern one. The main differences between these two stage include:
物流作为新兴的商务领域,经历了从传统物流向现代物流发展的两个阶段。这两个阶段的不同主要体现在以下两个方面:
(1) Modern logistics adopts containerization techniques. The goods transfer process starts with packaging, followed by transportation, storage and distribution. The whole process is operated under logistics standards. Based on the logistics base module of 600×400mm, from the logistics module of 1,200×1,000mm, and enlarge to the size of 2,591×2,438mm-the size of high×wide of the container. It can be adjusted to the standard sizes of containers for trains, trucks and ships.
(1)现代物流采用了集装技术。商品物流往往从包装开始,而后经历运输、储存和配送等过程。整个过程始终在物流标准化的前提下运行。以物流基础模数尺寸600×400MM为基础,制定出物流模数尺寸1200×1000MM,并将其放大至2591×2438MM,即形成集装箱的高度与宽度标准尺寸。并能调整成适合铁运、汽运和船运的集装箱标准规格尺寸。
(2) Information technologies are most important for modern logistics. Bar Code, POS, EDI and GPS systems dramatically improve the efficiency and accuracy of the logistics activities. Internet further assists the market development, operation and management of the logistics industry.
(2)信息技术在现代物流中尤其重要。条形码、销售时点系统、电子数据传输系统、全球卫星定位系统的使用,极大地提高了物流活动的效率和精确程度。而互联网更加有助于物流管理的市场开发、运营和管理。

3.International Logistics
国际物流
An increasing number of companies are involving in international markets through exporting, licensing, joins ventures, and ownership. This trend should continue. With such expansion there is a need to develop worldwide logistics networks. Integrated logistics management and cost analysis will be more complex and difficult to manage.
很多企业正通过出口、许可、合营或跨国经营涉足国际市场。这种趋势仍将持续。随着这种趋势的发展，开发国际物流网络成为必须。整合物流管理和成本分析将更加复杂和困难。
There are some future trends in internationalization:
国际化将呈现出以下未来趋势：
(1) More logistics executives with international responsibilities
(1)物流将更多地承担起国际义务
(2) Expansion of the number and size of foreign trade zones.
(2)对外贸易区的数量和规模的扩大
(3) Reduction in the amount of international paperwork and documentation
(3)国际有纸作业和单据制作的数量的减少
(4) More foreign warehousing is owned and controlled by the exporting firm
(4)更多的涉外仓储业务由出口企业经营和控制
(5) Increasing number of smaller firm
(5)小企业的数量增长
(6) Foreign ownership of logistics service firms, e. g., public warehousing and transportation carriers.
(6)物流服务企业的涉外经营，如公营仓储业务和国际运输商
(7) Increasing multiple distribution channels
(7)增加多配送渠道
The international transport and the international logistics are same things in some way. So, when the international trading involved, the firm must establish international logistics systems to provide the products and service demanded. The most significant development in international logistics will be the increasing sophistication information system adopted and independent departments to operate.
从某些方面讲，国际运输等同于国际物流。因此，当涉足国际贸易领域时，企业必须建立国际物流系统以提供需要的产品或服务。国际物流的更重要的发展在于大力采用先进的信息系统和实行独立的部门运作。

4.Packaging. Packaging performs two basic functions–marketing and logistics. In marketing the packaging acts promotion and advertising. Its size, weight, color, and printed information attract customers and convey knowledge of the product. When firms are involved in international marketing, packaging becomes even more important. Products sold to foreign countries travel greater distances and undergo more handling operations. The logistics package is to protect the products during the process of logistics.
包装。包装执行两个基本的功能—营销和物流。就市场营销而言，包装承担促销和广告的功能。其尺寸、重量、颜色和印制的信息会对顾客产生吸引力并将产品信息传达给顾客。当企业涉足国际市场营销时，包装就显得更为重要。出口到国外的产品需要运输更长的距离，经历更多的装卸搬运。而物流包装在物流过程中起到了保护产品的作用。
Scrap disposal. The logistics process must effectively and quickly handle, transport, and store waste products. If they can be reused or recycled, logistics company should arrange and move them to the re–production and re–processing locations.
废弃物处理。物流过程中的活动也应当包括高效快速地对废弃物进行装卸、运输和仓储。如若废弃物能够重新利用或回收，物流企业应当合理安排并将其运送到再生产或再加工地点。
Return goods handling. The handling of return goods is often called reverse distribution. Buyers may return items to the seller for a number of reasons. Most logistics systems are not good enough to handle such cases. In many industries, consumers return products for warranty repair, replacement, or recycling, reverse distribution costs may be very high. Reverse distribution will become more important as customers demand more flexible and favorable return policies.
退货处理。退货处理通常叫做反向配送。买方可能因各种原因将产品退回卖方。多数物流系统未能对此类事件作出足够妥善的处理。在很多行业，消费者因维修保证、更换或回收而退回产品，因而反向配送的成本可能会很高。由于顾客对退货政策的要求更加灵活、更加实惠，反向配送将更加重要。

5.Third Part Logistics ( TPL)
第三方物流
Third Part Logistics provides all the logistics services. They act as a bridge or facilitator between the first part( supplier or producer) and the second part( buyer or customer). The primary objectives of third part logistics providers are to lower the total cost of logistics for the supplier and improve the service level to the customer.
第三方物流提供了所有的物流活动。他们在第一方（供应商或生产商）和第二方（买方或顾客）之间扮演着桥梁或设施供应商的角色。第三方物流提供商的基本目标是降低供应商的整体物流成本，提高顾客服务水平。
Third Part Logistics have been growing rapidly. Cost reduction and demands for batter and cheaper services are the main drives behind the growth. A third part logistics provider will be in a position to consolidate business from several companies and offer frequent pick–ups and deliveries, whereas in–house transportation cannot. Other reasons are as follows:
第三方物流增长十分迅速。成本降低和对更好更便宜的服务的需求是增长背后的动力。第三方物流提供商能够将来自几家企业的业务进行整合，并能提供频繁的提货和交货，而企业内部运输无法做到。（第三方物流发展的）其它原因如下：
* The company does not specialize in logistics;
* 企业并不专长于物流
* The company does not have sufficient resources;
* 企业自身没有足够的物流资源
* Eager to implement better logistics operation or does not have time to develop the required capabilities in–house;
* 对实施更好的物流运作的期盼，或没有时间开发内部物流所需要的能力
* The company is venturing into a new business with totally different logistics requirements;
* 企业正投资一项新领域，该领域有着不同的物流需求
* Merger or acquisition may make outsourcing logistics operations more attractive than to integrate logistics operations.
* 外包物流运营可能比整合物流运营更加有吸引力

6.Global Logistics
全球物流
Developed countries often deal with globalization in two ways: to be more cost competitive with third world countries, and to look for new partners in other countries to manufacture components, subassemblies and even the final products. The second approach forces most developed countries to get into a new area called “ global logistics”.
发达国家常在两个方面实施全球化:在第三世界国家谋求更大的成本优势,以及在其他国家寻找新的合作伙伴生产零配件、半成品甚至制成品。这第二个方面迫使发达国家不得不进入一个叫做“全球物流”的新领域。
Benefits of global operations include cheap raw materials and end products, lower labor cost, better quality, increased internal competition and better customer service. Some of the disadvantages are unreliable delivery, poor communication and longer time from design to finish production. Challenges are often cultural and linguistic differences, legal requirements, logistics suppliers or manufacturers, exchange rates.
全球经营的利益包括(获得)廉价的原材料和终端产品,降低的劳动成本,更好的质量,提升国际竞争力以及更好的客户服务。其缺点主要是交货的不可靠性,艰难的沟通以及从产品的设计到产品的生产完成需要更长的时间。面临的挑战经常来自于文化和语言的差异,法律要求,物流支持,寻求合适的全球供应商或生产商,外汇汇率等。
There are three major flows involved in global logistics: material flow, document flow and cash flow.
全球物流涉及到三种流转:物料流转,单据流转和资金流转。

7.Logistics into the Future
物流走向未来
Logistics is changing at a rapid and acceleration rate. There are two reasons are its rapid growth:
物流正以高速改变着。其高速增长原因有二:
Firstly, pressure to change by the development of the system itself
第一,因自身系统的发展而被迫变革
(1) High–speed computing and data transmission can instantly transmit and react to user demand
(1)高速计算机系统和数据交换系统能持续地对用户需求实行流转和操作
(2) More flexible and accurate logistic planning and control through computers and data processing
(2)通过计算机和数据加工能实现更加灵活的精确的物流计划和管理
(3) Flexible computer facilities help problem solving and increase decisions accuracy
(3)柔性计算机设施有助于问题的解决和提高决策的精确度
(4) Awareness of total cost measurement and management accounting
(4)对整体成本衡量和财务管理的清醒认识
Secondly, pressures for changes from the wider economy.
第二,来自范围经济变革的压力。
(1) Be flexible in handling markets of different sizes for better competition
(1)为了谋求更大竞争力,对于不同规模市场的处理需要有灵活性
(2) There is increasing specialization in markets and growth in retailing.
(2)市场规格和零售增长的大幅度提升
(3) Life cycles for products are shortening. Logistics systems need to be more efficient, faster and more flexible
(3) 产品的生产周期缩短。物流系统就要更高效、更快、更灵活
(4) Move from mass production towards flexible manufacturing system( FMS). These systems enable a company to switch production quickly from one product to another
(4) 从规模生产转向柔性生产系统(FMS) 。这些系统能使企业从一种产品的生产迅速转向另一种产品的生产
(5) Competitive pressures lead to more efforts to improve customer service.
(5)竞争的压力导致企业更加努力地提高客户服务水平。

8.The process of logistical integration can be divided into four stages:
物流整合的过程可分为四个阶段:
Stage 1. Began in the early 1960s in the USA and involved the integration of all activities associated with distribution. Separate distribution departments were to coordinate the management of all processes within physical distribution management( PDM).
第一阶段:开始于0世纪60年代的美国,涉及到所有相关的配送活动的整合。分离的经销部门得协调与货物配送管理(PDM)相关的所有过程的管理。
Stage 2. PDM was applied to the inbound movement of materials, components, and subassemblies, generally known as “ materials management”. By the late 1970s, many firms had established “ logistics department” with overall responsibility for the movement, storage, and handling of products upstream and downstream of the production operation.
第二阶段:PDM应用于物流、部件和半成品的往返流转活动,通常称之为“物料管理”。至20世纪70年代晚期,很多企业业已建立了“物流部门”以全权负责与生产运作相关的上游和下游产品的搬运、仓储和装卸等。
Stage 3. Logistics plays an important coordinating role, as it interfaces with most other functions. With the emergence of business process re–engineering( BPR) in the early 1990s, the relationship between logistics and related functions was redefined. “ System integration” occurred. Cross–functional integration should achieve greater results.
第三阶段:因其成为面对众多功能的接口,物流承担起重要的协调作用。随着20世纪90年代早期业务流程再造(BPR)的出现,物流及其相关功能的关系被重新定义。“系统整合”开始出现。功能交叉整合应该大幅度实现。
Stage 4. Establish Supply Chain Management( SCM) to achieve supply chain optimization and minimize inventory.
第四阶段:建立供应链管理系统(SCM)以实现合理的供应链管理并实现库存的最小化。

9.Transportation System
运输系统
There are five transportation modes—motor, rail, air, water, or pipeline. In addition, certain modal combinations are available, including rail–motor, motor–water, motor–air, and rail–water. Such inter–modal combinations offer specialized or lower cost services not generally available than a single transport mode. Other transporters include freight forwarders, shipper cooperatives, parcel post, United Parcel Service( UPS), and other parcel service.
有五种运输模式—汽运、铁运、水运、空运和管道运输。此外,多式联运也是常用的,它包括铁运—汽运联运,汽运—水运联运,汽运—空运联运和铁运—水运联运等。与单独运输方式相比,国际多式联运可提供更加专业化和低成本的服务。其他运输商还有货运代理人,托运人合作社,邮包运输,联合邮包快递(UPS),以及其他包裹运输服务。
Factors Influencing Transportation Costs
与运输成本相关的因素
As transportation cost can be significant, the firm must identify and control the factors that affect these costs. In general, factors influencing transportation costs can be grouped into two major categories–product related factors and market–related factors.
因运输成本的重要性,企业应当识别和控制与成本相关的因素。通常来说,与运输有关的成本可以分成两大类—与产品相关的因素和与市场相关的因素。
Factors to influence the cost of transportation can be grouped into the categories: (1) transport distances; (2) transport linkages; (3) transport equipment, and (4) transport time.
涉及到运输成本的因素可以分成以下几类:1)运输距离；2)运输线路；3)运输设备；和4)运输时间。
Important market–related factors also affect transportation costs. The most significant ones include: (1) competition from different carriers; (2) location of markets; (3) government regulation of transportation carriers; (4) freight traffic in a region; (5) seasonality of product movements; and (6) whether the product is being transported domestically or internationally. Each of these factors will affect the overall transportation costs.
重要的市场关联因素也影响到运输成本。最有影响的一些因素包括:1)来自不同承运人的竞争；2)市场地位；3)政府制定的承运规则；4)地区交通；5)产品流动的季节性；和6)产品是进行国内还是国际运输。这其中每个因素都影响着整个运输成本。

10. The Economic and Service Characteristics of Motor Transportation
汽车运输的经济性和服务特性
Motor carries transport over 75 percent of the tonnage of agricultural products, many manufactured products and consumer goods. Usually, motor carries compete with air for small shipments and rail for large shipments. An efficient motor carrier can compete with an air carrier on door-to-door service for many size shipment if the distance involved is 1,000 miles or less. This is because motor carriers realize greater efficiencies in terminal, pickup and delivery operations.
如以吨位记,在农产品、多数工业制造品和消费品的运输中,汽车运输的运量超过了75%。通常,汽车运输与小批量的空运和大批量的铁运相比,都有其竞争力。如果运距不小于1000英里,对于任何批量的货物的门到门运输,汽车运输都能比空运拥有更大的竞争力。这是因为汽运承运人意识到在终端运输、提交货操作中,汽运拥有极高的效率。
Motor carriers are more flexible than other modes. Motor carriers can use a wide range network of roads, and can transport products of varying sizes and weights over and distance. Truly, motor carriers can transport and product. Their flexibility has enabled them to become the dominant form of transport in the United States and in many other parts of the world.
与其他运输方式相比,汽运更加灵活。汽运可使用宽阔的公路网络,可运输不同规格和重量的商品,不受运输距离的制约。事实上,汽运可承担各种商品的运输。这种灵活性使得汽运成为美国乃至世界上多数地区主要的运输方式。
In general, motor carriage offers the customer fast, reliable service with little damage or loss in transit. Motor carriers give much faster service than railroads and compare favorably with air carriers on short hauls. Many motor carriers, particularly those involved in “just-in-time” programs, operate on a scheduled timetable. This results in very short and reliable transit times. Loss and damage ratios for motor carriers and substantially lower than for rail and are slightly higher than for air freight. No other mode can provide the market coverage offered by motor carriers.
一般地说,汽运能向客户提供迅速而可靠的服务,而在转运中几乎没有损失、损坏。汽运比铁运的速度更快,而就短途托运而言,汽运比空运有优势。多数汽运承运人,尤其是执行“JIT”(及时作业)计划的承运人,往往按照承运时间表运营。这就使得转运的时间更短、更可靠。汽运的损失和损坏的比例远比铁运低而比空运要高得多。没有其他任何运输方式能像汽运那样提供市场覆盖面。
The amount of freight transported by motor carriers has steadily increased over the years. That trend is likely to continue in the years ahead. As long as it is able to provide fast, efficient service at rates between those offered by rail and air, the motor carriage industry will continue to prosper.
近年来,汽运承担的运输量持续稳步地上升。这种趋势在未来仍将可能持续下去。只要汽运比铁运和空运能提供更快、更高效的服务,汽运行业就将持续繁荣。

11.Rail transport generally costs less than air and motor carriage. For many shipments, rail does not compare favorably with other modes on loss and damage ratios. It has disadvantages compared to motor carriers in terms of transit time and frequency of service. Trains travel on timetable schedules, but departures are less frequent than those of a motor carrier. If a shipper has strict arrival and departure requirements, railroads are at a competitive disadvantage compared to motor carriers. Some of this disadvantage may be overcome through combined transport, which offers the economy of rail movement linked with the flexibility of trucking. Truck trailers are delivered to the rail terminals, where they are loaded on flatbed railcars. At the destination ter

自从二十世纪八十年代开始，现代物流率先出现于欧美等工业国家，并以其独特的魅力受到全球工商界企业的青睐，得到了迅猛的发展，被誉为企业发展的“加速器”和二十一世纪的“黄金产业”，成为新兴的经济增长点。现在，在世界各国，越来越多的企业不惜巨资投向现代物流企业，同时现代物流企业也成为了全球金融投资家关注的重点行业之一。现代物流，炙手可热。

在钢铁产品流通领域内，现代物流意味着包括钢材在内的生产资料和生活资料等所有物质资料从供给者到需求者的物理性活动，是为了满足消费者需求而进行的对原材料、中间库存、最终产品及相关信息从起始地到消费地的有效流动及存储的计划、实施与控制的过程。现代物流强调的是这个过程的有效流动与存储，以及信息及管理在物流中的作用。

我国钢铁行业物流现状

我国钢材流通领域的物流产业与欧美等发达国家相比，从总体来说，还是处于比较落后的状态，主要是存在以下五个方面的不足：

物流产业起步较晚

各自为战，尚未建立全国范围内的物流体系

基础配套设施等硬件条件差

经营管理理念和方法不先进

现代物流的认识和理论研究还有待提高

在看到我国钢铁流通领域内物流产业的不足之处的同时，我们也要看到经过各个方面不懈努力取得的进步和成绩。现在，我国钢铁行业及钢材流通领域的现代物流基本上是处于良性循环的蓬勃发展趋势之中。

大型钢铁企业纷纷兴办物流公司，利用自身雄厚的人力、物力资源，打造出享誉我国钢铁流通领域内的物流企业品牌。从1982年开始，鞍钢就设计并实施了众多的大型技改项目的物流解决方案，累计运输和管理进出口物资总值高达300多亿元人民币，积累了丰富的现代物流经验。鞍钢物流业的发展是立足在其自身的四大优势基础之上的：一是在许多港口的费率是同类企业中最低的；二是与许多船舶公司、航空公司已经建立了良好的伙伴关系；三是与海关、商检部门有良好的合作，通关能力十分强；四是具有良好的品牌和信誉，这也是鞍钢发展物流业的最大资本。目前，辽宁省内许多企业已表示出浓厚的与鞍钢物流企业合作的愿望，其中三家企业已通过鞍钢国贸国际货运有限公司做成了生意。

中小型钢铁企业也不甘心失去发展现代物流的有利契机，同时希望通过现代物流的强力推动，缩短与大型钢铁企业间的距离。莱钢根据企业物流的现状，在物流优化和整合上大做文章，以便降低企业物流成本，提高企业的综合竞争能力。为此，莱钢专门成立了“现代物流管理部”，负责莱钢物流的优化与整合工作；聘请物流专家对莱钢的物流进行诊断，制定物流优化整合方案，指导企业进行现代物流管理创新；建立物流优化与整合的数字模型，将各个生产企业的原燃料采购、生产过程的半成品转移及产品销售至用户的全过程进行系统优化，以从更大范围内优化企业生产成本，实现莱钢物流管理的整体创新。

网上招标与采购，是钢铁产品与钢材流通领域内迈向现代物流的实质性一步。“中国钢铁联合采购招标系统”自2001年10月在国内冶金行业正式推出后，发展势头十分强劲。这一系统可以提供全程进行网上发标、加密投标、截标、网上解密开标的招标采购平台，并且采用了用户IC卡系统和先进的复合数字加密技术。如今，通过“中国钢铁联合采购招标系统”已累计实现网上采购额4.5亿元。2002年1月，北京首钢新钢有限责任公司通过“中国钢铁联合采购招标系统”网上发布9大类48个标书，采购品种规格共有200多个，价值达到8258万元，之后举行网上开标，实施采购，参加网上投标的供应商有76家。现在，越来越多的供应商以钢铁企业网上招标采购为契机，积极参加网上供应行列，进入这一网上大市场。

相比国外企业差距明显

在我国，钢铁系统物流产业的发展毕竟还才起步，从整体上看，还不能适应钢铁生产和钢材贸易发展的需要，物流企业在规模、效益、物流技术和管理水平等方面与国外物流企业相比，还存在很大的差距，面临着许多亟待解决的问解，主要表现在以下八个方面：

钢铁行业的物流缺乏整体规划，各环节没有理顺，物流布局不合理，物流成本很高，物流方式单一，物流市场无序竞争，导致物流业整体效益不佳。

专业化程度不高，业态发展不平衡，企业“大而全”、“小而全”的现象较为普遍，专业化程度低，物流运输、仓储的现代水平较低，物流中心和配送中心的建设在规模和发展速度上都还不适应现代物流的要求。

物流系统效率低下，物流成本居高不下，主要表现在运输时间、储存时间、基础设施劳动生产率等三个方面。

物流基础设施不匹配，物流技术装备水平低，物流中心和配送中心的建设规模和发展速度都不适应现代物流的要求。我国的钢铁企业多数都是计划经济下的产物，条块分割、多头管理的传统经营管理模式的影响根深蒂固，导致各种物流基础设施的规划和建设缺乏必要的协调，因而配套性、兼容性差，导致系统功能不强。

物流系统一般技术水平低，装备落后。在仓储设施方面，第三方物流企业拥有的仓库70％是普通平房仓库，现代化立体自动化仓储设施比例较低，具有冷藏、保鲜、气调的仓库更少。在使用的搬运工具中，人工搬运车、手推叉车和普通起重设备占到70％以上，而可视屏叉车等现代化的搬运工具却很少采用。第三方物流企业拥有的运输车辆中，普通车辆占到70％以上，现代化的箱式货柜和集装箱拖头及特种运输车辆却很少。

物流专业人才短缺。物流人才是钢铁系统的物流业发展的关键，也是物流企业成长的保障。而我们钢铁企业或钢材流通领域的物流管理和人才培养，都还相当滞后，没有形成适应我国现状的物流理论和现代物流管理体系，物流人才培育比较困难。

标准化建设滞后。物流是跨地区、跨行业的运作系统，标准化程度的高低不仅关系到各种物流功能、要素之间的有效衔接和协调发展，也在很大程度上影响着物流效率的提高。物流器具标准不配套，托盘标准化没有推行，严重影响了物流的效率。

信息化程度低，现代营销和经营水平不高。目前不少从事钢材贸易的经营企业，大多还处于电话联系、手工操作、人工装卸较低层次的运作阶段。而在现代物流系统中，物流信息并不局限于单个企业的内部，需要在相关企业进行广泛的交换。在相关交易者之间进行网络连接，零售企业向批发企业或厂商发出的订货信息会同时发往物流企业，从而实现即时交货。但现在绝大多数的钢材贸易商是依*纸媒体的信息传递，这显然是无法实现钢材的现代物流。

尽管我国刚刚起步的钢铁流通领域内的物流企业还存在诸多问题，然而其发展的前景十分广阔，有着巨大的发展潜力和成长空间。随着我国经济的持续发展、市场经济的逐渐成熟、全球经济结构调整及产业的不断升级，这都将使我国钢铁行业的物流业的地位和作用发生深刻的变化，物流业必须成为促进我国钢铁工业和钢材贸易蓬勃发展的重要载体。


Since the 20th century, the beginning of the 1980s, modern logistics first appeared in Europe and the United States and other industrial countries, and its unique charm by the global business enterprises favored by the rapid development Hailed as the development of enterprises "accelerator" and the 21st century "gold industry," and become a new point of economic growth. Now, the nations of the world, more and more enterprises at Juzidouxiang modern logistics enterprises Meanwhile modern logistics enterprises have become the global financial investors concerned about one of the key sectors. Modern logistics, hot. In the circulation of steel products, Modern logistics means including steel, means of production and means of subsistence all material information from supplier to the demand - Rational activities, in order to meet consumer demand for the right raw materials, intermediate stock, the final product and related information from the consumer to start to the effective flow and storage of the planning, implementation and control of the process. Modern logistics emphasis of this process is efficient, effective flow and storage, and information management and logistics in the role. China's steel industry logistics situation of China's steel domain to the logistics industry and Europe and the United States and other developed nations, Generally speaking, or at a relatively backward state, is primarily the following five aspects of the inadequate : Logistics Industry late start fighting each other, yet to establish a nationwide system of logistics supporting infrastructure such as hardware poor management philosophy and methods are not advanced modern Logistics understanding and theoretical research remains to be seen in the increase in China's steel circulation within the logistics industry shortcomings in the meantime, We have to see that through all aspects of the unremitting efforts made progress and achievements. Now, China's iron and steel industry and steel circulation of modern logistics is basically a benign cycle in the vigorous development trends. Large iron and steel enterprises have set up logistics companies, using its abundant human and material resources, The building of China's steel circulation reputation in the field of logistics enterprises brand. From the beginning in 1982, when the volume on the design and implementation of a large number of major technology projects logistics solutions, total transport and import and export goods and materials management worth more than 300 billion yuan, has accumulated a wealth of experience of modern logistics. Angang development of the logistics industry is based on its own foundation of the four major advantages : First, in many ports rate is the lowest among similar enterprises; Second, with many shipping companies. Airlines have established a good partnership; Third, customs, commodity inspection departments have good cooperation. clearance capacity is very strong; 4 is a good brand and reputation, it is also Angang development of the logistics industry in the largest capital. Currently, many enterprises in Liaoning province have expressed strong with Angang logistics enterprises desire to cooperate these three enterprises have adopted international cargo Angang ITC Ltd. made a business. Small and medium-sized iron and steel enterprises have not reconciled to losing the development of modern logistics of the favorable opportunity, also hope that through modern logistics of promoting strong, with large steel shorten the distance between enterprises. Laigang logistics enterprises under the current situation, the logistics optimization and integration of a big fuss about the logistics enterprises in order to reduce costs, enhance the comprehensive competitiveness. To this end, Laiwu Steel established the "Modern Logistics Management," responsible for the logistics of Laigang optimization and integration; hire experts on the logistics of the logistics Laigang diagnosis, develop integrated logistics optimization program, direct enterprises in modern logistics management innovation; the establishment of logistics optimization and integration of numerical models, all of the original production enterprises fuel procurement, production process and the transfer of semi-finished products to the customer sales process for system optimization, from the greater scope to optimize production costs and achieve Laigang the overall logistics management innovation. Online bidding and procurement, steel products and steel circulation towards modern logistics substantive step. "China's steel joint procurement tender system" since October 2001 in the domestic metallurgical industry following the formal launch of development momentum is very strong. The system can provide full Internet Hair, encryption tender, the tender closing, the online decryption opening a tender for the procurement platform, and the use of IC card system and advanced composite digital encryption technology. Today, the "Chinese steel joint procurement tender system" has realized a total online purchases 450 million yuan. January 2002. Beijing Shougang Steel new limited liability company through "Chinese steel joint procurement tender system," published online September 48 largest category of bids , procurement specifications varieties were more than 200, the value of 82.58 million yuan, to be held after the opening of the Internet, implementation of the procurement, participate in the online bidding vendors are 76. Now, an increasing number of suppliers to the steel business online bidding for the opportunity to actively participate in the ranks of online suppliers, Internet access to the big market. Compared with foreign enterprises, an obvious gap in our steel logistics system, after all, the development of the industry will also start from the overall perspective, still unable to meet steel production and steel trade development needs of logistics enterprises in terms of scale, efficiency, logistics technology and management standards with respect to foreign logistics enterprises, there is a wide gap between faced many pressing to resolve the question of solutions, mainly in the following eight areas : the iron and steel industry, logistics lack of overall planning, the segment did not straighten out, the logistics of irrational arrangement, the high cost of logistics, logistics means of a single, disordered competition in the logistics market, logistics industry as a whole led to poor efficiency. The degree of specialization is not high, Business uneven development, enterprises, "large and all-embracing", "dumbbell" of a common phenomenon, and Low degree of specialization, transport and logistics, warehousing modern low level. logistics centers and distribution centers in the construction scale and the pace of development has not yet adapted to the demands of modern logistics. Inefficient logistics system, the high cost of logistics, mainly in the transport, storage time, infrastructure such as labor productivity in three aspects. Logistics infrastructure does not match, the logistics technology and equipment, the low level logistics center and distribution center of the scale and speed of development of modern logistics do not meet the requirements. China's iron and steel enterprises are mostly under the planned economy product fragmentation, overlapping management and the traditional management patterns of deep-rooted, led to various logistics infrastructure planning and construction of a lack of the necessary coordination, thus compatibility and coordination poor, lead to the system function is not strong. Logistics systems generally low level of technology, equipment behind. Storage and warehousing facilities, the third party logistics warehouse owned 70% ordinary cottage warehouse, Stereo modern automated storage facilities a lower proportion is frozen, refrigeration, air conditioning fewer warehouses. In the use of the removal tool, manual handling car, pushing a forklift and the general lifting equipment accounted for more than 70%, and can screen forklift handling and other modern tools has been rarely used. Third-party logistics enterprises owned transport vehicles, ordinary vehicles accounted for more than 70%, modern box-type containers and container tractors and special transport vehicles were few. Shortage of logistics professionals. Steel logistics personnel system is the development of the logistics industry is seen as a key logistics enterprises grow protection. Our steel or steel circulation field of logistics management and personnel training, are also considerable lag, not suitable to the status of China's logistics theory and modern logistics management systems, logistics personnel training more difficult. Standardization lag. Logistics is a trans-regional and cross-sectoral operating system, the level of standardization is not only related to various logistics functions, elements of an effective interface between the development and coordination, has also significantly influenced the logistics efficiency. Logistics support equipment standards, standardization tray is not implemented, a serious impact on the efficiency of logistics. A low degree of information technology, modern marketing and operating level is not high. Many in the steel trade enterprises, are still in the telephone links by hand. Artificial handling low-level operational phase. In modern logistics system, the Logistics Information is not confined to a single enterprise's internal, In related businesses need a wide-ranging exchange. In related transactions between network connectivity, Retail enterprises to manufacturers and wholesale enterprises or orders issued by the information will also be sent to the logistics businesses, thereby achieving prompt delivery. But now, the majority of the steel traders according * permits the transmission of information to the media, it is impossible to achieve the steel of modern logistics. Although China has just started the flow of steel in the field of logistics enterprises still have many problems, However, its development prospects are very broad and has tremendous potential for development and growth space. With China's sustained economic development, the market economy gradually mature, the global economic structural adjustment and the industry has been escalating and This will make China's iron and steel industry, the status of the logistics industry and the role undergoing profound changes, logistics industry must be the promotion of China's iron and steel industry and steel trade to flourish the major carriers.
作者：leo

Logistics is the process to meet the needs of consumers of raw materials, in-process inventory, the final product and related information from the origin to the point of consumption in the effective flow and storage of planning,implementation and control. It forms the foundation of enterprise's value chain,is the key of enterprise competitive advantage. Many production enterprises to strengthen technology development and promote the comprehensive quality management at the same time, have to seek the cost advantage and value advantage eyes turned to production and logistics field.
1 modern logistics is the third profit source production and circulation enterprises
In twentieth Century 60-70, the enterprises of the developed countries are thefocus of competition in pursuit of profit in the production field, make every attempt to reduce material consumption of resources to obtain "the first profit source" of enterprises, make every attempt to improve labor productivity gain"the second profit source of enterprises". However, this "two profit source"production field, it is restricted by the development level of science and technology, in the production of mechanization, constantly improve the degree of automation and production process is programmed, standardized situationunder, enhanced technology convergence of the two "source of profit" no"spring" to dig.
Enter 80 age, in the face of fierce global market competition challenges,people began to seek profit focus from production areas to non production areas, surprised to find that create the value of logistics cost is high, the process of enterprise production and management of waste is still very prominent. Coupled with the micro electronics technology, information technology and system innovation and other factors, since 80, as "the third profit source of enterprises" logistics, has become a new focus of competition in the market, attention by the circles of theory and practice.
Logistics because it run through the whole process of production and circulation, so reasonable, efficient logistics can bring huge profits throughand improve coordination of enterprises throughout the production and circulation structure.
The original understanding of the third profit source based on the theory of thetwo conditions:
First, the logistics can be completely separated from the circulation process.Logistics as a standalone system, target and management itself, the general accounting and independent of the;
Second, logistics and other business activities as independent factors, it is not the total cost, but alone
Factors profit, logistics can become "independent system profit center" type.
Logistics is the third profit source to two capacity based on:
First, the logistics in the enterprise strategy, which have the important influence to the enterprise marketing cost, logistics enterprise
The important point of the industry cost. Therefore, a series of activities through logistics rationalization, modernization and reduce the cost, supportmarketing and purchasing activities. Therefore, logistics is not only to producemajor cost, also refers to reduce the cost of concern, the logistics is "thetreasure house to reduce costs" such as that it is this understanding image representation. Cost and profit are related, as the main logistics can provide a large number of direct and indirect profit for the enterprise, is the mainactivities of the formation of business profits.
Second, the role of logistics activity maximum, and not only in the enterprise,reduce the consumption of reducing cost or increasing
Plus a profit, but more importantly to improve the business to customer service level, and improve the competitive ability of the enterprise. Through the logistics service guarantee, enterprises with their overall ability to reduce costs, increase profits.
Logistics is the third profit source, has become many enterprises especially theMulti-National Corporation's powerful weapon.
2 modern logistics is an important source of competitive advantage
In recent years, enterprise business philosophy from the "production oriented"to "customer orientation", quickly turned to "create value for customers". In the "create value for customers" era, value means that not only are tangiblemoney, also means that perception can be invisible, interests, this is the newrules for the current enterprises to participate in market competition.
Management Master Michael Porter in the "competitive advantage" a book that, success can only be achieved through competitive cost advantage andvalue advantage. No value advantage a no cost advantage and enterprises can only belong to the future enterprise, is bound to decline. However,companies only do the lowest cost, it is just a cost leader, will have to launch with opponent single competition in price, the lower the price competition willintensify the customer to the product is only a commodity understanding. Avalue of competitive strategy based on the price competition strategy thansimply much better, because the material value is important, and make thecustomers to get the overall value of product identity, are value for money,and money is more important, even if the price slightly higher, the customerwill accept.
The model can provide a cost advantage, management advantage and to provide value is little, and the logistics management is one of the few in the management field. Efficient logistics management, reasonable, not only canreduce the operating costs of enterprises, but also can provide the high quality service for the customer; can enable enterprises to obtain the cost advantage,can make enterprises obtain the value advantage. Therefore, logisticsmanagement has been attached importance to the enterprise, be incorporated into the scope of enterprise strategic management, and even become thecornerstone of enterprise development strategy.
An excellent logistics capacity of enterprises, can provide quality service to customers to gain competitive advantage; a logistics management of skilledbusiness, average water if the stock availability, delivery timeliness and consistency of delivery in the same industry-leading level, can become an attractive supplier and business partners. Have the whole world in view of 500strong companies, they have the ability to world class logistics management,by providing quality service to customers to gain competitive advantage. Can say, logistics management has become a business one of the challenge. The development of logistics, strengthening logistics management not only can make the enterprise gain "the third profit source", but also an important source of competitive advantage. For example, China's Haier group put the logistics capability as the core competence of enterprise competitive advantage,promote the reorganization established professional engaged in logisticsreform in this part, the procurement of raw materials, production support,material distribution from the strategy integration. The companies hope that bylogistics reorganization, realize "to provide maximum value added service"management objectives to customers at the lowest total cost of logistics. In order to answer the grim challenge of joining the WTO, Chinese enterprises must be as a logistics management to reduce operating cost and the main means to improve customer service level, the logistics capability as the core competitiveness of enterprises.

物流是为满足消费者需求而进行的对原材料、中间库存、最终产品及相关信息从起始地点到消费地点的有效流动与储存的计划、实施和控制的整个过程。它构成了企业价值链的基础活动，是企业取得竞争优势的关键。许多生产企业在加强技术开发和推进全面质量管理的同时，已经把寻求成本优势和价值优势的目光转向生产前后的物流领域。

　　1．现代物流是生产流通企业的第三利润源泉

　　20世纪60-70年代，发达国家的企业大多把追求利润的竞争焦点放在生产领域，千方百计降低物资资源消耗获取“企业的第一利润源泉”，千方百计提高劳动生产率获取“企业的第二利润源泉”。然而，生产领域的这两个“利润源泉”，都要受到科学技术发展水平的制约，在生产机械化、自动化程度不断提高和生产工艺日趋程序化、规范化的新情况下，技术趋同性的增强使这两个“利润源泉”基本无“泉”可挖。

　　进入80年代，面对全球激烈的市场竞争挑战，人们开始把探寻利润的目光从生产领域转向非生产领域，惊奇地发现创造物流价值的成本相当高昂，企业生产经营过程中的浪费仍然十分突出。再加上微电子技术、信息技术以及制度创新等因素，自80年代以后，作为企业的“第三利润源泉”的物流，就自然成为市场竞争的一个新焦点，受到理论界和实务界的高度重视。

　　物流因其贯穿了生产和流通的全过程，所以合理、高效的物流能够通过对企业的整个生产和流通结构的协调与完善带来巨大的利润。

　　对第三个利润源理论的最初认识基于两个前提条件：

　　第一，物流是可以完全从流通过程中分化出来的。物流自成一个独立运行的体系，有本身的目标和管理，因而能对其进行独立的总体核算；

　　第二，物流和其他独立的经营活动一样，它不是总体的成本构成因素，而是单独
　　的盈利因素，物流可以成为“利润中心”型的独立系统。

　　物流成为第三个利润源要基于两个自身能力：

　　第一，物流在整个企业战略中，对企业营销活动的成本发生重要影响，物流是企
　　业成本的重要的产生点。因而，通过物流合理化、现代化等一系列活动降低成本，支持保障营销和采购等活动。所以，物流既是指主要成本的产生点，又是指降低成本的关注点，物流是“降低成本的宝库”等说法正是这种认识的形象表述。成本和利润是相关的，物流作为主体可以为企业提供大量直接和间接的利润，是形成企业经营利润的主要活动。

　　第二，物流活动最大的作用，并不仅仅在于为企业减少了消耗、降低了成本或增
　　加了利润，更重要的是在于提高企业对用户的服务水平，进而提高了企业的竞争能力。通过物流的服务保障，企业以其整体能力来压缩成本、增加利润。

　　物流作为第三利润源，已成为众多企业尤其是跨国公司的商战利器。

　　2．现代物流是企业获取竞争优势的重要源泉

　　近年来，企业的经营理念在从“生产导向”过渡到“顾客导向”之后，迅速转为“为顾客创造价值”。在“为顾客创造价值”的时代，价值不仅意味着是有形的金钱，还意味着是无形的、可以感知的利益，这是当前企业参与市场竞争的新规则。

　　管理大师迈克尔·波特在《竞争优势》一书中指出，企业竞争的成功只能通过成本优势或价值优势来取得。一个既无成本优势又无价值优势的企业只能属于前途渺茫的企业，必将走向衰亡。但是，企业只做到最低成本，还只是一个成本领先者，就不得不与对手在价格上展开单一的竞争，这种价格上的低级竞争会强化顾客对该产品只是一种普通商品的认识。而一个基于价值优势的竞争战略比单纯的价格竞争战略要优越得多，因为物质上的价值固然重要，而使顾客对所要得到产品的整体价值的认同，感到物有所值、甚至物超所值更为重要，即使价格稍高一些，顾客也会接受。

　　当前既能提供成本优势，又能提供价值优势的管理领域是极少的，而物流管理则是这些并不多的管理领域中的一个。高效、合理的物流管理，既能够降低企业经营成本，又能为顾客提供优质的服务；既能使企业获得成本优势，又能使企业获得价值优势。因此，物流管理日益受到企业的重视，被纳入企业战略管理的范围，甚至成为企业发展战略的基石。

　　一个拥有卓越物流能力的企业，可以通过向客户提供优质服务获得竞争优势；一个物流管理技术娴熟的企业，如果在存货的可得性、递送的及时性和交付的一贯性等方面领先于同行业的平均水平，就能成为有吸引力的供应商和理想的业务伙伴。放眼世界500强企业，它们都拥有世界一流的物流管理能力，通过向顾客提供优质服务获得竞争优势。可以说，物流管理已成为当今工商企业最具挑战性的领域之一。发展物流，强化物流管理不仅能使企业获取“第三利润源泉”，而且是企业获取竞争优势的重要源泉。例如，我国的海尔集团把物流能力定位为形成企业竞争优势的核心能力，重组成立了专业从事物流改革的推进本部，使原料采购、生产支持、物资配送从战略上实现了一体化。该企业希望通过物流重组，实现“以最低的物流总成本向客户提供最大附加值的服务”的管理目标。为了应对加入WTO的严峻挑战，中国企业必须将物流管理作为降低经营总成本和提高顾客服务水平的主要手段，把物流能力作为企业的核心竞争力。

---

武鸣县17819006490： 高分求关于物流的英文文献 - ？
刁谈双骨： e799bee5baa6e59b9ee7ad94313332386630331. Naval Research Logistics * 0894-069X Wiley InterScience 1996 to present2. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review * 1366-5545 Elsevier ScienceDirect ...

武鸣县17819006490： 有没有关于物流的英语短文一篇 - ？
刁谈双骨： the following is my understanding: for logistics.First, logistics means to satisfy the needs of customers, with the lowest cost, transportation, storage and distribution by means such as raw materials, semi-finished products, achieve correlative ...

武鸣县17819006490： 高分跪求:有关物流的英文文献,要有参考文献的出处,有中文翻译的另加分.有的,直接回答,急急急!!! - ？
刁谈双骨： Business logisticsLogistics as a business concept evolved in the 1950s due to the increasing complexity of supplying businesses with materials and shipping out products in an increasingly globalized supply chain, leading to a call for experts ...

武鸣县17819006490： 求助一篇关于物流的英文短文写作? - ？
刁谈双骨： Dear Mr. Chairman! Dear Colleagues, Ladies and Gentlemen! First of all, I would like to thank sponsors of this workshop for their invitation to take part in it and jointly discuss the issues related to regional cooperation. Interdependence and ...

武鸣县17819006490： 求一篇10000字以上的英文文献是关于物流方面的,最好有译成中文的更好我想要英文的 - ？
刁谈双骨：[答案] 随着社会的发展,行业竞争的日趋激烈,如何提高工作效率、降低管理成本、提高服务水平和企业的竞争能力,是每一个企业管理者最为关注的问题.越来越多的管理者认为实行计算机科学化管理是解决这一问题的关键. 物流运输企...

武鸣县17819006490： 求一篇关于物流发展对策的外文文献翻译以及文献原稿3000字左右,European logistics beyond 2000 - ？
刁谈双骨： European companies are facing new challenges in the next millennium. Seven trends in international logistics are outlined. These are supply chain management, globalisation of the supply chain, virtual enterprises, e-business, green logistics, ...

武鸣县17819006490： 仓储在物流中的作用 英语作文 200字左右 - ？
刁谈双骨： The movie Spider-man is popular around the world. It describes a young boy happens to get the super power and then he wears the costume as a spider, flying around the city. But since his uncle who raises him gets killed, the boy realizes that the ...

武鸣县17819006490： 帮忙翻译下这篇有关物流的英语文章(汉译英)？
刁谈双骨： Integrated Logistics is a forecast customer needs and aspirations of the process; to meet these needs and aspirations and access to funds, materials, personnel, technology and the necessary information; optimize product kimono material to ...

武鸣县17819006490： 现代物流发展的英文摘要 - ？
刁谈双骨： The modern physical distribution development is the international trade development accelerator. In behind the fast development's economy, the logistics actually relatively lags, the low efficiency logistics has become one of international trade ...

武鸣县17819006490： 跪求英语翻译 物流方面的文章 急急急 - ？
刁谈双骨： With the acceleration of China's rapid economic development and logistics industry, the rapid development of effective logistics management has become the enterprises to participate in market competition, to meet consumer demand for a ...