英语被动语态

英语中被动语态的结构~

了解被动语态的构成 句型结构

英语中，根据主语和谓语之间逻辑关系，动词可分为主动和被动两种语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者或行为的主体。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者或行为的对象。

被动语态
英语中时态很多，但语态不多，只有两种，即：主动语态和被动语态。今天我们着重讲被动语态。
1. 定义：被动语态，即不知道动作执行者或强调动作承受者的一种语态。例如中文常说：我被他打，这就是一种被动。但有时由于句子结构上的需要也要用被动，例如It is not unusual for workers in that region to be paid more than a month it 在句中作形式主语。而不定式to be paid more than a month是句子的逻辑主语。结合选项全句的意思是：“那个地方的工人一个多月后才得到工资是常有的事”。
2. 构成：be+past participle(过去分词)(简称P.P.)（+by+动作执行者）（过去分词的概念见上课）
3. 当主动语态要被改成被动的时候，我们把原句的宾语提前，作为改句的主语，主语后置，作为宾语。因此有一点要注意，不及物动词由于不加宾语，没有被动形式，但不及物动词如果与某些介词构成介词短语，可以用被动。例如The fire had been put out before the fireman arrived. Put是不即物动词，但put out是及物动词
4. 应用到各种时态和句型如下：
① 一般式（一般现在，一般过去，一般将来）：am, is, are, was, were, is going to be , will be+done.ie. Once environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the system to recover. 本句的意思是：“环境一旦遭到破坏，需要多年时间才能恢复过来。”do作为及物动词有“引起，产生”的含义，do damage的意思是“造成破坏”。主语damage是及物动词do的动作对象，谓语应当用被动语态。同样的，还有，I will mend the machine.相当于The machine will be mended （by me）.
② 进行时（现在进行、过去进行、将来进行）：be+being+P.P. ie.The classroom is being cleaned.
③ 完成时（现在完成、过去完成、将来完成）：have/has been + P.P.：例如The machine will have been repaired by 3 o’clock this afternoon.再如：My homework has been finished.
④ 其他时态依词类推，可得到结果。
⑤ 情态动词的被动语态：主语 + 情态动词 + be动词 + 动词过去分词，例如Your teeth must be brushed.
⑥ 不定式的被动语态：to be done例：The no-shows have to be considered when deciding the rate of overbooking.（确定超过接待能力的预定时必须考虑预定了房间却来不了的客人。）
Ⅱ、主动语态变为被动的几个特殊情况
① 有些动词在主动结构中，后面接不带to的不定式，但如果改为被动，则需把省略的to加上，这类动词有hear, watch, make, help, let等，如：The boss made my grandfather work 10hours a day.改成My grandfather was made to work for 10 hours a day.
② 含有宾语从句的主动结构变为被动，通常用it作为被动结构的先行主语，从句放在句子后面/也可采用另一种形式，这类动词有：know, say, believe, find, think, report等
③ 是所有的主动句都可以变换成被动句，更不是所有的被动句都可以自由变换成主动句。虽然语法原则上允许主动和被动句的互相转换，但有的句子转换后会变成不通顺或不地道的英语句子。因此，在某些题目里，这也成为判断应该用主动还是用被动的依据。
例：At 5:05 p.m. on Saturday 19th July , there was an accident at the junction of the Main Street and Panda Road when a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van. The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital where he was treated for shock and a broken arm.
在这段文章里，a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van这句被动句强调出读到文章的人最关心的事故的受害者。The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital这句话则说明了孩子被送到医院的事实，至于是由谁（某个过路人？或肇事司机？）送的不重要。he was treated for shock and a broken arm这句被动句无须说出treat这个动作的发出者，因为在医院，伤病员自然由医务人员处理，无须罗嗦。这样，这段文章就重点突出，条理清楚了。
④ 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。多是把间接宾语变为主语。这样句子自然些。直接宾语变为主语时，间接宾语要变为某个介词的宾语，介词to可以省略。如His father left him this house.改为This house was left (to) him by his father.
⑤ 有些动词虽为及物，但宾语并非是动作承受者，不能转换，这些动词有have, hold（容纳）,suit, fit, lack, become（适合）contain, cost, last, mean, suffice（足够）等。
⑥ 当直接宾语为反身代词、相互代词或宾语前有指代主语的物主代词时不用被动，如I shook my head.我摇摇头。
⑦ 当宾语为同源宾语（与主句指同一人），动名词，动词不定式或一个从句时不用被动。如John enjoyed seeing the fil,.
⑧ 在一些固定说法中，有些名词和动词结合的固定说法，不能改We Chinese always keep our word.
⑨ 某些从不及物动词转化来的及物动词，直接宾语在表示动作的方式或效果时，这些动词在意思上起状语的作用，没有被动The girl kissed her boyfriend good night=The girl said good night to her boyfriend by kissing him.
⑩ 表地点\处所\组织\长度\大小\数量\程度\抽象名词的词做宾语时不用被动.
⑪ 某些“不及物动词+介词”短语,walk into, listen to, sleep in, agree with, shake hands with, belong to, take part in, keep up with不能用被动。
⑫ 某些词用主动表被动：sell, miss, build, grow, look, smell, taste, sound, feel等

英语|被动语态基础练习
1).Put the following sentences into the passive voice

1.People speak English in many countries.
2.We built this bridge last year.
3.The tiger in the z00 frightened the little girl.
4.Xiao Liu has invited you to a lunch party.
5.You must not take these magazines out of the reading-room.
6.We shall discuss the problem at tomorrow's meeting.
7.Has anybody fed the birds?
8.People will never forget the accident.
9.You may write this letter in pencil.
10.They are repairing the car in the garage.
11.Someone must have turned on the light without your notice.
12.They have found ways to make waste water clean.
13.Someone must take care of the children when we go out.
14.They won't hold the meeting until next Friday.
15.They gave him a medal for his wonderful work.
16.The doctor will ask the patient some questions before he gives her medicine.
17.They made the young man head of the volleyball team.
18.Someone will tell you how to prepare for the examination.
19.They criticized me for something wrong that I had done.
20.Someone has taken the stranger to another hospital.
21.It surprised me to hear that they wouldn't give him a holiday after his hard work.
22.People oughtn't to criticize her for this matter.
23.People will laugh at you if you wear that dress.
24.They ought to have told you how much money you needed.
25.I have told him that he didn't satisfy his examiner.
26.We must finish the work by six o'clock this afternoon.
27.Do you often clean your room?
28.They are making this type of radios in shanghai.
29.Could you carry out the plan on time?
30.We must pay attention to such problems.
31.Someone is showing them how to operate the computers.
32.You should put forward(提出)the questions at the meeting.
33.They used to practise speaking English together.
34.He is sure to finish the job by then.
35.She is going to play the match today.
36.People are talking about the incident all over the town.
37.We saw a bus running towards us at that time
38.They elected her leader of the group.
39.They had to put off the sports meet because of the rain.
40.We don't have to write it in such a hurry.
2).Make the best choice:

41.Our house_____,
A.is getting paint B.is getting painted
C.is got painted D.has got to paint

42.He arrived in Beijing,where he_____his friend.
A.was met by B.was met
C.was meeting D.met by

43.The war_____in 1937
A.was broken out B.had been broken out
C.has broken out D.broke out

44.The mistakes in the exercises will_____the teacher.
A.cross B.be crossing
C.be crossed by D.cross by

45.My brother and I have __________her birthday party.
A.been invited B.been invited for
C.invited to D.been invited to

46.It_______this way
A.is had to do B.is had to be done
C.had to be done D.has to do

47.It__this way.
A used to do B.used to be done
C.is used to do D.is used to doing

48._____Chaplin.
A.The child's name was called
B.The child's name calls
C.The child calls
D.The child is named

49.The sports meeting____ .
A.is put off B.is to put off
C.is to be put off D.puts off

50.Mary realized she_________
A.was making fun of B.was made fun
C.was being made fun of D.was being made fun

51.______to say a thing in that way
A.It is considers wrong
B.It is considered wrong
C.It is considered it's wrong
D.It is consiedring wrong

52.He ordered that the books_______at once.
A.would be printed B.would print
C.be printed D.print

53.The story______in China.
A.was taken place B.was happened
C.took place D.has been taken place

54.The house_____my parents
A.is belong to B.belong to
C.belongs to D.is belonged to

55.He_______by his teacher.
A.happened to see
B.was happened to see
C.happened to be seen
D.was happened to be seen

56.Great changes_____in our province.Many tall buildings.
A.have been taken place, have been set up
B.have taken place, have been set up
C.have been taken place, have been set up
D.were taken place, were set up

57.The hall's____but it's not yet____with lamps.
A.furnished, finished
B.been finished, been furnished
C.being finished, being furnished
D.set up, full

58.The new hall is the tallest building in this town._____from here?
A.Can it see B.Can it be seen
C.Can it seen D.Can see

59.As soon as we got to the airport,we found that the plane_____.
A.had already taken off
B.already took off
C.was already taking off
D.was already taken off

60. Some of the hotels in my hometown_________.
A.have now been rebuilding
B.are now rebuilding
C.are now being rebuilt
D.are rebuilt now

(Answers to the questions: BADCD,CBDAC,BCCCC,BBBAC )

几分钟掌握被动语态，快点来学习吧

在被动语态中把主动语态的宾语变成了主语.构成是be动词加动词的过去分词构成的.如I
played
the
piano
变成被动是
The
piano
was
played
by
me.

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