【悬赏50分】求碧玺的英文简介

碧玺的英文怎么说？？~

一、碧玺的英文tourmaline。
例句
碧玺是世界上最多彩的自然宝石。
Tourmaline is the most multi-colored natural gemstone in the world.
蓝色碧玺是碧玺的一种蓝色变种，也是整个碧玺家族中价格最高的颜色之一。
Indicolite is the blue variety of Tourmaline and is one of the most prized colors of the entire Tourmaline Family.
二、电气石，俗称碧玺、碧茜，又译为托玛琳。具石英等所拥有的压电效应。产地包括巴西、斯里兰卡、马达加斯加等。目前在国际珠宝市场上，帕拉依巴‧碧玺等有色电气石深受收藏家注目。硬度介于7－7.5之间，折射率约为1.62－1.64之间，折射率差约在0.020。由于帕拉依巴内部含有铜元素，因此会呈现出自然而鲜艳的蓝绿色，即便是在自然光或无光源的环境中，也会散发出霓光色泽，这可说是帕拉依巴‧碧玺最吸引人的特色之一。

碧玺
电气石 - 碧玺 Tourmaline

化学式 Na Le Ca ....

晶系 六方晶系

硬度 7.5

比重 3.06

折射率 1.62-1.64

产地 巴西、斯里兰卡、马达加斯加

碧玺又称为电气石，英文名称Tourmaline，是从古僧伽罗(锡兰)语Turmali一词衍生而来的，意思为「混合宝石」。传说碧玺的来历是在西元1703年，荷兰的阿姆斯特丹有几个小孩玩著荷兰航海者带回的石头，并且发现这些石头除了在阳光底下出现的奇异色彩外，更惊讶这些石头有一种能吸引或排斥轻物体如灰尘或草屑的力量，因此，荷兰人把他叫做吸灰石。一直到西元1768年，瑞典著名科学家林内斯发现了碧玺还具有压电性和热电性，这就是电气石名称的由来。一直到现在，碧玺还常在科学上被用於发光强度与压力变化的测定，在二次大战当初，是唯一可以判定核爆压力的物质，现在，则被广泛运用于光学产业。

而在中国碧玺这个名词最早出现于清代典籍「石雅」之中：「碧亚么之名，中国载籍，未详所自出。清会典图云：妃嫔顶用碧亚么。滇海虞衡志称：碧霞碧一曰碧霞玭，一曰碧洗；玉纪又做碧霞希。今世人但称碧亚，或作璧碧，然已无问其名之所由来者，惟为异域方言，则无疑耳。」而在之后的历史文献中也可找到称为「砒硒」、「碧玺」、「碧霞希」、「碎邪金」等之称呼。而我们现在称呼的碧玺是我们珠宝行业惯用的名称。传说碧玺也是慈禧太后的最爱。据历史记载，清朝慈禧太后的殉葬品中，有一朵用碧玺雕琢而成的莲花，重量为36两8钱（约5092g）以及西瓜碧玺做成的枕头，当时的价值为75万两白银。

另外在日本，某些日本机构研究由於碧玺具有热电性（指在温度变化下，将会在两极产生电荷）及压电性（对碧玺的C轴方向加压，会在两极的部位产生电荷），因此可以产生神奇的疗效，提高自然治愈力，所以碧玺在日本也相当的受欢迎。

对宝石而言，碧玺是族群的名称，但若以GIA（Gemological Institute of American）的分类下，碧玺可分为：红色碧玺(Rubellite)、绿色碧玺(Verdelite)、蔚蓝碧玺(Indicolite)、黑碧玺(Schorl)、紫碧玺(Siberite)、无色碧玺(Achroite)、双色碧玺(Bi-Colored)、西瓜碧玺(Watermelon)、猫眼碧玺(Cat’s eye)、钠镁碧玺(Dravite)、亚历山大变色碧玺(Color-change)、钙锂碧玺(Liddicoatite)、含铬碧玺(Chrome)和帕拉依巴碧玺(Paraiba)等十四种。而具有宝石级价值的碧玺几乎都产自伟晶花岗岩，碧玺的产地分布很广，但现在市面上的碧玺大多来自巴西，其他还有坦桑尼亚、肯亚、马达加斯加、莫三鼻克、纳米比亚、阿富汗、巴基斯坦、斯里兰卡、意大利、美国加州与缅甸，甚至中国大陆的新疆与云南也有。

1768年，瑞典著名科学家林内斯发现了碧玺具有压电性和热电性，所以碧玺又称为电气石。而在中国历史文献中也可找到称为「碧霞希」、「碎邪金」等之称呼，同时碧玺也是清朝慈禧太后的最爱。碧玺的强劲自由能量，能提高处事能力及自信心，并且其特殊的吸收性能量，可吸引爱情及友情的优质频率。
据说碧玺晶体的颜色多达15种复色之多，颜色以无色、玫瑰红色、粉红色、红色、蓝色、绿色、黄色、褐色和黑色为主。其中更以通透光泽的蔚蓝色、鲜玫瑰红色及粉红色加绿色的复色为上品。碧玺由於颜色鲜艳、多变而且透明度又高，自古以来深受人们的喜爱。碧玺目前是仅次于钻石、红宝、蓝宝、祖母绿的有色宝石之一。碧玺的品相跟其他水晶相同（其实也跟所有宝石珠宝相同 ^^），都是以颜色光泽、透明度、内含物、缺陷与否及重量作为评价与选购的依据。但由於碧玺具有易脆性，所以在佩戴的时候应注意避免撞击。

目前碧玺中以帕拉依巴碧玺价位最高，此特殊霓红蓝绿色调宝石首度在1989年於巴西Paraiba州之小村落Sao Jose de Batalha发现，由於其挖掘不易，晶体不大，加上近年来矿权不清，纠纷不断，价位一直居高不下，尤其在日本极受欢迎，高级碧玺零售价可达每克拉美金2万元。最近在巴西距旧矿约40公里的北里奥格兰德之Parelhas发现新的帕拉依巴碧玺矿，因此在市场争相抢购下，价格再次飚升。至於在台湾的碧玺市场仍以红色和绿色（俗称的西瓜碧玺）最为畅销。其中尼日利亚出产的红碧玺为市场上的热卖货品；而坦桑尼亚的含铬绿碧玺，其鲜艳可比拟祖母绿，也颇受欢迎。

水晶灵性 ：

碧玺其能量强劲，以吸收性能量为主要特点。由於碧玺的颜色多种鲜艳，所以可以很轻易的使人有一种开心喜悦及崇尚自由的感觉，并且可以开拓人们的心胸及视野。

碧玺也可以激发创意，带来无限的灵感及思绪，并且冷静、清晰、及集中的力量，更可以使你行事妥当，全力以赴，并且可以放射出吸引爱情及友情的频率喔。

碧玺又可以放射出亲和力磁场，对于有领袖气质的人，自然可吸引更多的人往你身上靠拢，并且可融化人与人之间的隔阂。

碧玺本身对于新陈代谢及内分泌线体活动可产生高度作用，并且可平衡内部气场，可使阴阳相反元素容易结合及融合，也可在对外化解人际间的各种冲突及矛盾。


碧玺，在中国历史文献中被称为「碧霞希」、「碎邪金」等,同时也是清朝慈禧太后的最爱。
碧玺用来做宝石的历史较短，但由于它鲜艳丰富的颜色和高透明度所构成的美，在它问世的时候，就赢得人们的喜爱，被称为风情万种的宝石。
在我国清代的皇宫中，就有较多的碧玺饰物。现在，碧玺是受人喜爱的中档宝石品种，被誉为十月生辰石。
碧玺受热会产生电荷，因而矿物学名称为“电气石”。
碧玺是一种以含B为特征的复杂的硼硅酸盐，化学分子式为（Ca，K，Na）(Al，Fe，Li，Mg，Mn)3（Al，Cr，Fe，V）
6（BO3）3（Si6O18）（OH，F）4。
碧玺的颜色：常见粉红色、绿色、深蓝色、天蓝色、褐色和黑色等。且常见双色分带共生的现象，其分带可与晶体底面平行，也可以形成平行柱面的环带。
碧玺的透明度和光泽：透明-半透明-不透明。玻璃光泽。
光性特征：一轴晶，负光性。
发光性：一般无荧光，粉红色碧玺在长、短波紫外光下有弱红到紫色的荧光。
光学效应：含大量平行纤维或线状空管的碧玺切磨成弧型宝石后可显示猫眼效应，但是由于管状包体很粗，猫眼效应通常较差。
力学性质
（1）解理和断口：无解理，贝壳状断口。
（2）硬度：7-8。
（3）相对密度：3.06（±0.20，-0.60）。
碧玺按其颜色可分为下列主要品种，
1、红-粉红色碧玺
由于含锰而呈红到粉红色，多色性明显，呈红色到粉红色。价值最高的为商界称为“双桃红”的碧玺。
2、蓝色碧玺
由于含铁而呈蓝色，多色性由明显到弱，呈深蓝色和浅蓝色。
3、绿色碧玺
由于含铬和钒元素而呈绿色，多色性明显，为浅绿色和深绿色。双折射率高，通常为0.018，最高为0.039。
4、褐色碧玺
多为镁碧玺，多色性明显，为深褐色到绿褐色。
5、双色碧玺
往往沿晶体的长轴方向分布的色带（双色、三色和多色），或呈同心带状分布的色带，通常内红外绿时称“西瓜碧玺”。
碧玺通常产在花岗伟晶岩及钠长石锂云母云英岩中，但具宝石价值的碧玺多产在强烈钠长石化和锂云母化的微斜长石钠长石伟晶岩的核部。
碧玺主要产地有巴西、美国、斯里兰卡、俄罗斯、马达加斯加、意大利、肯尼亚等。中国的碧玺矿主要产于新疆阿尔泰和云南哀牢山。
碧玺的质量可从重量、颜色、净度、切工几个方面进行。
1、颜色
以玫瑰红、紫红、绿色和纯蓝色为最佳，粉红和黄色次之，无色最次。
2、净度
要求内部瑕疵尽量少，晶莹无瑕的碧玺价格最高，含有许多裂隙和气液包裹体的碧玺通常用作玉雕材料。
3、重量
重量越大，价格越高。
4、切工
切工应规整，比例对称，抛光好。否则将会影响价值。
碧玺与大多数水晶一样，接触人气经人佩戴后，其光泽会更好，而且晶体会更加通透，一般佩戴在短时期内会有较明显的变化，所以同样等级的新买的碧玺是没有佩戴一段时间后的碧玺漂亮的；
另外碧玺又称电气石，是因为加热后的碧玺两端，会带有不同的电荷，容易吸附灰尘，因此摆放一段时间不戴而再佩戴时，就要消磁净化后再用软布轻轻擦试后再戴了。
人们在配戴宝石饰品时，都会希望能够带来好运，因此，将自己的希望赋予了宝石，认为它们有一定的灵性。
碧玺的灵性作用：
1.黑色碧玺(黑色电气石)：黑色碧玺外表黝黑、深沉。
(1).可以有效地排除压力、疲劳、浊气，改善身体健康，改善运气。
(2).对于夜晚睡觉容易受惊、发恶梦者，摆放黑色碧玺，有稳定空间能量场的作用，并可以辟邪。
(3).有助于保护病人不受外界干扰，专心养病，增强康复速度。
2.蓝色碧玺(蓝色电气石)：
蓝色碧玺，对应喉轮与第三眼，主沟通与敏感度。
(1).可以有效地增强沟通能力、表达能力与说服能力。
(2).对于过度豪爽、慷慨、大方、热情的人，不小心容易被别人利用造成自己吃亏，佩戴蓝色碧玺可以平衡这种个性。
3.绿色碧玺(绿色电气石)：
绿色碧玺对应心轮，是一种能够让人开心、快乐而又满足的宝石，也称财富之石。
(1).绿色光是财富之光，并能让人心情快乐、和气生财。
(2).绿色光容易帮助交到好朋友、好关系、好运道，也容易得到上司的赏识和贵人相助。
(3).能够帮助消除心中的烦恼、郁闷与不快，带来真正开心、喜悦的心情，对于有忧郁症、自闭症或容易自我否定者尤其有效。
(4).对于做事情有气无力、心不甘、情不愿者，有助于发现工作的乐趣，而乐于投入，全力以赴，从中得到自我实现的满足快感。
4.玫瑰碧玺(红色、粉红色电气石)：
碧玺的红色色调分布较广，多是在粉红色和桃红色之间，少数的深红色如红宝石的颜色一样，其能量使人热情、奔放、开朗、舒爽，对应心轮，极讨人喜爱。
(1).赠送玫瑰碧玺给异性，是一种表达爱意、攻占对方心房的好方法；佩带玫瑰碧玺也容易招来美妙的爱情、理想的伴侣；或使得夫妻之间情意更加浓密。
(2).当别人对您有所成见时，有助于改善彼此间的关系；当您与别人关系较冷漠疏远时，可以增强彼此的人缘；同时，有助于消除一个人心中的冷漠、孤傲、怪僻和各种异常心理，使人变得容易相处。
(3).对于经常需要与公众打交道或工作的人士，有助于散发个人魅力、强化领袖气质，自然能够吸引更多人缘，获得人们的支持。
(4).对于爱美的各位女士，据说还有美容养颜的作用。
5.西瓜碧玺(西瓜电气石)：
西瓜碧玺是在一颗晶石里面，长有内红、外蓝绿的特征，酷似西瓜模样的碧玺，因以为名，数量稀少，故价格较贵；据说慈禧太后睡的枕头底下摆的就是西瓜碧玺。
(1).有助于消除心中所有的冲突、矛盾、复杂情结，使人能够拥有开心、喜悦的心情。
(2).身处关系复杂、利益纠葛或是感情冲突矛盾的人士，有助于化解迷思，得见真相；对于多情、滥情、常有感情纠葛的男女，有助于从多方关系中解脱而出，使得自己心安，也能觅得真爱。
(3).公关人员、业务员、店员和接待人员，佩戴西瓜碧玺，有助于左右逢源、八面玲珑，容易推广业务，并能加强沟通、协调，处理复杂的局面，得到圆满结果。

Today, gem and specimen tourmaline is mined chiefly in Brazil and Africa. Some placer material suitable for gem use comes from Sri Lanka. Some fine gem and specimen material has been produced in the US, with the first discoveries having been made in 1822, in the state of Maine. California became a large producer of tourmaline in the early 1900s. The Maine deposits tend to produce crystals in raspberry pink-red as well as minty greens. The California deposits are known for bright pinks, as well as interesting bicolors. During the early 1900s, Maine and California were the worlds largest producers of gem tourmalines. The Empress Dowager Tz'u Hsi, the last Empress of China, loved pink tourmaline and bought large quantities for gemstones and carvings from the then new Himalaya Mine, located in San Diego County, California. [4]

Almost every color of tourmaline can be found in Brazil, especially in the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais and Bahia. In 1989, miners discovered a unique and brightly colored variety of tourmaline in the state of Paraíba. The new type of tourmaline, which soon became known as paraiba tourmaline, came in unusually vivid blues and greens. These colors were often described as "neon" since they appeared to glow. Brazilian paraiba tourmaline is usually heavily included. Much of the paraiba tourmaline from Brazil actually comes from the neighboring state of Rio Grande do Norte. Material from Rio Grande do Norte is often somewhat less intense in color, but many fine gems are found there. It was determined that the element copper was important in the coloration of the stone. The demand and excitement for this new material, which has fetched more than $50,000 per carat, earned more respect for the other colors of tourmaline. In the late 90s, copper-containing tourmaline was found in Nigeria. The material was generally paler and less saturated than the Brazilian materials, although the material generally was much less included. A more recent African discovery from Mozambique has also produced beautiful tourmaline colored by copper, similar to the Brazilian paraiba. While its colors are somewhat less bright than top Brazilian material, Mozambique paraiba is often less included and has been found in larger sizes. The Mozambique paraiba material usually is more intensely colored than the Nigerian. There is a significant overlap in color and clarity with Mozambique paraiba and Brazilian paraiba, especially with the material from Rio Grande do Norte. While less expensive than top quality Brazilian paraiba, some Mozambique material sells for well over $5,000 per carat, which still is extremely high compared to other tourmalines.
Tourmaline mineral (~ 10 cm tall)Another unique variety that is also highly valued is chrome tourmaline, a rare type of dravite tourmaline from Tanzania which occurs in a very rich green color caused by chromium, the same element which causes the green in emerald. Of the standard Elbaite colors, generally blue indicolite gems are the most expensive, followed by green verdelite and pink to red rubellite. There are also yellow tourmalines, sometimes known as canary tourmaline. Ironically the rarest variety, colorless achroite, is not appreciated and is the least expensive of the transparent tourmalines. In addition to Brazil, significant amounts of tourmaline are also mined in Tanzania, Nigeria, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, and Malawi.[5]

Some tourmaline gems, especially pink to red colored stones, are altered by irradiation to improve their color. Irradiation is almost impossible to detect in tourmalines, and does not impact the value. Heavily-included tourmalines, such as rubellite and Brazilian paraiba are sometimes clarity enhanced, which must be disclosed to the buyer. A clarity-enhanced tourmaline (especially paraiba) is worth much less than a non-treated gem。

碧玺用来做宝石的历史较短，但由于它鲜艳丰富的颜色和高透明度所构成的美，在它问世的时候，就赢得人们的喜爱，被称为风情万种的宝石。在我国清代的皇宫中，就有较多的碧玺饰物。现在，碧玺是受人喜爱的中档宝石品种，被誉为十月生辰石。
碧玺是一种以含B为特征的复杂的硼硅酸盐，化学分子式为(Ca,K,Na)(Al,Fe,Li,Mg,Mn)3(Al,Cr,Fe,V)
6(BO3)3(Si6O18)（OH,F）4.
碧玺常见双色分带共生的现象，其分带可与晶体底面平行，也可以形成平行柱面的环带。
碧玺的透明度和光泽：透明-半透明-不透明，玻璃光泽。
光性特征：一轴晶，负光性。
发光性：一般无荧光，粉红色碧玺在长、短波紫外光下有弱红到紫色的荧光。
光学效应：含大量平行纤维或线状空管的碧玺切磨成弧型宝石后可显示猫眼效应。由于管状包体很粗，猫眼效应通常较差。
力学性质
（1）解理和断口：无解理，贝壳状断口。横截面呈球三角型。
（2）硬度：7-8。
（3）相对密度：3.06（±0.20，-0.60）。
不同颜色碧玺的介绍
1、红-粉红色碧玺
由于含锰而呈红到粉红色，多色性明显，呈红色到粉红色。价值最高的为商界称为“双桃红”的碧玺。
2、蓝色碧玺
由于含铁而呈蓝色，多色性由明显到弱，呈深蓝色和浅蓝色。
3、绿色碧玺
由于含铬和钒元素而呈绿色，多色性明显，为浅绿色和深绿色。双折射率高，通常为0.018，最高为0.039。
4、褐色碧玺
多为镁碧玺，多色性明显，为深褐色到绿褐色。
5、双色碧玺
往往沿晶体的长轴方向分布的色带（双色、三色和多色），或呈同心带状分布的色带，通常内红外绿时称“西瓜碧玺”。
碧玺的质量可从重量、颜色、净度、切工几个方面进行。
1、颜色
以玫瑰红、紫红、绿色和纯蓝色为最佳，粉红和黄色次之，无色最次。
2、净度
要求内部瑕疵尽量少，晶莹无瑕的碧玺价格最高，含有许多裂隙和气液包裹体的碧玺通常用作玉雕材料。
3、重量
重量越大，价格越高。
4、切工
切工应规整，比例对称，抛光好。否则将会影响价值。
碧玺与大多数水晶一样，接触人气经人佩戴后，其光泽会更好，而且晶体会更加通透，一般佩戴在短时期内会有较明显的变化，所以同样等级的新买的碧玺是没有佩戴一段时间后的碧玺漂亮的；
碧玺的选择：碧玺大家经常会在销售水晶的地方见到，也有很多人认为其是水晶！其实其为宝石，而且是上等宝石
其成色容易辨别，主要看整体的清透度及含的的绵体程度，好的成色，非常的透彻，而且特别亮，让你感觉涂了一层油的似的！
没有任何宝石像碧玺这样有着如此丰富的色彩变化，从已知的古老年代的地中海区域，早在公元1703年荷兰人便已开始从斯里兰卡进口碧玺到欧洲。他们给这种新发现的矿石一个锡兰语的名字叫Tufamall，原义为何则不得而知。
纯粹单色的碧玺（Uni-colored）十分稀有，大部份的结晶都有多层的色度或甚至颜色完全不同，通常颜色都会分层展现。巴西生产一种内层为红色的碧玺，较内部的“皮”是白的，靠外圈的“皮”则是绿的。南非的碧玺则是绿色在内而外层是红的。一颗碧玺若内圈是红色的而外圈是绿色的，便称之为“西瓜碧玺（water-melon tourmaline）”。把切片的剖面加以抛光之后，这些配色和颜色变化就可以清楚地观察看出来。
猫眼碧玺也存在于多样的彩色中，但只有粉红与绿的种类，才会有强烈的猫眼光芒（Chatoyancy），这是由于包含了外来的结晶体的缘故。有些碧玺在人造的光源下也会显示出颜色的轻微变化。
经过加热以及随后的冷却，或施加压力，或于天气干燥的时候以丝或毛料加以摩擦，一颗碧玺结晶将会成为带电体。在垂直C轴的方向，其一端将产生正的静电，另一端则产生负的静电，而这将吸引一些灰尘微粒甚至小纸片，这便是碧玺的压电性（Piezoelectricity），目前用来量度空气或水中爆炸所产生的压力。第一批引进碧玺到欧洲的荷兰人就已经知道这种效果。他们使用一颗经过热处理的碧玺自他们的海泡石烟管中吸出烟灰来，并且称呼它为「aschentrekker」（意义近似吸出烟灰的工具）。
碧玺的矿床通常位于伟晶岩层（pegmatites）和冲积矿床（alluvial deposits）。最富生产力的矿床，除了斯里兰卡和马拉加西共和国（马达加斯加岛）以外，就是巴西。巴西产红、绿、蓝碧玺，而其不久前刚发现一种具有特殊颜色的碧玺叫「Paraiba」，其颜色与其它宝石都不同，绿带蓝，有如湖水绿，色泽既美丽又特别，但因产量稀少，所以价格十分昂贵，深得日本人喜爱。莫桑比克供给上等红色和双色碧玺。更多的矿床位在安哥拉、澳大利亚、缅甸（红碧玺）、印度、罗德西亚（新巴威共和国）、那米比亚、坦尚尼亚、泰国、俄国（尤其是乌拉山跟高加索山地区，多紫、红和蓝碧玺）和美国（加州以红碧玺最有名，缅因州则是红、绿和西瓜碧玺、其它如纽约州、康乃狄克州、科罗拉多州等也产碧玺）。至于欧洲，采集者在厄尔巴岛和瑞士发现了碧玺。此外，碧玺于清朝时曾输入中国，多用为一品或二品官员朝服帽子顶上装饰的宝石。
需求度最高的颜色是粉红色、鲜艳的红色和绿色，其中红色和绿色碧玺最为常见和流行，但只有深度中等而生动的色彩方属佳品，若颜色过深或过浅，价值便大为降低。含铬绿碧玺比红色碧玺较罕有，售价也略高。利用滤色器测试，含铬的碧玺会变成红色。由于碧玺有强烈的多色性，故必定得加以切割，通常切面会平行于主轴心C，但在浅色碧玺的情况下，为了获得较深的颜色，切面应垂直于主轴心C，这是因为碧玺在垂直C轴的方向是深色的，而平行C轴的方向则是淡色的。
大约加热到842- 1202℉/450-650℃左右，碧玺便能产生些微的颜色变化：绿碧玺变成祖母绿般的绿色，而红褐色碧玺则变成如火般的红色。一般而言，并没有人造合成的碧玺被商品化。由于颜色的丰富多样，碧玺常与其它天然宝石相混淆，特别是紫水晶（amethys）、红柱石（andalusite）、金绿玉（chrysoberyl）、黄水晶（citrine）、翠榴石（demantoid）、翠绿锂辉石（hiddenite）、橄榄石（peridot）、烟水晶（smoky quartz）、红宝石（ruby）、祖母绿（emerald）、合成的绿的尖晶石（synthetic green spinel）、桃色黄晶（pink topaz）、符山石（idocrase）、锆石（zircon）和一些玻璃仿制品。碧玺的重要的识别标示在于相当高的双折射率（double refraction）和强烈的多色性（pleochroism）。红碧玺和蛋白石都是十月的生日石。

译文
Tourmaline stones used as shorter history, but because of its bright color and rich in a high degree of transparency posed by the United States, it's time to come out on winning the people's favorite, known as the customs of the 10,000 kinds of precious stones. Palace of the Qing Dynasty in China, there are more accessories tourmaline. Now, tourmaline is a popular variety of mid-precious stones, stone birthday as October.
Tourmaline is a B-bearing characterized by complex borosilicate, for the chemical formula (Ca, K, Na) (Al, Fe, Li, Mg, Mn) 3 (Al, Cr, Fe, V)
6 (BO3) 3 (Si6O18) (OH, F) 4.
Tourmaline common points with two-color symbiotic, with its sub-parallel to the bottom with crystals can form a ring of the cylinder parallel.
Tourmaline transparency and gloss: transparent - translucent - non-transparent, shiny glass.
Optical characteristics: a grain or negative character.
LED: general non-fluorescent, pink tourmaline in the long and short-wave ultraviolet light under a weak fluorescent red to purple.
Optical effect: with a large number of parallel fiber line or air traffic control of the tourmaline stones arc cut into a cat's eye effect can be displayed. As the tube-like enclave is rough, cat's eye effect is usually poor.
Mechanical Properties
(1) and the cleavage fracture: cleavage, conchatus fracture. Triangular cross section surface ball.
(2) :7-8 hardness.
(3) the relative density: 3.06 (± 0.20, -0.60).
Different colors of tourmaline introduced
1, red - pink tourmaline
As the manganese and pink to red, multicolor and clear, pink to red. The highest value for the business known as the "double pink" tourmaline.
2, blue tourmaline
As the iron and blue, multicolor and clear from the weak, dark blue and light blue.
3, green tourmaline
As the elements of chromium and vanadium and green, multicolor and clear, light green and dark green. Two-high refractive index, usually 0.018, up to 0.039.
4, brown tourmaline
More magnesium tourmaline, multi-color and clear, dark brown to green to brown.
5, two-color tourmaline
Often along the long axis of the crystal orientation of the distribution of ribbon (two-color, tri-color and multi-color), were of one mind or zonal distribution of the ribbons, usually with infrared Green said, "watermelon tourmaline."
Tourmaline from the quality of weight, color, clarity, cut several ways.
1, color
Rose to red, purple, green and royal blue for the best, followed by pink and yellow, colorless at the most.
2, net degrees
Require a minimum of internal defects, perfect crystal of tourmaline the highest price, with many cracks and gas-liquid inclusions of tourmaline is usually used as a jade carving materials.
3, weight
The greater the weight, the higher the price.
4, cut
Cut should be structured, the proportion of symmetry, a good polishing. Otherwise, it will affect the value.
And the majority of tourmaline crystals, by the popularity of people wear contacts, its luster will be better and more transparent crystal, generally worn over a short period of time there will be significant changes, so the same level of new buying of Tourmaline Is not wearing a period of time after the tourmaline beautiful;
Tourmaline choice: we tourmaline crystals are often in sales where to see, there are a lot of people think it is crystal! In fact, for its precious stones, precious stones and first-class
Fineness of their easily identified, mainly to see the White Plus as a whole and with the degree of physical cotton, fineness good, very thorough, and in particular light, you feel a layer of oil coated the like!
There is no precious stones such as tourmaline has such a rich color changes from the known age of the oldest in the Mediterranean region as early as the year began in 1703 the Dutch imports from Sri Lanka tourmaline to Europe. They found that the new ore a Sinhalese name Tufamall, the original meaning is not known why.
The pure color tourmaline (Uni-colored) is very rare, most of the crystallization of all the multi-color or even an entirely different color, the color will usually show stratification. Brazil to produce a layer of red tourmaline, a more in-house "skin" is a white, on the outer ring of "skin" is green. South Africa is a green tourmaline, which is the outer layer of red. Tourmaline if an inner and outer ring is red is green, then known as the "watermelon tourmaline (water-melon tourmaline)". Slice of the section to be polished, these changes in color and the color can be clearly seen from the observation.
Cat Bi Yuxi was also present in a variety of color, but pink and green variety, have a strong eye shine (Chatoyancy), which is due to include the external crystal's sake. Some of tourmaline in the artificial light source may also show a slight color change.
After heating and subsequent cooling, or to put pressure on the dry weather or when silk or wool to be friction, a tourmaline crystal body will be charged. C in the vertical axis direction, which will result in one end is the static, while the other side of the negative static, and this will attract some of the dust particles and even small paper, which is of the piezoelectric Tourmaline of (Piezoelectricity), with the current To measure the air or the water pressure generated by the explosion. The introduction of the first batch of tourmaline to Europe, the Dutch have been aware of this effect. They use a heat treatment after the tourmaline from their meerschaum pipe tobacco smoke in the soot, and it called for "aschentrekker" (meaning similar to the suction tool of soot).
Tourmaline deposits are usually located in the pegmatite rock (pegmatites) and alluvial deposits (alluvial deposits). The most productive deposits, in addition to Sri Lanka and the Republic of Malagasy (Madagascar), is Brazil. Brazil producing red, green, blue tourmaline, and its recently discovered that a particular color of tourmaline is called "Paraiba", its color and other precious stones are all different, blue green, like Green Lake, is both beautiful and special color , But due to the scarcity of production, so prices are very high, the Japanese won the favorite. Mozambique and the supply of first-class two-color red tourmaline. More deposits in Angola, Australia, Myanmar (red tourmaline), India, Rhodesia (Babcock & Wilcox of the new Republic of), Namibia, Tanzania, Thailand, Russia (especially in the Urals with the Caucasus Hill, purple, blue and red tourmaline) and the United States (California, to the best-known red tourmaline, Maine is red, green and watermelon tourmaline, other states such as New York, Connecticut, Colorado, etc. Nissan also tourmaline). As for Europe, the acquisition in the island of Elba and Tourmaline discovered Switzerland. In addition, tourmaline input during the Qing Dynasty in China, with more than one or two items on top of official court dress hat decorated with precious stones.
Demand the highest degree of color is pink, bright red and green, red and green tourmaline is the most common and popular, but only middle-depth and vivid color to be the best, if the colors are too difficult or too shallow, then the value of large In order to lower. Chromium green tourmaline than red tourmaline, rarely, also slightly higher price. The use of filter test, the chromium will become a red tourmaline. As the tourmaline has a strong multi-color, it will certainly have to be cut, the cut will generally parallel to the axis of the heart C, but in the light-colored tourmaline, in order to obtain deeper color, cut should be perpendicular to the axis of the heart C, This is because the tourmaline in the C-axis vertical direction is dark, and the C-axis parallel to the direction of the light is.
Heated to about 842 - 1202 ℉ / 450-650 ℃ or so, will be able tourmaline have a slight change in color: green tourmaline into emerald-like green, brown and red tourmaline will be turned into a fiery red-like. In general, there is no man-made synthetic tourmaline be commercially exploited. Due to a variety of colors, tourmaline and often confused with other natural stones, particularly amethyst (amethys), andalusite (andalusite), chrysoberyl (chrysoberyl), citrine (citrine), Tsui garnet (demantoid), lithium green Pyroxene (hiddenite), olivine (peridot), Crystal smoke (smoky quartz), Ruby (ruby), emerald (emerald), the synthetic green spinel (synthetic green spinel), peach Jing (pink topaz) , Vesuvianite (idocrase), zircon (zircon) and a number of imitation glass. Tourmaline an important mark of recognition is very high refractive index double (double refraction) and strong pleochroism (pleochroism). Red tourmaline and October are the opal stone's birthday.

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