介词+ which/ whom引导的定语从句怎么用?

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~ 关于“介词 + which / whom”引导的定语从句
“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句,是定语从句一种介词前置的定语从句句型,介词与关系代词之间存在一种介宾关系。当关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时,把介词置于关系代词前,即演变出“介词+关系代词”句型。例如:
The man who/whom /that you spoke to is a teacher.
=The man to whom you spoke is a teacher.
一、基本构成
1.“介词+关系代词”结构引导的定语从句中,关系代词只能用which(指物)或whom(指人) ,即:介词+which/whom。
(1)The man to whom you spoke is a teacher.
(2)The city in which she lives is far away.
(3)The little girl is reading a book, in which there are many cartoons.
注意:当介词放在关系代词的前面时,用在介词后的关系代词不能省略。
2.在限制性定语从句中,当介词置于定语从句的谓语动词之后时,可用that/which(指物);that/who/whom(指人)作介词的宾语.且此处关系代词可以省略,特别是在口语中。如:
(1) The man (who/whom /that )you spoke to is a teacher.
(2)The city(which/that)she lives in is far away.
注:通常介词放在定语从句中动词后,也可以放在关系代词前面,但有些特殊动词短语搭配不能拆分,介词只能放在动词后,如: look for, look after, pay attention to ,take care of , look forward to, listen to等。
This is the pen that / which you are looking for.
The patient whom she is looking after is her father.
The words that /which we should pay attention to are written on the blackboard.
There are fifty patients who/whom/that we must take good care of.
二、关系副词when,where,why可用“介词+which”来代替。关系副词实际上是介词+先行词。其中
when=表时间的介词(如:in,at,during等)+which;
Where=表地点的介词(如:in,at,on,under等)+which;
Why=表原因的介词(如:for)+which
(1)当先行词表示时间,定语从句中缺少时间状语时,通常用关系副词when引导,此时也可选用表示时间的介词+which来代替关系副词when。
I still remember the day when I came here. ( on the day =when)
(2)当先行词表示地点,定语从句中缺少地点状语时,通常用关系副词where引导,此时也可选用表示地点的介词+which来代替关系副词where。
This is the house where I lived last year. ( in the house= where)
(3)当先行词为reason,定语从句中缺少表示原因状语时,通常用关系副词why引导,此时也可以用for which来代替关系副词why。
There are many reasons why people like traveling. (for the reasons =why)

三、关系代词前介词选择三原则:一先,二动,三意义(重中之重)

1.一先,即根据定语从句中介词与先行词的搭配关系选择。
I never forget the day on which I came to this school. (on the day)
2.二动,即根据定语从句中谓语动词与介词的搭配关系选择。
This is the iPad on which I spent 3000 yuan. (spend money on sth.)
3.三意义,即根据定语从句的意义来确定介词。
This is my pair of glasses, __without which__I cannot see clearly.
例题:用“介词+关系代词”的形式表示
1. Do you like the book __________ she learned a lot?
2. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most ______ hadn't been cleaned for at least a year.
3. The tower _________ people can have a good view is on the hill.
注意:
介词+关系代词
1)介词后面的关系代词不能省略。
2)that前不能有介词。
3)某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when,where和why互换。


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